Hasil untuk "Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"

Michaela Nilsen, Lise Cecilie Kleppe, Heidi Moen Gjersøe

Artikkelen bygger på en kvalitativ studie gjennomført ved fem Nav-kontorer, der Nav-veiledere som jobber med oppfølging av utsatt ungdom som mottar økonomisk sosialhjelp, har deltatt i fokusgruppeintervjuer. Denne ungdomsgruppen befinner seg ofte i komplekse og utfordrende livssituasjoner, som krever bistand på tvers av myndighetsområder og oppfølging fra ulike deler av hjelpeapparatet. Artikkelen belyser, gjennom Nav-veiledernes perspektiv, hvordan deres praksis og utfordringer påvirker oppfølgingen av utsatt ungdom. Fokuset på Navs ordinære arbeidsprosesser gir et nytt perspektiv sammenlignet med forskning på spesifikke tiltak. Funnene viser at Navs aktiviseringsfokus, i tillegg til uhensiktsmessige digitale systemer og begrensede ressurser, gjør det vanskelig å imøtekomme de sammensatte behovene og sosiale problemene til utsatte ungdommer.

Janeth Yadira Rodríguez Galván, Juan Francisco Islas Aguirre

This study evaluates the socioeconomic effects of educational policies implemented between 2010 and 2024 within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, focusing on the labor demand for professionals with advanced competencies. Using a quantitative analysis based on microdata from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) for 2010–2024, an econometric model is employed to estimate the returns to education and work experience and analyze gender wage gaps and the urban–rural distribution. The findings reveal a 46.3% increase in the labor market participation of individuals with higher education and a rise in wage disparities, particularly in the Information and Communication Technology sector. Limited to ENOE data in Mexico, this research adds value by identifying the mismatch between educational supply and emerging labor market demands. The conclusions suggest adjusting educational policies to reduce gender gaps and better equip graduates to meet current challenges.

Andreas Bastgen

Abstract I develop an equilibrium-matching model with job rationing and endogenous layoffs in order to investigate whether the composition of unemployment (rationing versus frictional) influences the way firing costs affect employment. The model suggests that firing costs lead to a strong adverse employment effect if unemployment is mainly caused by job rationing, whereas in labor markets driven by search frictions firing costs have only a negligible impact on employment. The paper tests this hypothesis using data on the adoption of wrongful-dismissal laws adopted by U.S. state courts during the 1970s and 1980s. Results indicate that for two of the three wrongful-dismissal laws investigated, unemployment composition is crucial for the induced employment effects.

Bita Shaygani, Alireza Eghbali, Ebrahim Zarrini

One of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance is the gross domestic product, the lack of proper economic policy aimed at its stabilization and growth, leads to periods of recession in business cycles with wider effects on economic performance, especially Economic growth, unemployment and inflation. Continuous business cycles will lead to an increase in uncertainty in the level of economic activities, which will have negative effects on investment, consumption, savings and economic performance. It is very important and necessary to know the effects of factors affecting business cycles from the aspect of correctly predicting these cycles and making policies in this field. In this study, the factors affecting the business cycles in Iran were investigated with the quantile regression approach for the period 1360-1400 and the results showed that periods of stagnation in the Iranian economy with the intensification and application of new sanctions and the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA (Comprehensive Program) joint action) and the emergence of the Corona pandemic in Iran, especially from 2018 to 2020, have become deeper and faster. And the results of applying the ARDL method show the negative effect of labor productivity variables, employment rate and foreign trade on business cycles and the positive effect of final consumption expenditures, oil revenues and sanctions on business cycles (leading to the aggravation of recession have become economic) has been And in general, the effects of these variables on business cycles have been symmetrical.Extended abstractIntroduction Gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance because it shows the size of a country's economy and its production capacity. The growth and stability of the level of economic activities is one of the main goals of economic policy makers. Business cycles, especially recessionary periods, have wide-ranging effects on economic performance, especially economic growth, unemployment, and inflation (Brodor et al., 2020). Business cycles are a kind of irregular fluctuations in the macroeconomic activities of countries, which are mainly created and organized based on the market economy and the activities of companies (Kanjoy et al., 2021). In other words, business cycles, which are also known as business cycles, refer to the fluctuations of the economy between periods of growth (boom) and recession (Chemingui and Eris, 2017). based on this, the period of prosperity begins almost simultaneously in most economic activities, followed by stagnation and contraction, which slows down and reduces the level of economic activity. after each period of stagnation, recovery occurs and the period of stagnation begins again. These changes are repeated many times, but they do not necessarily have a regular periodic state (Charonopoulos et al., 2021).The conventional literature of business cycles with a general approach are classified into six groups as follows: The first group, which includes economists before Keynes, and some of them consider the direction of fluctuations on the demand side and the other part on the supply side as the cause of the formation of business cycles. The second group was the Keynesians who considered the business cycle as a psychological theory because they saw its basis in economic analysis and forecasts on the optimistic or pessimistic behavior of the majority of people in the society and believed that The fragility and vulnerability of investment leads to the formation of business cycles. The third group of economists were from the Chicago school, who showed with the results of experimental tests that the rate of change in the volume of money with a long interval can form business cycles. The fourth group of new classics of the monetary branch, led by Robert Lucas, who believed that the origin of business cycles should be sought in unexpected and unforeseeable monetary policies. The fifth group of new classics in favor of true business cycles, who believe that what causes fluctuations and business cycles are tensions on the supply side, not on the demand side, and the roots of these tensions are derived from technology shocks that lead to a reduction in costs and Productivity and efficiency increase. The sixth group is the new Keynesians, who are divided into two main groups in the rooting of business cycles. The first group considers the origin of fluctuations (periods of prosperity and recession) in the stickiness of prices and wages and the second group believes that even if wages and prices are not sticky, some problems in the economy, including asymmetric information (in financial markets), can explain the roots of recession.Specification of the model In studies where the data is non-normal or not distributed, the use of traditional statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation may provide incorrect results. therefore, despite outlier data, using the quantile method can lead to more accurate results. Also, the quantile method is less sensitive to outliers due to the use of a percentage of the distribution. in many cases, the investigated data are deviated and with a high coverage of values ​​in different ranges. In such a situation, using the quantile method can lead to a more accurate and reliable analysis of the data. because this regression has the possibility to calculate several quantiles for the regression values ​​and calculate the corresponding confidence intervals for the results of each quantile. This advantage allows users of this method to more accurately interpret the results. In general, using the quantile method in the analysis of non-normal and non-distributed data can lead to more accurate results and avoid the problems that exist in traditional statistical methods. The quantile regression form used in this study is the following equation:     In the above relation,  Conditional quantile is the variable of business cycles calculated by Hodrick-Prescott filter method and  It contains the desired information at time t. The variables related to the above equation are defined below and extracted from the Central Bank of Iran website.CYCLE: Business cycles (calculated by Hodrick-Prescott filter method.FORM: Formation of gross fixed capital as a percentage of GDP (percentage).EMP: Employment rate (percentage)PRO: Labor productivity (production per unit of labor)GOV: Final consumption expenditure of the government as a percentage of GDP (percentage)TR: Total import and export divided by GDP (percentage)OIL: Oil revenuesSUN: Sanction indexIn the context of the sanctions index, in this study, the data of the sanctions index used in the study of Iranmanesh et al. (2021) have been adapted. Fuzzy logic method has been used to analyze the data and construct the index of economic sanctions in Iran for the period from 1979 to 2020. In this study, Hodrick and Prescott (1997) filter approach was used to calculate business cycles based on the following equation:     In this function  and    potential production and actual production and T is the observation value which was 42 years in this research. The parameter λ is the weighting factor that determines the smoothness of the process. λ=1600 is used for seasonal data and λ=100 is used for annual data.FindingsAccording to the findings of this study, the hypothesis of non-existence of collinearity among the variables of the model has been rejected. To estimate the long-term relationship between the variables of the model, the modeling approach of Sons and Shin (1999) and the unbounded error correction model (UECM) were used. And the results of the long-term relationship show that the impact of labor productivity on business cycles was negative and significant at the level of 10% error in other words, labor productivity has reduced business cycles in Iran. Also, for the variables of foreign trade, capital formation and employment rate, negative and similar effects have been obtained, that is, these variables have also reduced business cycles in the studied period. On the other hand, government final consumption expenditures and oil revenues have also had a positive and significant impact on business cycles. In other words, with the increase in government final consumption expenditures and government oil revenues, business cycles have increased in Iran. Sanction index has also had a positive and significant impact on business cycles. Economic sanctions by creating restrictions in the fields of finance, trade, financial transfer, oil sales, foreign currency inflow from exports and many other negative effects, lead to increase in fluctuations and as a result of business cycles. The results of the quantile regression show that the sign of the estimated coefficients in the quantile regression is the same as the long-term relationship in the ARDL method. But the size of the coefficients has been different in different quantiles. Based on the estimated results in the upper quantiles of business cycles, the impact of labor productivity on business cycles has decreased in total. For the foreign trade variable, with different results, it shows that in the upper quantiles of business cycles, the impact of foreign trade on business cycles has increased as a whole and the effect of the formation of gross domestic fixed capital in the upper quantiles of business cycles compared to the lower quantiles of business cycles has decreased in total.Results Iran's economy has always been in the condition of inflation stagnation in different periods. In the past decades, Iran's economy has faced problems such as high inflation, economic stagnation, international sanctions, and a drop in oil prices due to internal and external reasons. During these years, various monetary and financial policies have been implemented to reduce inflation and economic prosperity, but each of these policies has not been successful to a large extent for some reasons. In sum, the improvement and control of business cycles in the conditions of inflationary stagnation requires the use of appropriate monetary policies, improvement of the financial system, support of the labor market, reduction of dependence on exports, and increase of investment in infrastructure. Also, creating the right conditions to promote entrepreneurship and encourage investment can also help control business cycles. Finally, achieving these goals requires cooperation between the government, private sector, society and the cen

Bikmetov Evgeniy, Grishin Konstantin, Bogatyreva Marina et al.

The authors’ research is devoted to the study of career expectations of young professionals entering the labor market in terms of the cost of their labor. The heads of enterprises and scientists are faced with the acute question of how to learn to understand the behavior of new actors in the labor market in order to effectively use their potential. The situation on the labor market in Russia remains unstable and variable. There is no balance between supply and demand for certain professions, in labor cost estimation, so it is difficult for a young specialist to find a job in their specialty. From the position of sustainable socio-economic development, management decisions should balance the needs of the future and the present in the labor market, which corresponds to the use of investments (investments in labor capital), in view of technological progress and ongoing institutional changes. The materials of the empirical base of the study are the results of monitoring resumes of applicants on the labor market in a number of labor-surplus and well-provided regions by gender and certain age groups, salary expectations depending on education, as well as by working conditions (salary) from employers indicated in vacancies according to the Scientific Research Center data in the field of career guidance and labor psychology.

Vera Nepomuceno

A presente tese tem como tema central o processo de modificações do trabalho docente nas escolas públicas estaduais, a partir da implementação da reforma do ensino médio (REM) em curso no Brasil. Em face disso, procuramos compreender as relações entre um conjunto de documentos, que, alinhados e complementares à Lei nº. 13.415/2017, repercutiram nas condições de realização desse trabalho, instituindo novas formas de expropriação de direitos dos (as) professores (as) das escolas públicas estaduais. As mudanças vinculadas a esse processo se relacionam e vêm se desenvolvendo, intensificando e se revelando como parte de uma tendência que parece se constituir a partir de uma multiplicidade de causas, processos e aspectos vinculados a modificações no mundo do trabalho no século XXI (ANTUNES, 2018).

Yeva Nersisyan, L. Randall Wray

This paper examines the recent increase of the measured inflation rate to assess the degree to which the acceleration is due to problems created (largely on the supply side) by the pandemic versus pressures created on the demand side by pandemic relief. Some have attributed the inflation to excess demand, most notably Larry Summers, who had warned that the pandemic relief spending was too great. As evidence, one could point to the quick recovery of GDP and to reportedly tight labor markets. Others have variously blamed supply chain disruptions, shortages of certain inputs, OPEC’s oil price increases, labor market disruptions because of COVID, and rising profit margins obtained through exercise of pricing power. We conclude that there is little evidence that excess demand is the problem, although we agree that in the absence of the relief checks, recovery would have been sufficiently slow to minimize inflation pressure. We closely examine the main contributors to rising overall prices and conclude that tighter monetary policy would not be an effective way to reduce price pressures. We also cast doubt on the expectations theory of inflation control. We present evidence that suggests there is currently little danger that higher inflation will become entrenched. If anything, rate hikes now will make it harder for the economy to adjust to current realities. The potential for lots of pain with little gain is great. The best course of action is to tackle problems on the supply side.

Lúcio Braga, Sonia Rummert

O artigo, derivado de pesquisa documental, objetiva compartilhar elementos que concorrem para o entendimento do processo pelo qual a GOOGLE LLC, através de sua mercadoria para a educação, o Google Workspace for Education (GWE), vai incidir nas decisões sobre políticas educacionais do Estado Integral. Fundamentamo-nos no materialismo histórico, especialmente em Gramsci, para investigar o objeto e a forma como ele atua na conformação de um trabalhador de novo tipo, influenciando a direção da educação de filhos e filhas da classe trabalhadora e impactando sua vida cotidiana e seu futuro. Palavras-chave: Mercadoria; Capital-educador; Estado Integral; Hegemonia.

Lia Tiriba, Jacqueline Botelho, Regis Argüelles da Costa et al.

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Sofia Oliveira Pais

R. Freeman, Lawrence F. Katz

Jamerson Silva

O artigo analisa a implementação da reforma do ensino médio (lei 13.415/2017) na rede de ensino de Pernambuco e as consequências para a escolarização no âmbito do ensino médio. Utiliza categorias do marxismo na análise de documentos oficiais, teses e dissertações sobre o ensino médio neste estado. Os dados evidenciam que tal reforma expressa uma etapa da modernização conservadora neoliberal, gestada através de mudanças moleculares dirigidas por diferentes governos, desde a década de 1990, dando nova forma institucional a um modelo de oferta baseado no paradigma das aprendizagens flexíveis. Palavras-chaves: Modernização Conservadora; Neoliberalismo; Gerencialismo; Reforma do Ensino Médio, BNCC do Ensino Médio; Lei 13.415/2017; Pernambuco.

E. V. Lomteva, L. Yu. Bedareva, A. O. Polushkina

The article considers the problems of imbalance of supply and demand in regional labor markets, as well as the role of career guidance in choosing a profession. The article discloses the main management decisions for regulating reception targets, taking into account labor market requirements. The authors give examples of calculating the imbalance of supply and demand in personnel in regional labor markets using the example of the region’s need for mid-level medical workers. The article considers the aspects of employment of graduates of professional educational organizations, including labor migration and international experience. As a result of the study, the authors identified and formulated the general laws of labor migration of graduates of professional educational organizations and solutions to reduce the outflow of labor resources from the region. Separately, the authors examined the employment of graduates of the SVE (secondary vocational education) system in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The article was completed within the framework of the topic of the State Task of the RANEPA N 11.5 “Study of models for the transformation of regional systems of secondary vocational education and their need for resource support” for 2021.

Natália Silva Pereira

Neste trabalho buscaremos explicitar o incipiente processo de construção e regulamentação da Reforma do Ensino Médio e da Base Nacional Comum Curricular na rede estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Assim como, demonstrar o processo de reformulação administrativa e pedagógica, em curso há mais de 10 anos no Ensino Médio do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, partiremos do materialismo histórico-dialético por entender que esse processo deve ser compreendido, a partir do âmbito concreto da realidade educacional, inserida numa totalidade de múltiplas determinações. Palavras-chave: Reforma do Ensino Médio, Rede Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Privatização.

Sandy Coelho, Cristiane Lopes de Sousa

Ronaldo Marcos de Lima Araújo, educador brasileiro, formado em Pedagogia, é Doutor em Educação pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), com Pós-Doutoramento no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas e Formação Humana da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (PPFH-UERJ). Sua produção bibliográfica é ampla, com foco na área de Trabalho e Educação e, em particular, no Ensino Médio e na Educação Profissional. Atualmente, é professor titular do Núcleo de Estudos Transdisciplinares em Educação Básica da Universidade Federal do Pará (NEB/UFPA), coordenador do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Trabalho e Educação (GEPTE) e superintendente da Superintendência de Assistência Estudantil (SAEST/UFPA).

Katharine G. Abraham, M. Kearney, Matthew J. Notowidigdo et al.

Olga Scrivner, Thuy Nguyen, Kosali Simon et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Effective treatment strategies exist for substance use disorder (SUD), however severe hurdles remain in ensuring adequacy of the SUD treatment (SUDT) workforce as well as improving SUDT affordability, access and stigma. Although evidence shows recent increases in SUD medication access from expanding Medicaid availability under the Affordable Care Act, it is yet unknown whether these policies also led to a growth in hiring in the SUDT related workforce, partly due to poor data availability. Our study uses novel data to shed light on recent trends in a fast-evolving and policy-relevant labor market, and contributes to understanding data sources to track the SUDT related workforce and the effect of recent state healthcare policies on the supply side of this sector.<h4>Methods and data</h4>We examine hiring attempts in the SUDT and related behavioral health sector over 2010-2018 to estimate the causal effect of the 2014-and-beyond state Medicaid expansions on these outcomes through "difference-in-difference" econometric models. We use Burning Glass Technologies (BGT) data covering virtually all U.S. job postings by employers.<h4>Findings</h4>Nationally, we find little growth in the sector's hiring attempts in 2010-2018 relative to the rest of the economy or to health care as a whole. However, this masks heterogeneity in the bimodal trend in SUDT job postings, with some increases in most years but a decrease in 2014 and in 2017, as well as a shift in emphasis between different occupational categories. Medicaid expansion, however, is not associated with any statistically significant change in overall hiring attempts in the SUDT related sector during this time period, although there is moderate evidence of increases among primary care physicians.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although hiring attempts in the SUDT related sector as measured by the number of job advertisements have not grown substantially over time, there was a shift in the hiring landscape. Many national factors including reimbursement policy may play a role in incentivizing demand for the SUDT related workforce, but our research does not show that recent state Medicaid expansion was one such statistically detectable factor. Future research is needed to understand how aggregate labor demand signals translate into actual increases in SUDT workforce and availability.

Yunisvita Yunisvita

This study aims to examine empirically the power of monopsony in the academic labor market, particularly in public universities. Upward sloping supply curve is indicative of monopsony and its power supply elasticity is suspected of demand for lecturers. The method used to estimate the supply equation for lecturer at four public universities in Indonesia is OLS model. A stratified sample is determined proportionally as much as 348 lecturers, by academic rank, gender and discipline. It is found that the supply elasticity is inelastic indicating that earnings lecturers are in non-competitive conditions. When employers face an inelastic supply curve, the marginal expenditure and average expenditure is very much different, which gave it the power to set wages, so it implies that the power of monopsony is big.

Giulia gentile

In recent years, the EU competition framework has been under strain because of the increasing market interconnectivity. Criticisms have raised regarding the EU competition enforcement model. In response, institutional debate and measures have focused on the enhancement of fairness in this area of EU law. Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, another source of ‘fairness’ in the enforcement of EU competition law is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Article 47 of the EU Charter is the most invoked provision in the context of EU competition litigation. Considered to reaffirm the EU general principle of effective judicial protection, this article constitutionalises the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial. Although the existing literature has highlighted the overall influence of fundamental rights in the enforcement of competition law, the contribution of Article 47 Charter, as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union, in enhancing fairness in EU competition policies remains, so far, underexplored. The current paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by offering a threefold input. First, the paper situates the discussion on fairness in EU competition law in the broader philosophical debate regarding various conception(s) of fairness. Second, the paper analyses the case law of the EU Court of Justice on Article 47 of the EU Charter in EU competition litigation. Finally, the paper discusses what kind of ‘fairness’ Article 47 strengthens in the area of EU competition law enforcement.

A. Stel, M. Praag, J. M. Millán et al.