It seems pondering on, of the 19th and 20th c. Polish historiography since the times of its creator Joachim Lelewel, that a term Grand Duchy of Lithuania occurs very rarely in the majority of popular outlines of the history of the ancient Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita – the Republic). It emerges mostly in the context of discussions concerning particular issues of the subsequent Polish-Lithuanian unions: at Krewo (1385), in Vilna-Radom (1401), Horodlo (1413), Grodno (1432), Vilna (1499), Mielnik (1501), and finally of the Lublin union (1569). Even the establishing of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the concluding of the so called ,,real” and final union at Lublin, was not mentioned and reflected in Polish historiography as an ultimate change of the character of the state, but rather as an enlargement of Polish elite influence on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which much earlier was already united with the Crown (or even incorporated to the Crown) through a dynastic union.Meaningful and visible tendency is resignation from using the term Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as of the term Commonwealth of Both Nations, and replacing it by a simple denomination Poland as a core. Therefore there is no purpose to look for any synthesis entitled a history of the first Commonwealth or a history of the ancient Commonwealth. Everywhere and every time other titles are requested in various modified versions: A History of Poland, An Outline of the History of Poland, the Polish History etc. Of course it has its own historical and serious justification concerning the pre Jagiellonian period, at least till the concluding of the Krewo union. But for the Jagiellon dynasty’ times and the period of the Commonwealth of Both Nations the resignation of this term seems very symptomatic and meaningful. Why the authors resigned of using the fruitful idea of the Commonwealth of Both Nations, in fact of many nations, the idea which in large scope although in a different manner was and is still used in many historic narratives, i.e. in English tradition of the British Commonwealth, as well as in Russian and Soviet tradition in a shape of its Pan-Slavic idea, as for example in the concept of the brotherhood of nations of the former USSR? Why no one dares to write The History of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? Such an attempt was already undertaken few years ago by professor Jerzy Kłoczowski in his Institute of East Central Europe in Lublin. It resulted in preparing the national histories of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, written by historians of those nations. But a common synthesis was not achieved.The question is: neither any one, nor no one of historical milieu of the countries which carry on a burden of the history of common state, do not dare to represent the ancient idea of the Commonwealth? Shall we write only and exclusively national narratives?Grand Duchy of Lithuania is not displayed as a title of none of Polish language synthesis of the history of the first Republic (pierwsza Rzeczpospolita). There is only one exception – Pawel Jasienica and his popular trilogy: Piast Poland (18 editions in 1960–2012, including 2 in English), Jagiellonian Poland (18 editions, including two in English translation), Calamity of the Realm – Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów – The Commonwealth of Both Nations (31 editions including two in English translation). But even Jasienica did not entitled none of his books a history of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.In popular Polish language dictionaries since the first compiled by Samuel Bogumil Linde, we can not find the entry Grand Duchy of Lithuania, however the entry Lithuania emerges very often. In quite popular Encyklopedia staropolska of Zygmunt Gloger there is no trace of the entry: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, nor Lithuania. In Encyklopedia staropolska of Alexander Brückner there is no article on Grand Duchy, but there is a large text on Lithuania.Similar situation is in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (Słownik geoficzny Królestwa Polskiego) where one can not find the entry Grand Duchy, but the article on Lithuania seems very significant.In the latest Polish encyclopedias i.e. in the forth volume Encyklopedia Powszechna, published in 1980s we have the title Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only with a paginal reference to the entry Lithuania. In the most popular one volume encyclopedia of 1960s - Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN, edited by professor Bogdan Suchodolski, there is no entry about Grand Duchy. On the other hand in the 20th volume encyclopedia of Gazeta Wyborcza and the Printing House PWN, published at the beginning of the 21st century, the entry about Grand Duchy of Lithuania is included, but it occupies less place than the neighboring article about the Grand Duchy of Poznan.In this article author tries to answer the questions why such situation happened in Polish historiography in the 19th and 20th c.? What were the reasons of this phenomenon? And what kind of historic narratives concerning Polish or Commonwealth nations in spe were in the focus of this historiography? Is a presentation of the history of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth possible only through the national issue, and exclusively from the contemporary point of view, and a present division on the statehoods? The text might give some answers for those questions.
The article investigates the issues of foundation development and ways of administering national capital in the Central Caucasus in the late of the 1840s, using the Malokabardin public administration as an example. The article identified the routes of replenishment and spending of monetary fees from the Malokabardinsky public during 1848-1849. It was determined that the primary source of income were monetary fees collected from the Malaya Kabarda population for the export of timber outside the Caucasian Line for sale, fines for crimes, and funds from the sale of property owned by locals who voluntarily moved from their native region to territories beyond the control of the Russian government. The Caucasian line’s head administers collected funds. The Caucasian Line forces’ headquarters, Chernomoriya, the head of the Caucasian Line Center, the Center’s state treasurer, and the Malaya Kabarda bailiff define their main operational areas within their respective jurisdictions. The mechanism for the treasurer to keep a specific corded ledger to record the arrival and expenditure of the Malokabardinsky public sum has been established, and the preservation of periodic reports on the arrival, expenditure, and balance of its amount has been examined. It is determined that in the late 1840s, the Malokabardinsky social sum was a significant financial instrument that established the principles and foundations for the growth and administration of the national capital. Its operation reflected the authorities’ goal to build a competent system of managing and accounting for financial resources in the Caucasus.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The local cult of St. Paul of Constantinople (the Confessor) at St. Petersburg was conditioned by the accession of emperor Paul I on the day of his memory (November 6, 1796). This archbishop, who lived in the 4th century, was obviously perceived by Paul I as his another holy patron, who was his namesake (as well as St. Paul the Apostle). On March 15, 1797 the church in the Naval Cadet Corps at St. Petersburg was consecrated and it was dedicated to this saint. On the icon of St. Paul of Constantinople, which has been kept in this church, the order of St. Anna was depicted instead of a bishop’s panagia - according to the local tale, it was done by a behest of the emperor Paul I himself. The veneration of this saint was continued after the murder of Paul I: the dedication of the second church in St. Michael’s Castle during the 1850s to Sts. apostles Peter and Paul was preceded by the intention to dedicate it to St. Paul of Constantinople. Actualization of his cult during the 19th century could be connected with the indications of descriptions of the murder of Paul I that the monarch was strangled with an officer’s scarf. The description of the murder of St. Paul of Constantinople contains a similar detail: the saint was strangled by the Arians with his omophorion. Perhaps the very contradictory mentions of a scarf as the murder weapon for Paul I reflect a response to this hagiographic story. Such preimage of the murder of emperor can be compared with another sample, which was relevant for Russian conspirators, - the murder of Gaius Julius Caesar - and can be considered in the context of aptitude of individuals in the 18th century to identify themselves with some historical person or literary character; according to Juri Lotman, such identification formed an idea of the appropriate way of life and death.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Рассмотрена судьба епископа Тихона (Шарапова, 1886–1937), который среди сотен российских православных архиереев эпохи большевистских гонений был по-своему уникален. Оказавшись в результате военно-революционных потрясений рубежа 1910–1920‑х гг. вне России, он, имея возможность хорошо устроиться за границей, не стал этого делать, а смог вернуться в начале 1925 г. в сане архимандрита на родину к патриарху Тихону (Беллавину) незадолго до его кончины. Вскоре по возвращении он был посвящен во епископа, но провел на определенной ему архиерейской кафедре лишь полтора месяца и далее почти непрерывно находился тюрьмах, ссылках и лагерях вплоть до расстрела во время «Большого террора». В статье объясняется, чем столь неугоден советской власти оказался гонимый архиерей. Епископ Тихон, как мог, отстаивал внутреннюю свободу православной церкви, боролся с насаждаевшимся большевистской властью обновленческим расколом. Будучи высланным из своей Гомельской епархии, он, вопреки требованиям государственных органов, пытался сохранять с нею живую связь и в дальнейшем выражал скептическое отношение к линии угодничества богоборческой власти. В основу исследования положены материалы архивно-следственных дел К. И. Шарапова, а также неопубликованные свидетельства близкого ему церковного историка М. Е. Губонина (1907–1971), с которым он в 1930‑е гг. вместе находился в изгнании в Средней Азии.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The article examines the combined travelogue of Bukhara traveler, Jadid and doctor Mirzo Sirodjiddin Hakim - “Tuhafi ahli Bukhoro [Gifts to Bukharians].” The text written in Persian and published in 1912, with the permission of the imperial authorities in Bukhara, combines a wide range of lexical constructions of the modern era and traditional Arabic-language structures. The purpose of the article is to analyze the subjective ideas of Mirzo Sirodjiddin Hakim of Bukhara, the West, the East, and Russia. The structure of the article is determined by the need to reconstruct the biography of the author of the travelogue and, to identify the features of the social and cultural context that influenced the formation of his worldview. The “Tuhafi ahli Bukhoro” was used as the main source in the article, and while an additional book published in Tehran in 1990 on the text was used as an additional comparative source. The methodological basis of the research is through both biographical and post-colonial approaches. The author reveals that the ideas expressed by Mirzo Sirodjiddin Hakim are largely the result of the experience and practices acquired from his travels. These identified narratives, through which Hakim combined his own knowledge of regional cultures, uses Islamic rhetoric, as well as modern discourse to express an assessment of the position of the Islamic world in the context of rivalry with Christian civilization. Whereas Mirzo Sirojiddin Hakim considered Europe to be the ideal of a progressive society, he perceived Russia as a more important civilizer of the Asian peoples and believed that the progressive future of Bukhara needed to be closer associated with Russia.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The Russian Federation is a geographically neighbor country of the Republic of Korea, but it is a country with little sense of distance due to its history, culture and national system. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Korea established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on September 30, 1990 due to Korea's northern policy and given that the volume of trade between Korea and Russia has been steadily increasing over the past 33 years, the volume of trade in human and material between Korea and Russia will continue to increase in the future. Until now, comparative legal exchanges in the legal aspect of Russia in Korea have been insignificant, so Russian law in Korea is a very unfamiliar area in comparative law studies. This paper will explain how the Russian Federation has reorganized legal system for civil litigation through system transition after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, in the Russian Federation, civil and commercial litigation are concepts of distinction rather than subsidiarity, and both have different applicable laws and exclusive jurisdiction of the courts regarding the litigation procedure. Therefore, the current litigation system for judicial disputes in the Russian Federation is divided into a civil litigation system and a commercial litigation system under a dual system (dualism), and in each area, civil litigation legal relations and commercial litigation legal relations arise according to the relevant laws governing the matters concerning the procedures for disputes to be resolved through courts. The system of provisional disposition and enforcement in civil and commercial proceedings in the Russian Federation is based on the judicial acts of the courts, and there are court decisions (Определе ние суда) and court judgments (Судебный вердикт) as types of judicial acts of the courts regarding the provisional dispositions and enforcement systems. In the case of the preservative disposition system, it is based on a court decision, and the enforcement system is based on a court order or execution judgment of the court. Execution in civil and commercial proceedings in the Russian Federation is classified into immediate execution (Немедленное исп олнение) and compulsory execution. In the system of compulsory execution, the institution that actually implements compulsory execution is the Judicial Execution Service, which is an administrative body separate from the courts, under the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. In case of immediate execution in civil and commercial cases, it can be executed by the judicial act of the court according to the related litigation law, whereas compulsory execution is a system that is operated completely separate from the jurisdiction of the court and the litigation law. Therefore, in the remedy of rights related to compulsory execution, the judicial enforcement agency is the actual party as the collector, the person to be collected, and the implementer of the actual compulsory execution. The object of execution and all acts related to compulsory execution by the judicial enforcement agency are separated, and the former must proceed with a lawsuit for the return of unjust enrichment against the object of excessive execution through a civil or commercial lawsuit. In the case of infringement of rights infringed by the illegal compulsory execution of the judicial enforcement agency, a lawsuit for compensation for damages (state compensation) for the illegal acts of the judicial enforcement agency must be carried out through administrative litigation.
This article is devoted to revealing the traits of origin, development, existence of riddle as a genre of Karachay-Balkarian folklore, identification of its principal specific features. It is observed that, having arisen based on sacred texts in a secret language, subsequently it transformed and gained a game form. At present, the game (ritual) part has lost its significance because of changes that have occurred in the way of life of the native people, and riddles functioned in a question–answer format. The addressee of riddles has also changed: if earlier they were mostly used by adults during game competitions, then today riddles are often ranked among children’s genres of folklore, contributing to intergenerational transmission of information. The conducted research allows to state the existence of a close connection between the content of riddles and realities that surrounded their creators (geographical landscape, the world of flora and fauna, the material and spiritual culture of the ethnic group). All this determined the range of the thematic scope of Karachay-Balkarian riddles and therefore increased their research potential both for specialists in folklore and for linguists, ethnologists, culturologists and ethnopsychologists. In addition, the attention of the works of this genre on the development of abstract, figurative thinking, fantasy actualizes the possibility of their use for pedagogical purposes.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The present research featured the agrotechnical prerequisites of the agrarian reform introduced by P. A. Stolypin. The article focuses on the agrotechnical crisis in the rural Russian in the post-reform period. However, the complex and debatable matter of the effect of the community on the crisis was beyond the scope of the study. The author believes that the crisis of the three-field system was connected with the natural population increase and the agricultural overpopulation. The paper describes the methods used by Russian farmers to deal with the lack or agricultural lands and reveals their extensive nature. The author summarized and analyzed options for overcoming the agrotechnical crisis proposed by various state, political, and public figures in the late XIX century. A radical modernization of the Russian village was necessary to overcome the agrotechnical crisis and move on to intensive production forms, and the state policy should have become the instrument of that modernization. The agrarian reform conducted by P. A. Stolypin proved to have some agrotechnical prerequisites.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Introduction. The aim of the work was to analyze the leading directions of interaction between the state and religious authorities in the modern public space. It is shown that the result of this interaction was the politicization of the Russian Orthodox Church (hereinafter ROC). It is proved that in recent decades the Church continues to exert direct and indirect influence on the state, which, in turn, uses its spiritual potential to stabilize the socio-political system. Methods and materials. Institutional and modernization approaches were used as the research methodology. Within the framework of the institutional approach, an analysis of the interaction of government structures and the ROC in the context of adaptation, cooperation and competition in the course of democratic transformations in the country was carried out. Within the framework of the modernization approach J. Haber formulates the fundamental thesis on the increasing role of religion in a secular (modernizing) society and its strengthening in the national state. Analysis. It is noted that in the 1990s the leading direction of interaction between the state and the ROC was exclusively the political sphere, which was associated with the democratization of public life, the involvement of the clergy in political modernization. At the beginning of the 21st century the state proclaimed a course towards depoliticizing the institution of religion. The activities of political religious parties were prohibited. Subsequently, the ruling United Russia party began to focus on mutually beneficial partnership with the ROC, priority was given to the patriotic education of young people. The result of joint activities of the Main Military-Political Directorate of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the ROC was the formation of a new type of soldier, a bearer of spiritual and moral values, a statesman, defender of the Fatherland. The ROC, as the dominant religious figure in the public space, actively participates in the domestic and foreign policy of the country, challenging other confessional structures. The highest officials of the state and the church share the common values of conservatism, but at the same time, each of them defends its own interests, which initiates the limitation of their mutual support. Results. The state power, together with the ROC, solves internal political problems, including the formation of spiritual, moral, patriotic constants in modern Russian society. In the context of the sanctions policy, the activity of the ROC as a conductor of the “soft power” of the state contributes to the improvement of the countrys image. The result of the interaction of state and religious structures is the formation of a new ideological paradigm based on the principles of religious ethics, conservative values, as well as national identity, patriotism.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
This article is devoted to the trade and economic relations between the USSR and the Austrian Republic, whose modern borders were drawn up only at the end of the Second World War. The author aims to give a brief overview of the main scientific results (dissertation studies, monographs, scientific articles) of domestic – Soviet and Russian – historians and economists. The article attempts to analyze the influence of the state ideology on the development of domestic Austrian studies and to trace the reflection of the ideological confrontation between the East and the West during the Cold War on the works devoted to the Soviet-Austrian relations. Analyzing the topics of key scientific works, the author identifies several large thematic layers in the study of the history of the modern Austrian Republic and its interaction with the USSR and the Russian Federation. Among them: the political life of Austria, its international interaction, the economic development of the Austrian Republic, as well as the Soviet-Austrian relations in the political sphere. Nevertheless, both in Soviet and Russian historiography, according to the author, there are still poorly studied areas – the least covered topic remains the trade and economic interaction of the modern Austrian Republic with the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century
This article focuses on Karamzin’s seemingly off-hand remark about the fact that all the Letters of a Russian Traveler were written not with the traditional goose-feather quill-, but rather silver-nibbed pen. A brief study of late-18th century metal pens and their cultural connotations shows that the silver pen in this period was not only a new, fashionable, and convenient writing implement, but also a symbol for the arrival of the modern era. And, as a close reading of Letter of a Russian Traveler demonstrates, that is also the case for the protagonist’s repeated references to his silver pen. The author argues that Karamzin’s invocation of this meaning-laden writing implement, especially in connection with his appropriation of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, made it possible for the Russian novelist to offer his readers a series of remarkable ideological statements about enlightenment in general, and Russia’s place in the modern world in particular.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Проводится сравнительный анализ распада Российской и Австро-Венгерской империй и роли революции и контрреволюции на территориях бывших империй. Выявляются причины возникновения и классификация монархической контрреволюции, а также анализируются ее результаты. Монархическая контрреволюция в Центральной и Восточной Европе возникла именно как реакция на советскую власть и большевизм как идеологию и политическую практику. Она не имела бы серьезной основы для появления в республиканский демократический период революции, предшествовавший большевизму. Факторами монархической контрреволюции были соответствующие традиции в обществе, наличие харизматичных военно-политических лидеров, исповедовавших монархические взгляды (генерал-лейтенант барон Карл Густав Маннергейм в Финляндии, генерал-лейтенант Павел Скоропадский в Украине, генерал-майор Петр Краснов на Дону, вице-адмирал Александр Колчак в России, вице-адмирал Миклош Хорти в Венгрии), и, наконец, международная военная и дипломатическая поддержка со стороны соседних монархий (Германии и Швеции – Финляндии, Германии и Австро-Венгрии – Украине и Дону, Румынии – Венгрии). Монархическая контрреволюция возникла на окраинах государств (Финляндии – в Ваасе, Венгрии – в Сегеде, России – в Омске), поскольку столицы были захвачены большевиками. Она потерпела поражение в России, а в Финляндии и Венгрии одержала лишь временную победу, поскольку оба королевства существовали без короля по причине давления со стороны союзников.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Introduction. The city of Solikamsk on the territory of Great Perm was located on the first land road from Moscow to Siberia. This road was built in the late 16th century. The research is devoted to the problem of establishing a permanent coachman service in Solikamsk in 1607.
Methods and materials. This issue has not been studied yet. The article is based on documents from Fund no. 21 “Solikamsk Acts” (Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences): monarch’s decrees, letters from Permian clerks, petitions. We have reconstructed the Solikamsk archive using the method of mutual compliance of documents and their source study analysis.
Analysis. In the course of the study we were able to restore the chronology of events, find out the coachman service form of organization, material support, service operation conditions, staff of the Vyatka coach station by name. The paper reveals the mechanisms of managing Great Perm territory, the ways of solving problems of management and transportation.
Results. The article reveals the duality of the situation in Great Perm in the early 17th century. On the one hand, we can see functioning of a strictly centralized management system, on the other hand, we observe a strong local government in provinces. Perm’s clerk Prince S.Yu. Vyazemsky had to clearly execute the orders of Moscow and was prevented from making his own decisions. At the same time, key financial issues influencing stable work of coachman service were not originally planned in Moscow. Decisions arrived late. The central government was more concerned with the timely dispatch of tax collections to Moscow. After Solikamsk coach station coachmen dissolution, the problem of transportation on the Siberian road remained.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Svetlana Yu. Pishchulina, Marina L. Davydova, Aleksandr A. Vilkov
The paper shows the main areas of work of the Department of justice in the Stalingrad region of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR in 1941–1942. These included the restructuring of the activities of the Department to the emergency regime, manpower policy, synthesis and analysis of judicial practice according to the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to strengthen labour discipline at enterprises, collective farms and state farms, to fight against speculation, embezzlement of socialist property, the failure of defense measures – blackout, passport regime, non-payment of fines and duties, taxation of public supplies. The research relevance is associated with the lack of works devoted to the People’s Courts in the period of the Great Patriotic War in the modern historiography. The Stalingrad region is illustrative in this aspect, since during the war it represented rear, frontline and front areas. It is noted that in the conditions of the rear region, the Department of People’s Commissariat for Justice and the people’s courts of the Stalingrad region performed their activities on a relatively stable basis. The directives and explanatory guidelines of the Department of People’s Commissariat for Justice of the USSR and the RSFSR were timely and helped to reorganize the work of the Department. In 1942 in the situation at the frontline and front areas the activities of the Department of People’s Commissariat for Justice and people’s courts was hampered. The evacuation led to a reduction in the number of judicial districts, separation of judicial practice from existing laws because of the lack of timely codification and the special literature. The Battle of Stalingrad caused the significant damage to the Department, both material and personnel. In 1943 the Department of People’s Commissariat for Justice was forced to start its activities with organizational issues.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
This publication makes public a little-known polemical letter from archbishop Grigory (Yatskovskiy), the leader of the Grigorian schism that originated in December, 1925, to the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky). The letter was sent to the addressee in early March, 1926, at a time when the schismatics still had hopes for a favourable development of the situation. The document was discovered in the Collection of archbishop Seraphim (Samoilovich), now kept in the Church Historical Archive of St. Tikhon’s University. In 1926, archbishop Seraphim was a staunch supporter of Metropolitan Sergius, and, apparently, a copy of the letter of archbishop Grigory was sent to him in order to change his position. The document allows us to clarify some important details regarding the history of the fi rst months of Grigorian schism and the attempts of the State Political Directorate to enmesh into the schismatic intrigue such prominent church fi gures as Patriarchal Locum Tenens hieromartyr metropolitan Peter (Polyanskiy), metropolitan Arseny (Stadnitskiy), hieromartyr Hilarion (Troitskiy). At the same time, the letter of archbishop Grigory shows that not all the arguments aimed against him by metropolitan Sergius were equally strong. Some arguments of the Deputy were clearly casuistic, though generally in his controversy with Grigory’s supporters he was right, which was the reason why he was supported by Orthodox bishops. On the whole, the author of this publication comes to the conclusion that Grigory’s doctrine was diff erent (towards the better) from Renovationism, which was originally set up in 1922 as a clique of whistleblowers. Historical evaluations of these two signifi cant Russian church schisms of the 1920s should not be the same.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The current paper features the reasons and the content of the administrative-territorial reform introduced by Yamato ruler – emperor Homuda (Ōjin, 390 – late 414 / early 415 AD [of the corrected chronology]) in 411 AD [of the corrected chronology] in Kibi area (in western Honshu). The article contains the data obtained about the administrative-territorial units he organized and the local governors he appointed. It has been revealed that the elderly emperor delegated the rule to his three sons and retreated to Kibi area, which was the homeland of his younger wife E-hime. Upon his arrival, emperor Homuda undertook an administrative-territorial reform for the benefit of the hereditary owners of these lands, i.e. the Mitomo-wake clan. He established districts (Jap. agata) and appointed the “lords of districts” (Jap. agata-nushi). Besides, he appointed the “rulers of regions” (Jap. kuni-no miyatsuko) in the regions (Jap. kuni) of Bizen and Bicchū (in Near and Central Kibi). This reform resulted in the fact that emperor’s cousins-in-laws from his younger wife’s side rose to power in the regions (Jap. kuni) and in the newly- created districts (Jap. agata) of Near and Central Kibi.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology