Sufficient provision of agricultural enterprises with labor resources, their territorial and structural balance, rational use, high level of labor productivity are the key directions of effective functioning of agro-industrial complex, growth of production volumes and increase of its efficiency. Purpose - to analyze the criteria of human capital optimization in the agrarian sphere, to identify existing problems and to determine promising directions. Methods - the study used quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, including the collection and processing of statistical data, questionnaire survey of employees of the agrarian sector, as well as interviews with farm managers. Using the correlation and regression method, the influence of the studied factors on the optimization of labor activity was substantiated. Results - the article identifies the main issues of agricultural staffing, which consist in the decline in the professional qualification level of specialists, low staffing levels, outflow of able-bodied population from rural areas, loss of prestige of agricultural professions. Conclusions - this study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the management of labor potential in agro-industrial production of the republic. The introduction of advanced training programs, improvement of working conditions and social infrastructure is the basis for sustainable development of the industry. It is also recommended to strengthen state support and stimulate the attraction of capital of domestic and foreign private investors and investment funds in rural regions to ensure stable activity of agricultural enterprises. It shows further prospects for increasing human resources to ensure the competitiveness of domestic agricultural producers and as the main driving element in the establishment of innovation economy and the expansion of globalization processes.
The functioning of industrial enterprises is characterized by an increase in the share of manage-rial workers, an increase in the rate of their turnover against the background of a low rate of labor productivity growth, which indicates that there is a significant gap between the actual and required performance results of this category of personnel. In these circumstances, the task of finding and forming scientific and methodologi-cal tools that allow increasing the pace of transformation of the labor activity of managerial employees in ac-cordance with the changing realities of the market becomes urgent. The object of the study is managerial em-ployees of industrial enterprises as subjects of the labor market. The subject of the study is the patterns of dynamization of the competitiveness of managerial workers at industrial enterprises. The paper aims to identify and describe the patterns of dynamization of the competitiveness of managerial workers at industrial enterpris-es, accounting for which allows us to assess the adequacy of actions to manage the development of this catego-ry of personnel and determine the most rational ways to improve their competitive positions. To achieve the goal, the study employed the methods of system and structural-functional analysis, expert assessments, statisti-cal analysis, sociological surveys, photochronometric observations. The hypothesis of the study is that the level of development of the managerial potential of the employee and the correspondence of the internal environment of the enterprise to the external environment predetermine the social and economic results of managerial work-ers and are relevant factors of their competitiveness. The hypothesis was tested on the information data of in-dustrial enterprises belonging to the mining companies SUEK and EVRAZ. The main result of the work was the confirmation of the determinism of the competitive advantages of managerial workers by the state of the social and economic components of their activities, as well as the adequacy of the structure of labor activity to trends in the labor market.
India has seen increasing urbanization in recent decades, with the nation’s urban population expected to reach 600 million by 2031. This paper outlines the trends, causses, challenges and implications of urbanization in India and investigates the factors that fueled for expansion of urban sprawl, and its subsequent social, economic, and environmental consequences. Rural-urban migration has been one of the key motivations, driven by a desire for greater economic prospects, social mobility, and higher living conditions. Natural population increase in towns and cities has also contributed significantly to urbanization. The expansion of the service sector as well as the emergence of industrial businesses have lured and drawn people to cities in large number. On the positive side, urbanization has boosted economic growth, raised living standards, and expanded access to essential services. On the negative side, urbanization has resulted in a number of issues such as slum expansion, traffic congestion, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. India’s urbanization has offered mixed results containing both opportunities and treats. As it is inevitable process, it briefly suggests a few policy recommendation from urban sociology point of view. KEYWORDS: Urbanization, Population Dynamics, Urban Sociology, Causes of Urbanization, Cities in India
ABSTRACT Neoliberal policies and decentralization of production activities in developing countries have been blamed for the ever-increasing precarity of labor in India since the late twentieth century. Precarious labor, however, had long been a characteristic feature of the Indian garment industry before it actively participated in neoliberal global garment trade in the 1970s and 1980s. This study examines policies that shaped the Indian garment industry in the post-colonial period from 1947 and their effects on production, employment patterns, and women’s work. It employs the Indian Government’s official industry censuses and employment survey reports. Accordingly, the policy of small-scale garment production was backed by benevolent aims of reviving traditional Indian crafts and maximizing employment. However, it yielded a fragmented industrial structure and a pool of precarious labor from a poverty-stricken population. Gender-based social stereotypes further enabled a socio-economically disempowered female workforce. The neoliberal policies that gained ground with the industry’s increasing export orientation exacerbated the precarious working conditions rooted in indigenous policy-making and social mindset. Locating labor precarity and women’s vulnerability within this complex mesh of local and global factors offers an improved framework for testing how neoliberal policies maneuver them to influence production and employment patterns in today’s garment industry.
Abstract Recent developmental state research highlights state-society configurations and contentious politics in shaping industrialization. Still, much of this work focuses on East Asia and tends to sidestep racialized labor exploitation, imperialism, and uneven incorporation into the global capitalist system through the trans-Atlantic slave trade and colonialism as important drivers. Through an historical analysis of Trinidad and Tobago, this paper examines how interventionist industrial policies emerged out of such structures and conditions. It highlights the role of anti-imperial and anti-racist struggles exemplified by the Black Power Movement in Trinidad and Tobago – a social movement comprising workers, marginalized youth, and civic leaders, which sought to overturn a colonial economy, reconfigure hierarchical race relations, address economic injustices, promote democratically negotiated industrialization, and chart a new course for a post-independent, multiracial Trinidad and Tobago. Utilizing archival data, this paper argues that Trinidad and Tobago’s government shifted from a passive industrial strategy characteristic of the colonial era to a more active approach from 1970 to 1984 largely in response to forceful demands and demonstrations by the Black Power Movement, which, in turn, led to improved social conditions, nationalization of key industries, the creation of state-owned enterprises, new skills and technological investments, and more. These findings advance developmental state theory by specifying the heretofore largely unacknowledged role of racial justice and anti-imperialist social movements in bringing about a different path from the East Asian model toward industrial and social transformation.
State support of industry is a purposeful impact of state authorities and local self-government on industrial facilities for their development, taking into account the set goals through the purposeful impact of legal, economic and organizational measures. Identification of measures of state support for priority areas of industrial development, which are aimed at implementing positive structural transformations in industry, at ensuring the solution of key tasks of social and economic development, is the most important task of the formation and implementation of industrial policy. Practice shows that the process of identifying measures of state support for priority sectors of industrial development is complex and requires overcoming institutional barriers. For the progressive development of industry, increasing competitiveness, increasing labor productivity and production efficiency, appropriate conditions and factors that form the basis for the formation and implementation of industrial policy are necessary. Due to the circumstances, the Donetsk People’s Republic is developing taking into account a very limited amount of resources. In this regard, the issue of identifying state support measures for priority areas of industrial development is at the forefront. The article examines the economic content and proposes a structural model of state support for industry. The forms and methods of state support of industry are considered. Relevant proposals and recommendations have been developed, taking into account the entry of the DPR into the Russian Federation, on measures of state support for priority areas of industrial development in the Donetsk People’s Republic. The purpose of the work is to define the concept of «state support» and identify measures of state support for priority industries in the Donetsk People’s Republic.
This paper examines the contribution of Rose Laub Coser to sociological theory in the structural tradition. Laub Coser was one of the most successful women sociologists of her generation. She was born in Berlin in 1916 but left with her family in 1924 for Antwerp in Belgium, and went into exile in 1939 in New York. Thus, Laub Coser was familiar with many cultural worlds and languages. Although she primarily lived in the United States, the transnational influence of the metropolis of Berlin is manifest in her sociological work in several ways. Conceptually, this is relevant for Laub Coser’s reception of Georg Simmel’s Soziologie. In particular, her theory of the complexity of social roles as a seedbed of individual autonomy is founded on Simmel’s theory of the importance of conflict and ambivalence for individualization. Her multiple experiences of emigration and exile influenced Laub Coser’s work, including Women of Courage, an analysis of the social lives of Eastern European and Italian migrants in the metropolis of New York, and her internationally comparative studies on the family and women’s rise in the labor market. Laub Coser investigated the social consequences of having multiple group affiliations and the conditions for such individuals in the cultural and social structure of modernity. In her transnationally comparative work of migrant cultures, she demonstrated the scope of her theory of role complexity. Contrary to images of migration bare of gender and culture, Laub Coser interprets the individuals she studied in Women of Courage as active agents of migration and provides insights on the influence that cultural definitions of situations have had toward creating the social structure of modern society. Starting from Robert K. Merton’s role-set theory and integrating Simmel’s analysis of forms of social differentiation, Laub Coser analyzed the conditions and consequences of multiple group affiliations, their observability, and the ambivalences in “cross-cutting social circles” (Simmel), which create conditions for developing individuality and individualism. The cultural mandate for women to be socialized toward the “greedy institution” of the family offers only restricted role-sets and opportunities for articulating social roles, constraining their social competencies as autonomous individuals. Despite the alienating and anomic consequences of role complexity, Laub Coser valued its liberating potential. Possibly this theoretical orientation was also influenced by her own experience as an immigrant, sociologist, and political activist in the socialist women’s movement. The posthumously published study Women of Courage is based on a research project that began in the 1980s, comprising hundreds of qualitative interviews with women who had migrated to New York in the early 1920s, and who were at least 13 years old when they immigrated. The histories of these women demonstrate their role in enabling the social mobility of their families in the receiving society. They provided insights into how cultures change and how women migrants understood their lives in the New World.
Precarious Asia: Global Capitalism and Work in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia is an ambitious and, in my view, successful book. Arne Kalleberg, Kevin Hewison, and Kwang-Yeong Shin deploy their considerable experience in studying precarious labor to fill in a significant gap in the literature by providing a detailed analysis of the varied conditions of precarity in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia. The comparisons and contrasts the authors engage allow them to specify some of the different conditions of work that are often subsumed under the heading ‘‘precarious’’—in particular, as they outline in Chapter One, nonstandard/non-regular versus regular employment, informal versus formal sector employment, and self-employment/household labor versus labor remunerated by others (pp. 22–26). Mainstream modernization theorists have often placed all such distinctions under headings designating the characteristics of a premodern and a modern economy, respectively, with the assumed-to-be-normal direction of historical change being from the first to the second. The authors of Precarious Asia reject this overly simplistic framework (p. 25), both because evidence from the neoliberal era suggests there is no unilinear direction of change—in fact, the evidence is that ‘‘premodern’’ conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent again—and because the nuances of difference between the three types of precarity they identify enable them to better analyze specific differences between their country cases. Thus, for example, an increase in non-regular employment, with removal of various protections against socially unacceptable practices and working conditions, has been more characteristic of the Northeast Asian states, while Indonesia, with a much larger agrarian population, has maintained a very high level of informal sector employment—that is, employment with low and volatile earnings—throughout its entire process of ‘‘modernization.’’ At the outset of the study, the choice of these country cases might strike some readers as odd. Both Japan and South Korea have been widely regarded as successful cases of industrial development under developmental states (in South Korea’s case, ‘‘late’’ industrialization), while Indonesia has never been included in the list of Asian developmental states and still today features an economy with an enormous amount of agrarian labor. Yet this choice of cases for comparison allows the authors to highlight some important variations within Asia—and not just between Northeast Asian developmental states and Southeast Asian states, a distinction that sometimes involves a geographically conventional and overly generalized binary, but between the two Northeast Asian cases themselves. Indeed, for all the conventionally assumed similariPrecarious Asia: Global Capitalism and Work in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia, by Arne L. Kalleberg, Kevin Hewison, and Kwang-Yeong Shin. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022. 248 pp. $65.00 cloth. ISBN: 9781503610255.
O. N. Gavrilyuk, L. A. Karasaeva, Anna E. Blyumina
et al.
BACKGROUND: The problem of studying the organizational aspects in the medical and social rehabilitation of people of working age who suffer from industrial injuries and occupational diseases requires special consideration, since in modern conditions, the sociopolitical and socioeconomic cost of restoring labor losses is associated with the persistent loss of ability to work among qualified workers. One of the priority areas in the medical and social rehabilitation of victims is sanatorium-resort treatment. AIMS: To evaluate the organization of providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the official form of statistical observation of the activity of federal institutions of medical and social expertise № 7-sobes for 2022 in Kuzbass. The following methods were used: statistical analysis and content analysis of normative and methodological documents. RESULTS: According to the state form of statistical monitoring of the activities of federal institutions of medical and social examination № 7-social security for 2022 in Kuzbass, nearly all rehabilitation programs for victims contain medical rehabilitation measures — 24,452 (99.4%). Since the rehabilitation programs for victims include specific types, forms, and volumes of necessary rehabilitation measures that are optimal for the patients aimed at restoring and compensating for impaired body functions and restoring and compensating for the patient’s ability to carry out professional, household, and social activities, a typical list of services and measures of medical rehabilitation includes: medicines, 23,180 (94.3%); spa treatment, 21,127 (86.9%); and provision of medical products, 14,573 (61.8%). The most popular services for the medical rehabilitation of victims are sanatorium and resort services. CONCLUSIONS: The organizational algorithm for providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work begins with the selection of organizations that provide sanatorium-resort treatment services. The selection is made by the regional branches of the fund on a competitive basis in accordance with the current legislation in the field of public procurement. The main organizational mechanism is implemented within the framework of interdepartmental interaction between three departments: healthcare (medical organizations), federal institutions of the medical and social expertise, and territorial departments of the Social Fund of Russia.
assistant professor at nearby Cal StateFresno, she is not likely to be gone soon. She describes the difficulty of writing a dissertation and book and teaching while the phone still rings for help and support. One can ask whether worker families in the strawberry industry have mostly suffered or benefited from their links to this system. In my previous position as a Professor of Sociology at University of California-Santa Cruz, I had numerous students who were children of strawberry workers. Many of them told stories of the injuries their parents or grandparents suffered in order to make a better life for them. The stories reminded me of the stories told by the older members of my own family, like the story behind my grandfather’s missing fingertip. However, it is worth asking whether this is a necessary story about American social mobility: does mobility have to be built on the injured bodies of a sacrificial generation? We are now in a time where the pool of labor has shrunk. Perhaps we need an economy that can grow healthily along with healthy workers. We can also ask under what conditions and with what people the methodology Saxton describes should be used. Many of us study groups and institutions that don’t need our help, and which we are more likely to see as on the power side of the equation. I do try to put myself in the shoes of the young workers in the local economic development agency I study, but I don’t see myself advocating for them, either as representatives of their points of view or as workers. They can take care of themselves. It’s unclear, in Saxton’s description of the methodology she has chosen, whether or not it is reserved for the marginalized, or even whether others besides the marginalized are worth studying. And what about other groups who call themselves activist scholars, like the vegan scholars demanding an end to livestock production (Broad 2019)? What should we ask of them in terms of method? The California strawberry industry is facing a challenging future as the chemicals, the water, and the labor pool it depended on slip from its grasp. It unlikely that the baskets of golfball-sized fruit that fill supermarket bins will be there ten years from now. The stories that Saxton and others tell about the sacrifices required, of humans and of nature, to grow this fruit lead us to ask: isn’t it time to let the season-less strawberry go?
even young men experiencing stagnation in the labor market expressed optimism that they could achieve upward mobility through hard work and perseverance (Chapter 7). Stagnant Dreamers is beautifully written. It will be of interest to social scientists who study migration, transitions to adulthood, urban violence, and neighborhood effects. At 250 pages, the book is probably too long for most undergraduate classes, but selected chapters would be suitable for course adoption. For example, students enrolled in a qualitative methods course would benefit from reading its thoughtful appendix, which addresses study design, positionality, and ethical dilemmas in the field. At the graduate level, this book would be appropriate for courses on immigration, poverty and inequality, urban and community sociology, and education. The book’s policy recommendations will be familiar to scholars of urban and community development, as they include alleviating poverty, improving the social conditions of urban neighborhoods, and supporting robust community infrastructure. The book serves as a vivid reminder that community organizations have the power to strengthen social capital, reduce social isolation, and offer young people skills, personal development, and opportunity.
Industrial relations or employment relations are the multidisciplinary academic field that studies the employment relationship; that is, the complex interrelations between employers and employees, labor/trade unions, employer organizations and the state. The newer name, "employment relations" is increasingly taking precedence because "industrial relations" is often seen to have relatively narrow connotations. Nevertheless, industrial relations has frequently been concerned with employment relationships in the broadest sense, including "non-industrial" employment relationships. This is sometimes seen as paralleling a trend in the separate but related discipline of human resource management. In simple terms Industrial Relations deals with the worker employee relation in any industry Government has attempted to make Industrial Relations more health them by enacting Industrial Disputes Act 1947 to solve the dispute and to reduce the regency of dispute. This in turn improves the relations. Industrial relations in countries, sub-regions and regions, have been influenced by a variety of circumstances and actors such as political philosophies, economic imperatives, and the role of the State in determining the direction of economic and social development, the influence of unions and the business community, as well as the legacies of colonial governments. IR fulfilled the function of providing employees with a collective voice, and unions with the means to establish standardized terms and conditions of employment not only within an enterprise but also across an industry, and sometimes across an economy. This was achieved through the freedom of association, collective bargaining and the right to strike. Similar results were achieved in the South Asian sub-region where political democracy, and sometimes socialist ideology, provided enormous bargaining power and influence on legislative outcomes to even unions with relatively few members.
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Several approaches within the sociology of deviance stress the role of agents of control in the definition of behaviour as socially significant forms of rule-breaking. Yet studies of the operation of social control are rare. The paper takes up the attempt by Ditton, in Contrology, to develop a theory of crime in terms of the actions of controllers. It is suggested that Ditton's account gives insufficient attention to the constraints on controllers and in particular to the ability of subordinate groups to counter the exercise of control. Using case study material from several factories, relating to the control strategies of management and to one instance of an attempt to impose managerial definitions of discipline, a different account is developed. This stresses that the form taken by industrial discipline will depend on more general patterns of control over the labour process, with discipline being the product of distinct managerial interests and of workers' counter-strategies. It is suggested that this provides the basis for a realist, as distinct from an idealist or interactionist, interpretation of discipline and control.