The niche situation can reflect the advantages and disadvantages of biological individuals in the ecosystem environment as well as the overall operational status of the ecosystem. However, higher-order niche systems generally exhibit complex nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties, making it difficult for traditional Type-1 fuzzy control to accurately handle their inherent fuzziness and environmental disturbances in complex environments. To address this, this paper introduces the backstepping control method based on Type-2 T-S fuzzy control, incorporating the niche situation function as the consequent of the T-S backstepping fuzzy control. The stability analysis of the system is completed by constructing a Lyapunov function, and the adaptive law for the parameters of the niche situation function is derived. This design reflects the tendency of biological individuals to always develop in a direction beneficial to themselves, highlighting the bio-inspired intelligent characteristics of the proposed method. The results of case simulations show that the Type-2 backstepping T-S fuzzy control has significantly superior comprehensive performance in dealing with the complexity and uncertainty of high-order niche situation systems compared with the traditional Type-1 control and Type-2 T-S adaptive fuzzy control. These results not only verify the adaptive and self-development capabilities of biological individuals, as well as their efficiency in environmental utilization, but also endow this control method with a solid practical foundation.
This study explores the functioning of the Yakut language in the conditions of the northern industrial monotown Mirny (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)). The study identifies the features of linguistic distribution in the speech repertoire of ethnic Sakha based on data from a sociolinguistic survey and interviews (n=279). Descriptive statistical methods and content analysis are employed. The results reveal an asymmetric nature of Yakut-Russian bilingualism with Russian language predominance in public communication. While Sakha individuals exhibit a high level of language competence in the Yakut language, its application is limited. In familial and friendly communication, the Yakut language maintains significant positions; however, its demand is minimal in the professional-business sphere, especially in industry. Among individuals with higher education, the percentage of Russian speakers at work reaches 68.34% compared to 55.77% among those with only secondary vocational education. Russian language dominates in management, service sectors, and law enforcement (75—100%). Only in fields such as healthcare, education, and culture does the Yakut language maintain strong positions. The native language is primarily perceived by Sakha as a symbolic marker of identity, yielding to Russian in social prestige and communicative power. The vitality prospects of the Yakut language in the city are assessed ambiguously and are linked to the effectiveness of language policy in key institutional contexts (education, media, government).
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Siripen Pongpaichet, Boonyapat Sukosit, Chitchaya Duangtanawat
et al.
Crimes result in not only loss to individuals but also hinder national economic growth. While crime rates have been reported to decrease in developed countries, underdeveloped and developing nations still suffer from prevalent crimes, especially those undergoing rapid expansion of urbanization. The ability to monitor and assess trends of different types of crimes at both regional and national levels could assist local police and national-level policymakers in proactively devising means to prevent and address the root causes of criminal incidents. Furthermore, such a system could prove useful to individuals seeking to evaluate criminal activity for purposes of travel, investment, and relocation decisions. Recent literature has opted to utilize online news articles as a reliable and timely source for information on crime activity. However, most of the crime monitoring systems fueled by such news sources merely classified crimes into different types and visualized individual crimes on the map using extracted geolocations, lacking crucial information for stakeholders to make relevant, informed decisions. To better serve the unique needs of the target user groups, this paper proposes a novel comprehensive crime visualization system that mines relevant information from large-scale online news articles. The system features automatic crime-type classification and metadata extraction from news articles. The crime classification and metadata schemes are designed to serve the need for information from law enforcement and policymakers, as well as general users. Novel interactive spatiotemporal designs are integrated into the system with the ability to assess the severity and intensity of crimes in each region through the novel Criminometer index. The system is designed to be generalized for implementation in different countries with diverse prevalent crime types and languages composing the news articles, owing to the use of deep learning cross-lingual language models. The experiment results reveal that the proposed system yielded 86%, 51%, and 67% F1 in crime type classification, metadata extraction, and closed-form metadata extraction tasks, respectively. Additionally, the results of the system usability tests indicated a notable level of contentment among the target user groups. The findings not only offer insights into the possible applications of interactive spatiotemporal crime visualization tools for proactive policymaking and predictive policing but also serve as a foundation for future research that utilizes online news articles for intelligent monitoring of real-world phenomena.
The issue of tender offers has gained prominence due to several high-profile cases involving the takeover of public companies, which have led to significant losses for shareholders, particularly public shareholders. The regulatory framework governing takeovers and tender offers is primarily established by Law No. 8 of 1995 concerning the Capital Market and Government Regulation No. 27 of 1998. The enactment of Law No. 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2011 marked a significant shift in regulatory oversight, transferring authority over macroeconomic matters, including takeovers and tender offers, from Bank Indonesia to OJK. A notable example is the 2020 takeover of PT Garudafood Putra Putri Jaya Tbk. of PT Mulia Boga Raya Tbk. This study seeks to analyze the regulatory arrangements for tender offers in Indonesia and evaluate the impact of such takeovers on the public companies involved. The research employs normative legal research methodologies with a statutory approach, utilizing both primary and secondary legal materials.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The paper focuses on some labour law questions which arise from work in the metaverse. The first question is whether meta-work could be the next new type of work as standard employment relationship, which is going through a transformation in general. Indeed, the idea of personal work – as a main pillar of the employment relationship – was challenged by platform work in the recent years, but metaverse seems to further question the old paradigms. The article shortly examines the question of wages, for instance, as the metaverse generally relies on cryptocurrency (CC) to pay for transactions and purchases. Subsequently, the paper mainly concentrates on the analysis of health and safety at work and of the discrimination ban in metaverse.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Labor. Work. Working class
Resumo O presente artigo aborda o modo pelo qual a relação entre as obras de Augusto Teixeira de Freitas e Friedrich Carl von Savigny é retratada pela literatura de viés jurídico-historiográfico no Brasil. Parte-se da hipótese de que os mencionados juristas participam da dimensão histórica do paradigma contemporâneo da civilística brasileira, configurando, dessa maneira, parte da anatomia da tradição jurídica nacional. O desenvolvimento da investigação demonstra que a relação entre Freitas e Savigny é propagada como um lugar-comum literário que, além de exercer funções retóricas, sugere uma relativa independência entre o conhecimento científico-historiográfico e a articulação da memória no campo jurídico. Tal lugar-comum serviria como suporte para a demonstração da aproximação entre o direito civil brasileiro e o alemão - significando, com isso, o afastamento em relação ao direito português e ao modelo francês de codificação civil -, além de medida da originalidade e qualidade da obra de Teixeira de Freitas, bem como da própria civilística nacional.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture.
Contribution: This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia.
Álvaro dos Santos Maciel , Benizete Ramos de Medeiros
Crises econômicas e a precarização do Direito do Trabalho tem gerado flexibilizações nefastas para o trabalhador. A terceirização e o desmonte preconizado pela Reforma Trabalhista têm sido apontados como instrumentos para recuperar a economia. Todavia, o crescimento do trabalho análogo à escravidão é uma realidade crescente e a terceirização das relações empregatícias tem aberto espaço para tal violação. O presente artigo analisa tais institutos com um viés crítico fulcrado nas teorias marxistas preconizadas por Jean-Paul de Gaudemar e a mobilização da força do trabalho para o capital, já que são retiradas do trabalhador todas as possibilidades materiais de existência social digna, exceto a da venda de sua força de trabalho por vezes o expondo a situações vulneráveis e desumanas.Faz-se uma abordagem de teorias Sociológicas e Jurídicas, no contexto legal com apresentação de casos empíricos na tentativa de que medidas efetivas sejam tomadas para combater a precarização do trabalho e a exploração dos trabalhadores, com a devida punição dos infratores, reanálise do instituto da terceirização pós reforma trabalhista, bem como a criação de políticas que viabilizem a transparência das informações que contribuampara um desenvolvimento sustentável e uma nova educação.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
Australian trans youth seeking medical treatment for gender dysphoria can encounter significant legal barriers to healthcare. Legal requirements for obtaining valid consent to gender-affirming care, first established in 2004, mean that an application to the Family Court is required in many cases before treatment can be provided. The development of Australian law concerning consent for the medical treatment of trans youth has been slow, haphazard, and remains incomplete. The Family Court process has been found to be damaging to trans youth and their families. There is widespread agreement that the law needs reform, even more so since the 2020 decision in <i>Re: Imogen</i>. This article explores the implications of the decision in <i>Re: Imogen</i> for trans youth and their families and raises possible models for reform. It starts by providing the background to <i>Re: Imogen</i> and explaining the current legal position. It then explores why the law needs to be reformed, highlighting the inconsistent approach to competency in Australian law and the harm the current law does to trans youth. Building on critiques of the law in this area, it reviews various options for law reform and suggests an optimal model.
Victoriia Rohalska, Oksana Bronevytska, Gediminas Buciunas
The importance of legal regulation of extradition in the system of legal aid in criminal proceedings is determined both by the national interests of states and the interests of international cooperation in combating transnational and international crimes. The objective of this paper was to get the answer to the main question of this research - Did the provisions of the law on extradition in Ukraine meet international standards? A set of general and special scientific, and philosophical methods of scientific research were used while preparing this article, to clarify the approaches to the extradition procedure of different countries and in practice. The results of the research suggested that the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of extradition generally meets European standards. Although, there are some gaps in the national legal regulation of extradition that may adversely affect the observance of the rights and freedoms of persons to whom it is applied.
El presente artículo es producto de un proyecto de investigación sustentado en teorías constitucionales, legales, prácticas profesionales y sobre todo en una actividad holística e investigativa sobre derecho al consumo. Pretendo determinar a través de una revisión y su correspondiente análisis, si la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio protege a través de sus fallos los derechos de los consumidores respecto al reconocimiento de la garantía de los vehículos automotores. Metodológicamente realice operaciones inductivas y analíticas ya que revise varios casos en donde parto de situaciones
particulares y llego a una conclusión general sobre la protección de estos derechos. Encontré resultados en donde la delegatura de asuntos jurisdiccionales en algunos los protege y en otros no tanto debido a que a la luz del derecho siempre debe prevalecer la prueba. Concluyo manifestando que debe tenerse mas en cuenta por parte de la sic, el principio del Indubio pro consumidor, en donde en caso de que exista duda debe favorecerse siempre al consumidor debido a la situación de desequilibrio y desventaja contractual en la que se encuentra respecto a un productor y/o proveedor.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) set a cap for international aviation’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at its 2020 level and established a market-based mechanism to help achieve that cap. Against that backdrop, this article identifies ICAO’s legal obligation to mitigate climate change by examining the international climate change treaties, ICAO’s constituent treaty, the Chicago Convention, and ICAO’s organizational practice. It finds that because ICAO is not a party to the climate change treaties and has a high degree of institutional autonomy, those treaties do not directly impose an obligation on ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention does not expressly mention the environment or climate change, ICAO’s member states interpreted the Convention and enlarged ICAO’s mandate under it to include the reduction or limitation of GHG emissions from international aviation so as to prevent dangerous climate change. This article finds that pursuant to Jan Klabbers’ recently developed theory of role responsibility, ICAO arguably has an obligation to carry out this important mandate, and its failure to do so, or failure to do so effectively, could constitute an internationally wrongful omission.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A função reflexiva (FR) é identificada como um constructo importante à compreensão psicopatológica e para a prática clínica. Sendo assim, neste artigo, busca-se ampliar o conhecimento sobre a função reflexiva em dois grupos de adolescentes com diferentes trajetórias, um em conflito com a lei (G1=91, M idade 16,57 anos, DP=0,77) e outro de escolares (G2=64, M de idade 15,89 anos, DP=0,75). Os instrumentos utilizados foram dados sociodemográficos, Questionário sobre Função Reflexiva para Jovens e Questionário de Capacidade e Dificuldades. Da amostra, identificou-se que 119 adolescentes eram não clínicos e 95 clínicos. A análise univariada demonstrou diferenças significativas na função reflexiva considerando a interação entre a variável G1 e G2 e as categorias clínico e não clínico. Assim, o G2 não clínico apresentou maior função reflexiva (M=8,60; DP=0,68; F=4,66; pchr(38)lt;0,05), seguido pelo G1 clínico (M=8,29; DP=0,68). Tal característica no grupo clínico de adolescentes em conflito com a lei assinala hipermentalização. Aponta-se, portanto, a necessidade de avaliação e desenvolvimento da função reflexiva como prevenção em saúde mental
El presente análisis se centra específicamente en el error de prohibición que comete el integrante de una comunidad indígena, no solo porque desconoce absolutamente la antijuricidad de su conducta sino cuando cree que está actuando en estricto apego a sus creencias y costumbres ancestrales, las cuales riñen –en algunos casos– con el derecho positivo. Asimismo, se marca la imposibilidad de imponerle una pena –cuando el delito se comete fuera de la comunidad indígena– o purificación –cuando se comete un acto que altere la paz social dentro de la comunidad indígena– pero sobre todo centra su atención en la imposibilidad de imponerle una medida de seguridad cuando ha cometido un delito fuera de su comunidad, pues al hacerlo lo trata como inimputable y lo regresa a su comunidad, generando así un trato discriminante que le impide, al culturalmente diferente, autodeterminarse.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
<p>This article talks about dispute between costumer and the bank. Settlement of disputes should be resolved by the principle of fast, accurate and cheap. Issues raised in this paper is how an ideal dispute resolution process to resolve dispute banking. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages in any dispute resolution process both through litigation and non litigation. Based in the principles of fast, accurate and cheap it is explained that banks in Indonesia must resolve their disputes through non litigation or ADR.</p><p> </p><p>Tulisan ini membicarakan mengenai penyelesaian sengketa antara nasabah dengan bank. Penyelesaian sengketa harusnya diselesaikan dengan prinsip cepat, tepat dan murah. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam tulisan ini yaitu bagaimana proses penyelesaian sengketa yang ideal dalam menyelesaikan sengketa perbankan. Tulisan ini menggambarkan mengenai kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam setiap proses penyelesaian sengketa baik melalui jalur litigasi maupun non litigasi. Berdasarkan prinsip cepat, tepat dan murah maka dipaparkan bahwa perbankan di Indonesia harus menyelesaikan sengketanya melalui jalur non litigasi atau ADR.</p>
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Camila Prado Cenciani de Souza, Cleide Aparecida de Abreu, Cristiano Alberto de Andrade
et al.
Efficient analytical methods for the quantification of plant-available Zn contained in mineral fertilizers and industrial by-products are fundamental for the control and marketing of these inputs. In this sense, there are some doubts on the part of the scientific community as well as of the fertilizer production sector, whether the extractor requested by the government (Normative Instruction No. 28, called 2nd extractor), which is citric acid 2 % (2 % CA) (Brasil, 2007b), is effective in predicting the plant availability of Zn via mineral fertilizers and about the agronomic significance of the required minimal solubility of 60 % compared to the total content (HCl) (Brasil, 2007a). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the alternative extractors DTPA, EDTA, neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), buffer solution pH 6.0, 10 % HCl, 10 % sulfuric acid, 1 % acetic acid, water, and hot water to quantify the contents of Zn available for maize and compare them with indices of agronomic efficiency of fertilizers and industrial by-products when applied to dystrophic Clayey Red Latosol and Dystrophic Alic Red Yellow Latosol with medium texture. The rate of Zn applied to the soil was 5 mg kg-1, using the sources zinc sulfate, commercial granular zinc, ash and galvanic sludge, ash and two brass slags. Most Zn was extracted from the sources by DTPA, 10 % HCl, NAC, 1% acetic acid, and 10 % sulfuric acid. Recovery by the extractors 2 % CA, EDTA, water, and hot water was low. The agronomic efficiency index was found to be high when using galvanic sludge (238 %) and commercial granular zinc (142 %) and lower with brass slag I and II (67 and 27 %, respectively). The sources galvanizing ash and brass ash showed solubility lower than 60 % in 2 % CA, despite agronomic efficiency indices of 78 and 125 %, respectively. The low agronomic efficiency index of industrial by-products such as brass slag I and galvanizing ash can be compensated by higher doses, provided there is no restriction, as well as for all other sources, in terms of contaminant levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury as required by law (Normative Instruction No 27/2006). The implementation of 2nd extractor 2 % CA and the requirement of minimum solubility for industrial by-products could restrict the use of alternative sources as potential Zn sources for plants.
In criminal procedure, the cornerstone of the proceeding governing the establishment of crucial facts is the opportunity of the parties to present their arguments on the criminal matter at issue and to challenge the opponent’s arguments, which is the focal point of the adversity principle in criminal procedure. A criminal proceeding, which is legally regulated as a dispute involving parties with an equal procedural standing, is an optimal institutional setting for accomplishing the proclaimed purpose of the criminal procedure. It gives rise to the importance of the principle of adversity, which is not explicitly stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code but which is indisputably derived from the position of the adversaries in criminal procedure. Although the adversity principle is primarily put into effect in the course of the main hearing (trial proceedings), the elements of this principle may also be present in other stages of criminal procedure.
The basic condition for implementing the adversity principle is the normative framework where the criminal procedure is regulated as an adversarial procedure. In the contemporary criminal procedure, the monofunctionality principle is one of the basic features of both adversarial and continental criminal procedure which provides for exercising the adversity principle.