Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Pierre Saint-Amand

This article develops how Rousseau, moving away from the classical Roman notion of otium (with its privileges and ostentation), proposes an alternative way of conceiving and cultivating leisure. In the second Discourse, Rousseau starts with recalling an anthropological narrative of the natural man as being fundamentally idle. But it is in the Rêveries du promeneur solitaire that he achieves his radical personal project of leisure as laziness, in the forms of far niente, reverie and, later, botany. These solitary (in)activities, well established, can then be opened to a shared experience of friendship, a small circle of lovers of plants.

Ellen M. Nye

How agreements were maintained and enforced beyond state-backed systems is among the least understood aspects of Ottoman legal history. This article reveals how merchants’ engagement with Ottoman state finance intertwined private and state-backed legal practices through a letter-book written entirely in Ottoman Turkish belonging to a seventeenth-century English merchant, Peter Whitcomb, who provided financial services to Ottoman officials across the empire. As a rare example of surviving early modern mercantile correspondence in Ottoman Turkish, Whitcomb’s letters to distant officials expose Ottoman financial epistolary culture and a wide range of alternative methods of dispute resolution. By combining these letters with court records, this article shows how Ottoman finance’s layers of devolved authority themselves relied on a range of legal practices that encompassed a language of reciprocity and reputation, established Ottoman documentary forms, intercessions on an individual’s behalf, appeals to elites, petitions to the grand vizier, and appearances in Ottoman sharīʿa courts. The capacity of Ottoman state finance to incorporate a foreigner like Whitcomb into its fiscal apparatus through this breadth of legal practices further suggests that we should revisit domestic narratives of competitive early modern state formation to include inter-imperial actors.

V. Bates

The built environment is central to modern history. However, scholars have paid much more attention to buildings’ architecture, appearance, and layout, than to their interior decoration, materiality and sensory qualities. There is great opportunity for historians in these latter areas of study. This article makes a case for the value of putting colour at the centre of research, as a material part of the making of modern Britain. It focuses on the uses of ‘white’, or rather surfaces and objects in many shades of white, and takes the case study of twentieth-century British hospitals to do so. It shows that whiteness stayed important in modern British hospitals as part of an expanding colour palette, rather than being replaced or relegated with the rise of the pastel-colour welfare state, particularly as a symbol of hygiene but also as a continued part of creating ‘modern’ and ‘humanistic’ hospitals. This article also suggests that historians might productively use material concepts to understand relationships between continuity and change, rather than adhering to the traditional political periodizations that dominate modern British history.

Andrea Gatti

The period that Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715-80) spent in Parma at the court of Philip and Louise Elizabeth (1758-67), as tutor to their son Ferdinand 1 , offers an interesting model for inquiring under what specific assumptions the concept of “cultural migrations”, or intellectual transmission, between different philosophical cultures should be considered. The difficulties for the historian of ideas in formulating hypotheses about the relevance and modes of cultural transmission are evident even in a case such as Condillac’s, whose actual presence in Parma and Italy seems to support the obvious belief that such transmission necessarily occurred through the philosophers direct action: his conversations with local scholars, contacts with other philosophers, intellectual exchanges and so on. However, one may legitimately question this sort of easy conclusion. For the philosophical novelties that the French philosopher introduced and which met with favor in the rest of Europe were sometimes dismissed or neglected in the Duchy of Parma and throughout Italy, even by scholars less conservative and orthodox in their philosophical positions who were more open to novelty. Moreover, the migration of authors does not entail the migration of their ideas. Given such questions, a preliminary analysis of some of the methodological assumptions underlying this type of inquiry is worthwhile.

María Silvestre Madrid, Emiliano Almansa Rodriguez

El descubrimiento de la amalgamación, en 1556, en la mina de plata de Pachuca (Nueva España) produjo un brusco aumento en la demanda de azogue, de manera que Almadén pasó a ser un gran establecimiento minero. El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de la primera parte del largo viaje del azogue entre Almadén y América, correspondiente al tramo terrestre entre Almadén y Sevilla, cuya distancia es casi 300 kilómetros. Los caminos de la Edad Moderna eran de firme y trazado deficientes, a lo que habría que añadir los incidentes y conflictos surgidos entre los carreteros y arrieros con los dueños de las tierras por donde transitaban. Además, el transporte del azogue (metal líquido y pesado) era muy dificultoso, envasado en bolsas de cuero, hasta que a finales del XVIII comenzaron a utilizarse frascos de hierro colado. Pese a todo, la Corona logro abastecer de suficiente azogue a las minas de plata americanas

Víctor Cases Martínez

En 1757 Robert-François Damiens hirió de un navajazo a Luis XV. Las autoridades y la prensa presentaron el atentado como un suceso extraordinario perpetrado por un fanático, que nada tenía que ver con las tensiones que sacudían el país. Sin embargo, la lectura oficial del acontecimiento no silenció los numerosos malos discursos que aplaudían la osadía del frustrado regicida. El fallido magnicidio puede ser inscrito en una historia de larga duración que muestra cómo algunas de las opciones estratégicas de las autoridades del Antiguo Régimen fueron minando paulatinamente su poderío, como el traslado de Luis XIV a Versalles o la política antijansenista de la Corona. La desacralización de la monarquía posibilitó la aparición de una nueva elite intelectual, los philosophes, quienes se postularon como los abande- rados de la emergente opinión pública, que a su juicio convenía distinguir de la «estúpida y miserable» opinión popular, a la que pertenecía Damiens

My Hellsing

Airan Milititsky Aguiar

Entre 1950 y principios de la década del 60, el Club de Cultura de la ciudad de Porto Alegre en Brasil funcionó como un espacio de la izquierda judía de habla ídish para desarrollar actividades políticas y culturales. Ideológicamente adherido al Idisher Cultur Farband (ICUF) y ligado al Partido Comunista Brasileño, el Club de Cultura desde su fundación comenzó un proceso de permanente búsqueda de integración con la izquierda local. Al comenzar los años 60 se había convertido en un club porto-alegrense de la sociedad gaúcha, especialmente dedicado a la actividad teatral. El estudio del Club de Cultura muestra cómo la izquierda judía progresista, a través del activismo en sus instituciones, se integró a la sociedad brasileña.

J. Hidalgo, R. Boelens, J. Vos

Set against the background of struggles for territory, livelihood, and dignified existence in Latin America’s neoliberal conjuncture, this paper examines contemporary Andean Indigenous claims for water access and control rights based on historical arguments. In the case of the Acequia Tabacundo irrigation system in the north-Ecuadorian Highlands, the rights claims deployed in peasant-Indigenous struggles are cultural and social hybrids. They are rooted in Indigenous history, but also spawned by centuries of interaction with and defense against colonial and post-colonial frames imposed by the Spanish Empire, modern Ecuadorian State structures and influences of transnational capital. Through these conflicts over Indigenous water rights, authority, and identity, this article illustrates and examines the role of Indigenous accounts of their water histories, striving to reclaim, and govern their water territories in times of booming export-flower water extraction.

Juan Martínez Vinat

El presente estudio indaga sobre el origen del asociacionismo sedero valenciano a través de las tres principales corporaciones fundadas en Valencia a finales de la Edad Media: la cofradía de la Misericordia de veleros de seda, la cofradía de San Jerónimo del Art de Velluters y la cofradía de tintoreros de seda de San Miguel. El análisis de sus ordenanzas confraternales y gremiales, contrastado con otras fuentes documentales de tipo contable (Llibres de Dates e Rebudes), nos permiten conocer la realidad, funcionamiento y desarrollo de tres entidades que protagonizaron el arranque de la sedería valenciana, tanto desde la perspectiva laboral como desde la óptica benéfico-asistencial, ambas inseparables en el periodo que nos ocupa.

Federica Addis

This article describes the activities of espionage and counter-espionage conducted by the ministry of security of the German Democratic Republic (Stasi) during the time of the détente. The policy of opening towards the West caused the Stasi to be burdened with a wide range of new duties. Thus, its apparatus grew substantially. By analyzing the broad German literature on this topic this article aims at showing the development of the Stasi and, generally, its articulated reaction in facing those important political changes.

Michele PANDOLFO ha conseguito il dottorato di ricerca in Storia: culture e strutture delle aree di frontiera presso l’Università degli Studi di Udine. Nelle sue ricerche ha indagato le relazioni tra gli uomini italiani e le donne somale durante il periodo dell’Amministrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia. In generale i suoi interessi riguardano gli studi storici e antropologici sul colonialismo italiano, la diaspora somala in Italia e le sue rappresentazioni culturali, la letteratura della migrazione e le questioni di genere.

Gillian Beer

During the nineteenth century people were relatively uninhibited in recounting their dreams and dream material is prominent in many literary texts of the period. Touch is often described as being relatively rare in dreams because of the need to be alert to an actual touch. However, touch is explored in dreams in works by, for example, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Christina Rossetti, Edwin Abbott, and Thomas Hardy. A frequent Victorian explanation for dream experiences was indigestion and this raises questions about the degree to which experiences of inner touch are particularly disquieting. The article analyses a number of diverse texts in which touch disturbs the threshold between sleep and waking. It examines Victorian arguments connecting evolutionary theory and tactile experience.

Nicholas Eliopoulos

No abstract

Thanos Veremis

No abstract

M. Dyreson

THIS COLLECTION, ORGANIZED BY Christopher Young, Anke Hilbrenner, and Alan Tomlinson and stretching over two issues of the Journal of Sport History, provides important surveys of the state of the field in Europe. The editors recruited an impressive corps of scholars to survey scholarship of sport, including Andrew McFarland for Spain, Britta Lenz for Poland, Matthias Marschik for Austria, Niels Kayser Nielsen and John Bale for Norden (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland), Stefan Rohdewald for Yugoslavia (and successor states), Simon Martin for Italy, Stefan Zwicker for the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic (and the former Czechoslovakia), and Ekaterina Emeliantseva for Russia. These historiographies grew out of two collaborative endeavors to survey modern European sport, one centered in Britain and the other based in Germany. These scholarly collectives have already produced important work on Great Britain, France, and Germany, including an extensive German survey that appeared in a 2009 issue of German History and an Anglo-French historiography that appeared in a 2010 issue of the Journal of Sport History. In their introduction, Young, Hilbrenner, and Tomlinson declare that the absence of a usable historiography of European sport represents a “glaring hole” that threatens to suck the field into oblivion. These contributions, in tandem with the aforementioned works

Sol Glik

Durante as décadas de 1950 e 1960, a sociedade espanhola recebeu um variado conjunto de artefatos culturais provenientes dos Estados Unidos, país do qual começava a se aproximar. Séries de televisão, produções cinematográficas e publicações periódicas informavam aos espanhóis e espanholas sobre os usos, costumes e avanços tecnológicos daquele país, do qual pouco conheciam. O estilo de vida estadunidense, denominado American Way of Life, era muito diferente da experiência da sociedade espanhola, governada pelo duro regime de Francisco Franco. Este trabalho indaga, em perspectiva transcultural e em suportes diversos, o impacto dessa informação na publicidade, na produção e no consumo, articulando elementos políticos e econômicos com a emergência de um novo fenômeno, a domesticidade.

HC Sumario

Kathryn Prince

R. Rapp