لم يكن الصراع الأوغندي التنزاني وليد اللحظة التي اجتاحت فيها القوات الأوغندية شمال تنزانيا في تشرين الأول 1978، بل ان الصراع بين البلدين بدأ بعد وصول عيدي امين للسلطة في عام 1971، واصبح فيما بعد، صراعاً شخصياً بين الرئيسين الاوغندي والتنزاني اكثر مما هو صراع أيديولوجي او على مصالح استراتيجية، ليفضي في نهاية الامر الى اجتياح تنزاني للأراضي الأوغندية بالتعاون مع قوى المعارضة الأوغندية واسقاط نظام عيدي امين في نيسان 1979، وفتح الباب لمرحلة جديدة من الصراع الداخلي على السلطة في اوغندا استمر حتى عام 1986.
There are many facts related to the history of Mongolian migration and settlement. One of them is the Great Migration of the Torguds, which took place 254 years ago. Today is a historic day to commemorate the great migration of the Torguds. Uvsh Khan gathered 80,000 troops and announced that he would move towards Dzhungar, and gave them the task of capturing all the rears living along the banks of the Izhili River. On January 5, 1771, on the night before the great migration, a terrible snowstorm broke out and the ice of the Izhyl river broke, and the whales living on the west coast could not obey the khan’s orders and remained there. This great migration of the Torguds lasted for 7 months and covered 4,000 km. They were weakened and died from many bloodshed wars and starvation, and only 125000 of the 400000 Torguds set foot in Dzhungar Gobi. At least all the wells on their way were poisoned. The Manchu king welcomed them with a festive atmosphere and divided Dzungar Gobi into 10 provinces and subjugated them to Torguds. 15,000 households or about 70,000 Torguds remained on the west bank of the Izhyl River
Metallurgy and material design have thousands of years’ history and have played a critical role in the civilization process of humankind. The traditional trial‐and‐error method has been unprecedentedly challenged in the modern era when the number of components and phases in novel alloys keeps increasing, with high‐entropy alloys as the representative. New opportunities emerge for alloy design in the artificial intelligence era. Here, a successful machine‐learning (ML) method has been developed to identify the microstructure images with eye‐challenging morphology for a number of martensitic and ferritic steels. Assisted by it, a new neural‐network method is proposed for the inverse design of alloys with 20 components, which can accelerate the design process based on microstructure. The method is also readily applied to other material systems given sufficient microstructure images. This work lays the foundation for inverse alloy design based on microstructure images with extremely similar features.
With the passage of time, people’s lifestyle and life philosophy have changed a lot; people began to pursue a higher quality of life. Chorus art is a spiritual civilization that shows a harmonious beauty. Through the melody of music works and chorus art, students are resonated, and music is used to guide students to be active and to enjoy beauty from beautiful melodies and strong rhythms. This paper studies the edification of students’ aesthetics from the art of chorus. Through the development history of chorus art in Western countries and China, this paper expounds the diversified development process of chorus, further analyze the aesthetic characteristics of chorus art, and guide people to feel the connotation of chorus art from the perspective of music aesthetics, and provide countermeasures for the development of chorus art.
El presente artículo indaga en la problemática de los bienes industriales dentro de los sectores portuarios. En particular, se analiza el legado conservero del barrio Puerto de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (Argentina) a partir de sus aspectos materiales e inmateriales en relación, con énfasis en sus características simbólico-sociales. Para ello se trabaja con un enfoque cualitativo y desde una perspectiva centrada en las interrelaciones pasadas-presentes, que articula archivos gráficos, escritos y orales. Así, se propone avanzar en su conocimiento junto con lineamientos de difusión que aporten otras miradas hacia su preservación.
A fundamentally new approach to the history of science and technology This book presents a new way of thinking about the history of science and technology, one that offers a grand narrative of human history in which knowledge serves as a critical factor of cultural evolution. Jurgen Renn examines the role of knowledge in global transformations going back to the dawn of civilization while providing vital perspectives on the complex challenges confronting us today in the Anthropocene?this new geological epoch shaped by humankind. Renn reframes the history of science and technology within a much broader history of knowledge, analyzing key episodes such as the evolution of writing, the emergence of science in the ancient world, the Scientific Revolution of early modernity, the globalization of knowledge, industrialization, and the profound transformations wrought by modern science. He investigates the evolution of knowledge using an array of disciplines and methods, from cognitive science and experimental psychology to earth science and evolutionary biology. The result is an entirely new framework for understanding structural changes in systems of knowledge?and a bold new approach to the history and philosophy of science. Written by one of today's preeminent historians of science, The Evolution of Knowledge features discussions of historiographical themes, a glossary of key terms, and practical insights on global issues ranging from climate change to digital capitalism. This incisive book also serves as an invaluable introduction to the history of knowledge.
Research objectives: The author makes an attempt to determine the correctness of the emphasis in the Russian name of the Khanate Taht Eli – Bol’shaya (Great) or Bol’shaya (Greater) Horde; to check the connection of this name with the Mongolian and Turkic designations of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate.
Research materials: Russian, Lithuanian, and Crimean diplomatic correspondence from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries; Russian medieval chronicles and other works; works of European authors of the sixteenth century; Turkic, Mongolian, and Persian historical works from the thirteenth to eighteenth centuries; Golden Horde yarlyqs; monuments of Tatar and Kazakh folklore, historiography of the problem under study.
Results and novelty of the research: The author concludes that the designation “Great Horde” (Bol’shaya) existed in Russian speech of the fifteenth century. This conclusion has to be justified, since, firstly, it seemed obvious and therefore had never been argued in historiography. Secondly, it must be discussed due to the recently proposed variant pronunciation ‘Bol’shaya’ (Greater Horde). The analyzed Russian name of Takht eli was a translation of one of the versions of the official name of the Jochi Ulus and at the same time, it repeated the distorted name of the Mongol Empire. The possible origins of the Russian name of the Jochi Ulus, the ‘Golden Horde’, are also to be found within the imperial history of the Mongols.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Introduction: Literature brings us to the brink of existence. Its imaginary landscapes invite the reader to be a voyager filled with wonder, but the prospect of the marvelous that dazzles the eye may also open on to the dark world of terror and despair. Literature, like dreams, cannot be controlled. It disrupts the hold we have on our habitual experience. When we read or write, we inevitably follow the traveler’s impulses and steer across unknown countries with the help of a map. Yet, literary language most especially creates its own ephemeral universe resistant to all that is familiar. Something in this shifting landscape escapes and alienates our travelling eyes. The most intense forms of estrangement experienced by the subject, according to Julia Kristeva, are those produced by poetic language. For, while its origins are implicated in the origins of subjectivity, poetic language is a fire of tongues. It has an infinite, ecstatic quality that eludes the mastery of human consciousness. The landscape of the literature, then, is inhabited by a foreignness that deflects the traveler and isolates us from ourselves. We become, in other words, exiles.Julia Kristeva: Julia Kristeva (born on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist and, most recently, novelist who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She is now a professor emeritus at Diderot University of Paris. As the author of more than 30 books, such as Powers of Horror, Tales of Love, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, Proust and the Sense of Time, and the trilogy Female Genius, she has been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, Holberg International Memorial Prize, Hannah Arendt Prize, and Vision 97 Foundation Prize. She was also awarded by the Havel Foundation.“Strangers to Ourselves” by Julia Kristeva: This book is concerned with the notion of the “stranger”, the foreigner, outsider, or alien in a country and society not their own as well as the notion of strangeness within the self, a person’s deep sense of being, as distinct from their outside appearance and conscious idea of self. Kristeva begins with the personal and moves outward by examining the world literature and philosophy. She discusses the foreigner in the Greek tragedy, in the Bible, and in the literature of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Enlightenment, and the twentieth century. She discusses the legal status of foreigners throughout history, gaining perspective on our own civilization. Her insights into the problems of nationality, particularly in France, are more timely and relevant in an increasingly integrated and fractious world.In the framework of the theory of strangers to ourselves, Julia Kristeva explains the life of the stranger within us. This stranger is a hidden force and an explanation for our internal contradictions, differences, and isolations that are formed under compelling environmental conditions and push the host towards the risk of social exclusion and alienation, especially if the host is an immigrant.Alia Mamdouh: This Iraqi writer was born in Baghdad in 1944 and finished her primary and secondary studies there. Then, she joined Al-Mustansiriya University and graduated in psychology in 1971. She left Iraq in 1982 and did not return there. She haunted among capitals and cities, among Beirut and Morocco, Brighton, Cardiff, and Montreal, and temporarily settled in Paris.The present study is the analysis of the contextual features of “Al-Mahbubat” according to the principles of the theory of Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves, and the characters of this novel in order to lay the grounds for proposing themes of alienation with oneself.Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The analysis helps to describe, show and summarize the data in a constructive way such that the patterns that emerge can fulfill every condition of the data.Results and Discussion: “Al-Mahbubat” by Alia Mamdouh: The novel “Al-Mahbubat” presents its own artistic reality. This reality is based on the experience and alienation of Iraqi immigrants in Western society, the novelist looks at the world from their perspective and gives them the opportunity to reflect and talk about their suffering inside and outside Iraq. Thus, the novelist explains the lives of Iraqis living inside and outside Iraq based on the theory of strangers to ourselves.Conclusion: Iraqis who live in Iraq or migrate to a foreign land can possibly be classified as strangers because they are ready for it. This alienation arises in two ways, by their will or by force from the environment. The severity of this alienation among the immigrants is more than the other Iraqis because they are forced to live in a foreign environment and must be prepared to separate from the mother tongue and their national culture.
Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Calixto Barrera M, Reiner Vergara, Daniela Domínguez
et al.
Con la finalidad de establecer la prevalencia y factores motivacionales asociados al consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, en estudiantes del colegio Manuel María Tejada Roca, se seleccionó una muestra de 139 estudiantes de octavo grado y 167 estudiantes de undécimo grado para aplicarles una encuesta de 20 ítems y la prueba AUDIT. Se obtiene una prevalencia de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en octavo grado y undécimo grado, de 27,3% y 61,7% de los estudiantes, respectivamente, siendo en ambos niveles académicos superior en el sexo masculino. La edad promedio del primer consumo en undécimo grado fue 14,3 años, disminuyendo en octavo grado a 12,1 años. Un 56,7% de los encuestados señalan la curiosidad como principal factor que los motivó a consumir bebidas alcohólicas, destacándose las cervezas como favoritas, con 42,6 % de las respuestas. Urgen programas preventivos al consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en estudiantes, ya que la prueba AUDIT indica que solo el 55,8 % tiene consumo de bajo riesgo, mientras que 37,5 % tiene un consumo riesgoso, 3,8 % consumo perjudicial y 2,9 % dependencia al alcohol. Se registra un rendimiento académico significativamente superior en estudiantes que no han consumido bebidas alcohólicas versus aquellos que si han consumido.
La capilla mayor y el crucero de la iglesia de Santoña se trazaron, en estilo manuelino, durante el abadiato de Diego de Santoyo (1514-1517), abad de Nájera. Se volvió a confirmar el permiso de construcción en 1519. La fecha de la traza permite pensar en Juan de Castillo e incluso en que llegara desde Portugal un diseño de Diogo Boytac o Mateus Fernandes. Un portugués –Fernando o Fernández–, presente en Nájera en 1515, debió de trazar el claustro de Nájera que abovedó Juan de Rasines, pero sus tracerías están directamente relacionadas con el claustro Real del monasterio de Batalha (Portugal).
This article studies how the Q’eqchi’ of Cahabón (Alta Verapaz, Guatemala) relate to different past times, by examining the dynamics of two broad categories of narrative genre: established “stories” about ancestors and more autobiographical narratives about individual “suffering” experienced in recent times. The analysis of a narrative on a Q’eqchi’ peasant’s legal and political struggle against the Hacienda, recounted to the ethnographer and compared with the version of a ladino, shows the innovations of the narrator, as he uses different narrative genres to create a hero who can give meaning to recent historical upheavals
Research objectives and materials: The article presents a section of the translation from Persian of the 2nd chapter of the manuscript. This part contains a genealogical tree of Chaghadai, Ögedei Khan, Tölui, Möngke Khan (containing their descendants as known by Rashid al-Din).
Research results and novelty: The results of translation and analyses of the text of the manuscript could serve in various purposes: study of Rashid al-Din’s heritage, Golden Horde history, genealogical history of the Chinggisid rulers and their descendants, etc. The translation of the manuscript has heretofore never been published in part or fully.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
This article studies the evolution of social movements, as part of sociopolitical transformation of Contemporary Spain, by analyzing the dynamics that build one of the main actors of urban conflict: the neighborhood association.