José Augusto de Sottomayor-Pizarro, Paula Pinto Costa
Based on the importance of the Luso-Castilian border in the context of medieval Hispania and its complexity as a political construction, the objective of this reflection is to assess its impact at the level of manorial groups, either secular or ecclesiastical. The way how these social groups had interpreted the frontier is a central issue for this study. Fidalgos and miles Christi, usually called knights in simple terms, had traced similar tendencies for understandable reasons. Fidalgos and miles Christi were part of the medieval elites that boosted the peninsular exchanges, developing frequent trajectories over borders in medieval Hispania. The aristocracy and the friars of the Military Orders, in particular, those from the international Orders, had a very fluid conception of the frontier, to which family and institutional interests were superimposed. The noblemen found in the border crossing a natural mechanism to circumvent some political problems, arising from conflicts with monarchs, or to materialize strategies of power of some lineages with patrimonies constituted long before the creation of the kingdom of Portugal itself. In turn, the friars of the Military Orders were sometimes members of these families, imbued with non-border behaviors, which were reinforced when they professed in multinational institutions, not overlapping with the delimitations of the political and diplomatic border.
Este artículo explora ángulos de la fiscalidad regia con referencia al alfoz de Toledo en el período 1367-1450, indagando las tensiones sociopolíticas en un contexto general de bloqueo agrario. Interpreta el comportamiento de las Cortes en el proceso institucional y la autonomía urbana para definir estrategias y variantes recaudatorias de la administración tributaria. Analiza las relaciones entre los tres estados, la distribución del poder corporativo y su correlato en los alcances y limitaciones del régimen hacendístico, priorizando la incidencia de los impuestos indirectos. Problematiza sobre fenómenos migratorios con eje en la interacción ciudad-campo y su impacto en la población pechera.
This paper analyses neo-gothicism and its impact on the ideological propaganda in the Hispanic Middle Ages (9th-15th c.), since the initial steps taken in the Visigoth era until its apogee in early medieval chronicles, as well as both its disappearance and its recovery occurred between the 15th and 16th c. via both genealogical and poetry works. This paper also provides a specific analysis of the role played in this recovery by the name of two geographical locations, Scythia and Escancia, in the building of apologetic images, as a result of their political prestige derived from the fact that they were pointed as the very original lands in which the epic of the Visigoths began.
En la nota se propone retomar una enmienda, propuesta por Pascual de Gayangos, a una lección del ejemplo 12 («De lo que contesció a un raposo con un gallo») de El conde Lucanor. Para ello, se realiza un breve análisis del sentido del pasaje y se establecen paralelos con textos contemporáneos que describen los efectos de los ingenios bélicos. Luego se revisan los manuscritos que lo transmiten y se analiza el origen de dos lecturas erróneas divergentes en tres subarquetipos distintos. Finalmente, se examina la enmienda de Gayangos, la historia editorial del pasaje y se propone aceptar la corrección para futuras ediciones de El conde Lucanor.
This article offers an overview of the history of the formation of the collection of Georgian medieval art in the State Hermitage Museum. Particular attention is paid to the history of its study and exhibition. These are examined in the context of the establishment of procedure of museum work in the Hermitage in the 1920s-1970s. Also explained are the complex relations between curators, the head of the Oriental Department, Academician I.A. Orbeli and the outstanding scholar L.A. Matsulevich. Attention is given to the history of an exhibition made in connection to the Third International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology held at the Hermitage in 1935; to the permanent gallery of the Oriental Department which lasted from 1935 to 1941; to the new principles of presentation of museum objects implemented in the 1950s. The author notes the revival of scholarly contacts between the Hermitage and Georgian scholars in the second half of the 2010s.
With the help of Emile Mâle’s (1862-1954) pioneer researches on art history, our knowledge about western medieval images has improved during the last century thanks to the interesting study of dramaturgy (xith-xvith centuries). Since the 1920’s, the iconography of the apparition of Christ in Emmaus (Luke, 24, 13-35) is one of the examples currently chosen by historiography in order to illustrate interactions between images and liturgical dramas. In the light of this observation, I reopened this file with the aim of identifying in a better way the relationships between these two ways of expressions. If this study has been often led in liturgical dramas’ field, I have opened it to Mystères de la Passion, in which the apparition of Christ in Emmaus knew important developments. Restricted to French literary and iconographical productions, my investigation leads nevertheless to mixed results. With the exception of images taken from rare illustrated theatre manuscripts, the iconography is most of the time quite different from the corresponding dramatic texts.
Alfonso Méndez de Guzmán became Grand Master of the Order of Santiago through the imposition of Alfonso XI, at a time when the king sought to place people of his entire confidence at the head of the military orders. Méndez de Guzmán responded in great measure to the expectations that the King of Castile had placed in him. He took part in the battle of Salado and in the conquest of Alcalá la Real. However, we deal here not only with the military activity of the Grand Master but also his work as administrator at the head of the order. We include a list of the names of his closest collaborators and details of his itinerary. For this we have studied the royal chronicles and documents and in the index we include a articularly interesting document.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Over the past few years, the International Medieval Congress (IMC), held at Leeds University each July, has grown immensely. Those of us interested in regions outside of Western Europe have found an ever-increasing range of sessions and scholars, coming from the rest of the world, and delving into subjects of Islamic and other non-western felds. The trend is positive, of course, allowing as it does opportunities for useful dialogue and cross-fertilization. It refects a steady broadening of the range of scholarship being done on medieval topics.
Among the different groups of medieval travellers, ecclesiastics
were one of the most active. Fifteenth-century Majorcan canons, too, crossed the seas to reach their destinations. This paper considers the voyages of one of them, Gabriel Cerdà, who went to the most important centres of power of the Crown of Aragon (Naples and Catalonia) and of the Church (Rome), although he also frequented Lleida in order to study and to hold another canonry in its cathedral. His case is a paradigm of Majorcan canons’ performance related to their geographical mobility.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
The official corpus of Chinese historiography contains a wealth of valuable information on what may be termed local resistance to the centralised empire in early medieval China (third to sixth century). Sinologists specialised in the study of Chinese religions commonly reconstruct the religious history of the era by interpreting some of these data. In the process, however, methodological mistakes often occur, such as disregard for the primary purpose of the historiography of local resistance, and ‘overinterpretation’—that is, ‘fabricating false intensity’ and ‘seeing intensity everywhere’, as French historian Paul Veyne proposed to define the term. Focusing on a cluster of historical anecdotes collected in the standard histories of the four centuries under consideration, this study discusses how the supposedly ‘religious’ data therein should, and should not, be dealt with.
L’articolo muove dall'esperienza di Reti Medievali per analizzare il modo in cui, più in generale, gli storici hanno guardato e guardano alla rete delle reti. Affronta quindi un tema che si colloca al crocevia tra l’evoluzione delle tecnologie informatiche e telematiche, i percorsi della storiografia e le trasformazioni delle sue metodologie, i mutamenti del mercato della comunicazione scientifica, i cambiamenti nei criteri di valutazione della qualità delle pubblicazioni.