Hasil untuk "Language and Literature"

M. Oquab, Timothée Darcet, Théo Moutakanni et al.

The recent breakthroughs in natural language processing for model pretraining on large quantities of data have opened the way for similar foundation models in computer vision. These models could greatly simplify the use of images in any system by producing all-purpose visual features, i.e., features that work across image distributions and tasks without finetuning. This work shows that existing pretraining methods, especially self-supervised methods, can produce such features if trained on enough curated data from diverse sources. We revisit existing approaches and combine different techniques to scale our pretraining in terms of data and model size. Most of the technical contributions aim at accelerating and stabilizing the training at scale. In terms of data, we propose an automatic pipeline to build a dedicated, diverse, and curated image dataset instead of uncurated data, as typically done in the self-supervised literature. In terms of models, we train a ViT model (Dosovitskiy et al., 2020) with 1B parameters and distill it into a series of smaller models that surpass the best available all-purpose features, OpenCLIP (Ilharco et al., 2021) on most of the benchmarks at image and pixel levels.

S. Roseberry, K. Hirsh-Pasek, R. Golinkoff

Silja Weber

This is not a study, but a research note on academic writing practices in our field, whose purpose it is to serve as a foundation for discussion. It provides a brief introduction into researcher reflexivity, my own positioning towards the topic, and a numerical thematic overview of authorial presence (pronouns, third-person terms, and their semantic functions) in data-based research articles published in the Scenario journal over the last ten years. I do not draw conclusions, but from the angle of researcher reflexivity, I submit questions with respect to clarity of premises and ethics, for possible consideration by future authors in our field.  

Oleg Vitalyevich Smirnov

This article substantiates the possibility of obtaining data on extinct Finno-Ugric languages of Central Russia through a formalized catalogue of substrate toponyms of Finno-Ugric origin within the historical Merya lands (HML). The key to etymologizing lexical facts within the local toponymic system, presumably left by the Merya and Muroma languages, lies in the identification of several dozen instances of geographical name calquing. This approach suggests that the study of the local substrate toponymic system is akin to deciphering the writing through existing bilinguals. The presumable calques provide the most reliable toponymic evidence for these extinct languages. Mapping these calques within the HML reveals a strong correlation with the locations of archaeological sites, which are thought to be left by the Merya in the late 1st to early 2nd millennium AD, indicating their time and history of origin. The recurrence and widespread nature of these cases reduce the probability of random matches to near zero. The number of toponymic bases involved in the calquing process exceeds 70 units. This is sufficient to perform primary observations on the phonetic and word-formation features of substrate lexical facts from the perspective of historical phonetics and historical lexicology of Finno-Ugric languages. The study revealed not only instances of Russian toponymic calques but also repeatedly occurring cases of calquing between different dialects (languages) of extinct Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. This alone indicates the presence of not one but several Finno-Ugric dialects (languages) in the HML territory before Russian settlement. The first part of the article demonstrates examples and the importance of detecting cases of calquing for the formation of an initial set of reliable etymologies. The second part will present an analysis of the phonetic and word-formation features of the identified linguistic facts of the extinct Finno-Ugric languages in the HML and their closest correspondences in the Finno-Volga languages.

Miao Guo

This study investigates news audiences’ platform preferences, usage patterns, and factors affecting their mobile news consumption through news apps. Four explanatory factors, news app users’ demographics, news media usage, perceptions, and motivations, are proposed to predict adoption intention. By surveying 698 mobile news app users in the US, this study’s findings indicate that user perceptions of news apps (i.e., perceived ease of use, compatibility, relative content advantage, and observability) and instrumental motivations of news consumption (i.e., information-seeking and opinion needs) best predict news consumers’ willingness to continue using mobile news apps. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed to offer new insights into mobile news audience behavior and inform current digital publishers on cross-media strategies in the highly competitive mobile news market.

Liton Chakraborty Mithun

The female body has been a gendered space upon which patriarchy plays out its power dynamics. The making, re-making and unmaking of the female body has remained a subject to wishes and whims of men. In most cases, women are denied agency and freedom over their bodies. Men have exerted their power on the female body in the form of subjugation, repression, oppression, and exploitation.Hence, rape and all forms of sexual assault on women and girls in the context of a war can be considered a patriarchal tool to assert the dominance of the attacking party and demoralize the community under attack. The victims of sexual attacks undergo psychological trauma during and after the war. In this context, Tarfia Faizullah’s debut collection of poems Seamappears as a feminist investigation into the narrative of rape victims of the Bangladesh Liberation War. This book lends voice to the rape victims of the 1971 war whose bodies were politicized by the androcentric Pakistani army. Through a feminist lens, this qualitative paper will endeavor to explore how the female body served as a site of patriarchal domination in the Bangladesh Liberation War in the light of Seam.

Maxence Gouleau

Pregnancy remains a rare diegetic occurrence in literature. When it appears, it has been remarked, most recently by writer Jessie Greengrass, that pregnancy struggles to ‘stand both for itself and for something other’ (Greengrass 2018). Pregnancy and maternity are at best metaphors or allegories for something else, a tendency that is not exclusively found but most often observed and most problematic in male-authored texts (Friedman 1987; Hanson 2015). While this is true of texts in which pregnancy and maternity are ‘despatched elsewhere while in the centre of things a man paces a carpet’ (Greengrass), it hardly applies to two contemporary male-authored texts in which pregnancy and maternity are central to the diegesis: Graham Swift’s Waterland (1983) and Andrew Cowan’s Common Ground (1996). This article shows that these texts’ anxious male perspectives offer ‘a new figure of the father’, one whose language makes manifest that which ‘does not signify’ and restores balance between tenor and vehicles in metaphors of pregnancy and maternity (Miller 2005).

Zsuzsanna Fábián

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Warren J Ferguson, L. Candib

K. Bruffee

Until a very few years ago, I had never heard the term "social construction." Much less had I become acquainted with its implications for scholars and instructors of literature and composition, or its implications for those of us interested in broader educational issues such as the future of humanistic studies and liberal education in general. During the past three or four years, pursuing some of these implications, I discovered that social constructionist thought can positively affect the way we address professional issues that increasingly interest many of us today. But I also discovered that attempts to address these issues in this way are limited because many of us-myself included-have not yet read deeply enough the relevant scholarly literature. In this respect we are not alone. Although social construction has a venerable history in twentieth-century thought and although writers in a number of fields are engaged in an effort to develop the disciplinary implications of a nonfoundational social constructionist understanding of knowledge, that history remains largely unacknowledged and the effort fragmented. Terminology proliferates. The result is that in some cases positions not only similar but mutually supportive seem alien to one another. Writers find it difficult to draw upon each other's work to pursue their own more effectively. Many of the most sophisticated and knowledgeable texts that I discuss in this essay-not only work in literary criticism and composition studies but in philosophy and the social sciences-evidence a lack of awareness of fertile, suggestive, parallel work in other fields. One cause of this situation is that there seems to exist no bibliographical guide that brings social constructionist texts together in one place, presents them as a coherent school of thought, and offers guidance to readers wending their way through unfamiliar territory. This is the need I hope this essay will fill.

Eleonora A. Nemanova

One of the most promising aspects of research into the cult tradition of the Buryats is the study of the concepts of ‘cult’ and ‘sacred’. Goals. The paper aims to analyze the issue of applying the category of ‘sacred’ developed by European religious studies to the lexical material associated with the category of the sacred in the traditional culture of the Buryats on the basis of etymological and historical-genetic research. Results. Description of the scope of application of the concept of ‘sacred’ in Buryat culture, as well as semantic analysis are necessary to avoid inadequate interpretations and extrapolations while using respective lexemes. By virtue of their conservatism, ritual terms contain invaluable evidence of the cultural and historical perspectives, preserve the valuable information that allows us to reconstruct the ethnography of the past, its social structures, spiritual culture, including the cult tradition.

C. Dustmann, A. van Soest

Karim Sadeghi

Elliott M. Hoey

This article focuses on the coordination of speaking and drinking. Because physiological constraints largely preclude speaking and drinking concurrently, participants must balance their engagement in one with the other. I focus on environments in which a currently drinking participant is selected to speak next, since this requires the participant to manage the conflict between drinking now and speaking next. Participants are shown either upholding the progressive development of drinking and talk-in-interaction in parallel, or adjusting the trajectory of drinking to engage in talk-in-interaction. These orientations to the practical incompatibility between drinking and speaking reveal participants’ sensitivities to action modality.

Auste Valinciute

This study analyzes the extent, range and nature of science communication scholarship in Lithuania. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is a presence of this research field in the Lithuanian academic context and if there exists a body of empirical evidence that can be used to inform practical science communication initiatives. More generally, this study asks: is there a science of science communication in Lithuania? Results indicate the presence of an emerging field of research with fragmented scientific activity. Most papers do not explicitly identify “science communication” as the object of study. Most of the relevant work is focused on audience research, indicating the potential for using the results for evidence-based science communication practice. The science of science communication in Lithuanian, however, has yet considerable room for growth and could benefit from more large-scale, nationally representative, data-driven and methodologically sound research.

Hiroshi KIYOMATSU

Saburo Ikeda was a cartoonist who played an active role in pre-war Japan. He preferred a manga manbun style, which combines cartoon with prose, and his many works reference both financial circles and the literary world. In 1939, he travelled to China, where he worked as a war correspondent. His reports appeared in many magazines alongside various titles, cartoons, and writings. The purpose of this study is to analyze and review Ikeda’s reports and to clarify their significance in the context of wartime media regulations. Comparing Ikeda’s articles, we found that they each have different features. The flexibility of Ikeda’s reports is such that they can be reconstituted to play different roles according to the context (e.g., popular entertainment magazines, financial magazines, and women’s literary magazines). Ikeda’s reports about the Dading rural area were requested during the Pacific War as a form of wartime propaganda presenting Japan in a positive light in Mainland China. Results indicate that the reports, as a function of their diversity, held a special position in the spectrum of contemporary photographs, cartoons, and reportage regarding China.

Mariam M. Biltawi, W. Etaiwi, Sara Tedmori et al.

M. P. Moeller, J. Tomblin, Christine Yoshinaga-Itano et al.

Judith A. Langer

Janusz Bohdziewicz

Celem tekstu jest refleksja nad możliwością myśli filmowej poza uwarunkowaniami metafizyki. Esej rozważa tę kwestię na marginesie filmu Abbasa Kiarostamiego Smak czereśni, w nawiązaniu do myśli Martina Heideggera i Jeana-Luca Nancy’ego. Autor krótko interpretuje film, wskazując jego główny problem oraz sposób jego rozwiązania przez reżysera – zastosowanie niekonwencjonalnych środków artystycznych w relacji do przekazywanych treści zmusza widza do wyjścia z nawykowego rozumienia filmu, ale i z myśli o rzeczywistości. To wyjście można opisać filozoficznie – film pozwala doświadczyć nieoczywistej oczywistości i zwrócić uwagę na jej prymarną zależność od samej możliwości bycia: prześwitu. W nim wszelkie obrazy winny być traktowane jako na-widzenia, napływające ku człowiekowi z samego światła i wyzwalające ku współtworzeniu świata. Dzieło Kiarostamiego jest przykładem spotkania otwartego artysty z dynamiczną ewidencją bycia, zrealizowanego na błonie filmowej niczym acheiropoietyczne ikony.