As the Soviet historical archives became accessible to Western scholars beginning in the 1980s, renewed scrutiny was placed on the imperial-colonial policies of the Russian Empire toward its borderlands. These scholars began to interrogate the policies of the imperial administration toward ethnic and national groups in the borderlands from the imperial administrative perspective. In this essay, I geographically circumnavigate the borderlands of the Russian Empire through secondary studies published since the 1980s to understand how scholars have reinterpreted these policies since gaining access to the imperial administrative perspective. I find that they began to challenge the notion that the empire had cohesive and consistently applied policies to Russify its subjects. Instead, scholars now generally argue that policies were applied on a more ad hoc basis depending on the ethnic and national contexts of individual borderlands. Consequently, the concept of ‘Russification’ (obrusenie in Russian) became opaque, difficult to define, and inadequate in capturing the range of imperial policies toward the peoples of the borderlands. Therefore, the application of the term ‘Russianization’ is now more popular among scholars in describing non-assimilatory policies. Further distinction between the two concepts, however, is required in order to understand the full range of policies enacted toward imperial ethnicities and nationalities. Therefore, I also argue in favor of two promising new frameworks in the historiography, namely, the shifting usage of the term inorodtsy (aliens) by imperial administrators over time, and the concept of national indifference. Study of the former, I contend, would highlight the “othering” of non-dominant ethnic and national minorities. The latter permits an understanding of the limits of national constructions, thereby enabling a greater understanding of processes of national construction and, therefore, imperial responses to those constructions. Both would ultimately further clarify the historiographic distinction between Russification and Russianization.
History of Central Europe, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Upadek reżimu komunistycznego w Rumunii w 1989 roku stworzył warunki dla wielopartyjności i rozwoju nowych ugrupowań politycznych, podobnie jak w pozostałych państwach bloku wschodniego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ewolucji rumuńskiego systemu partyjnego w okresie od przeprowadzenia transformacji demokratycznej do czasów współczesnych, z uwzględnieniem zarówno jego ram instytucjonalnych, jak i dynamiki funkcjonowania relewantnych partii politycznych, w tym wyłaniania się nowych aktorów na scenie politycznej. W artykule omówiono kolejne etapy zmian rumuńskiego systemu partyjnego: od systemu hegemonicznego w latach 1990–1992, poprzez rozwój wielopartyjności w latach 90. XX w., po dominację PSD w pierwszych dwóch dekadach XXI wieku. Autor podkreśla rosnącą rolę partii antysystemowych, takich jak AUR i USR, oraz zjawiska fragmentacji i polaryzacji politycznej. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wpływowi wydarzeń społecznych, takich jak mineriady, oraz reform gospodarczych, na kształtowanie sceny politycznej. W celu sklasyfikowania zmieniającego się formatu systemu partyjnego Rumunii, w pracy wykorzystano typologię systemów partyjnych Giovanniego Sartoriego.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
Silvia Fabi, Mariachiara Vardeu, Alex Martini
et al.
Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) is a novel flavi-like virus first identified in 2010 in <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> in the Jingmen region of Hubei Province, China and has been reported in different Asian countries, Central and South America, Africa, and Europe. Beyond ticks, JMTV has been detected in a range of other arthropods and in vertebrate hosts. In humans, JMTV has been found in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kosovo and Turkey, and in febrile patients with a history of tick bites in China, suggesting it may be a novel human pathogen. To investigate the presence of JMTV in Italy, we developed a One-step real-time RT-PCR assay and applied it to individually screen 1150 ticks collected from northeastern, central, and southern Italy. JMTV RNA was detected in multiple tick species, including <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>, <i>Rhipicephalus bursa</i>, <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> s.l., <i>Dermacentor marginatus</i>, and <i>Hyalomma marginatum</i> with a prevalence ranging from 0.52% to 18.42% in questing ticks. The detection of JMTV in ticks from all surveyed areas, indicates that the virus is geographically widespread in Italy. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive surveillance strategies to identify new areas of active virus circulation and to investigate the potential impact of JMTV on public health.
Road transport is responsible for about a quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, making its transformation a crucial part of Europe's overall decarbonization goals. Current European policies promote decarbonizing the transport sector and passenger car sales show an increased adoption of electric vehicles. Full electrification of land transport will significantly increase the average electricity demand but the use of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid could provide additional flexibility to balance wind and solar generation. In this study, we find cost-optimal transition pathways of the European land transport sector embedded in the sector-coupled open energy model PyPSA-Eur. We consider fossil-fueled, hydrogen-fueled, and electric cars using a 3-hour time resolution for a full year and covering 33 interconnected European countries. We analyze a transition path from 2025 to 2050 under different carbon budgets corresponding to a 1.7°C and 2°C temperature increase. Our results show that rapid electrification of road transport reduces the total system cost, even in the absence of climate targets. We see a clear preference for rapidly decommissioning internal combustion engine vehicles and using electric vehicles in all countries and under all carbon budgets. Allowing smart charging of electric vehicles decreases the total system cost by 1.6% because it reduces the need to install stationary batteries by almost 40%.
Lukas Franken, Elisabeth Zeyen, Orestis Angelidis
et al.
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) can provide constant, reliable electricity and heat with minimal emissions, but high drilling costs and uncertain cost reductions leave their future unclear. We explore scenarios for the future adoption of EGS in a carbon-neutral, multi-sector European energy system. We find that in a net-zero system, heat (co-)generating EGS at current cost can support 20--30 GWth of capacity in Europe, primarily driven by district heating demands. When drilling costs decrease by approximately 60%, EGS becomes competitive in electricity markets, expanding its market opportunity by one order of magnitude. However, the spatially dispersed rollout of district heating contrasts with the confined overlap of high geological potential and low potential for other renewables, which conditions the competitiveness of electricity-generating EGS. This results in a challenge where the majority of EGS market potential depends on pan-European technology learning for cost reductions, emphasising coordination is crucial in stakeholders' efforts to reduce EGS cost.
This paper provides a Czech translation of the introductory chapter of Lost Illusions. Russian Policies towards Bulgaria in 1877–1887 (1988) by the Czech historian Karel Durman, who lived in exile in Uppsala, Sweden, since 1980. The translation is preceded by a commentary written by the translator, which introduces the reader to the most important moments in Durman’s life and work and the historical background of the text and its contemporary reception.
Cilj ovog rada je istražiti međuodnose suvremenih demografskih kretanja i razvoja funkcija krajolika Srednje Like. Razvoj funkcije krajolika u ovom radu analiziran je temeljem podataka zemljišnog pokrova/načina korištenja zemljišta (LULC) za promatrane godine (1980. i 2018.), pri čemu su korištene baze podataka CORINE Land Cover dobivene od Hrvatske agencije za okoliš i prirodu. Popisni podatci su za razdoblje 1981. − 2021. dobiveni su od Državnog zavoda za statistiku. U svrhu analize navedenih međuodnosa primijenjena je linearno-regresijska analiza korištenjem računalnog programa IBM SPSS Statistics verzije 20. Temeljem rezultata ovog istraživanja došlo se do zaključka kako je na području Srednje Like razvoj nekih promatranih funkcija krajolika (funkcija rada i stanovanja te funkcija bavljenja poljoprivredom) sve slabije povezan s demografskim kretanjem.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe
Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.
A hagyományos üzemanyaggal működő járműflotta fokozatos lecserélése alternatív energiaforrásokkal működő járművekre jelentős lépés a közlekedési rendszerek fenntartható fejlesztése és a hatékony energiagazdálkodás irányába. A kutatásunk során megvizsgáltuk a magyarországi jellemzőket és sajátosságokat; különös figyelmet fordítva a megújuló energiaforrások alkalmazhatóságára. A közúti elektromobilitási rendszert az energiatermelés, a járműállomány, a töltőinfrastruktúra és az üzemeltetési jellemzők szerint elemeztük. Megállapítottuk, hogy a plug-in hibrid járművek (PHEV) kezdeti nagyobb aránya fokozatosan csökken a tisztán elektromos járművekkel (BEV) szemben. Megvizsgáltuk és összehasonlítottuk az online magyar és angol nyelven elérhető elektromos jármű költségkalkulátorokat. Megállapítottuk, hogy hiányzik a járműhasználati szokások alapján a megfelelő hajtás típus kiválasztását támogató funkció. Kidolgoztunk egy hagyományos, hibrid és tisztán elektromos hajtás típusokat értékelő eljárást, ami a fő tudományos újszerűsége a cikknek. A funkciót beépítettük egy új, magyar nyelvű költségkalkulátor alkalmazásba, ami jelentősen hozzájárulhat az elektromobilitás hazai elterjedéséhez.
History of Central Europe, Social sciences (General)
In this study, I examine the complex intertwining of the relationship between man and nature through the activities of a typical group of farmers dominated by urban-rural farmers, the artisan cheese makers of Hungary. I focus on a specific issue, raw milk cheese making, where humans and microbes work together on a daily basis to produce a sellable product. In this context, I will describe how the complex, hybrid nature of the knowledge required for this process of cheese making is produced, and then review the different narratives of Hungarian cheesemakers about the method. I will then show how this method and the particular perspective it entails affects the daily practice of farming, and how working with invisible microbes transforms the fundamental way these farmers think about the relationship between humans and non-human actors.
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
A tanyán élők helyzete mindig is meglehetősen deprivált volt, hiszen rengeteg hátráltató körülménnyel kell nap mint nap megküzdeniük, amit az állandóan leküzdendő távolságokon túl tovább nehezít az, hogy társadalmi kapcsolataik száma jellemzően alacsony, ami az életkor előrehaladtával, majd árnyoldalainak megjelenésével sok esetben tovább redukálódik, minek következtében létrejöhet egy speciális jellemzőkkel rendelkező szociális izoláció. Vizsgálatom elsődleges célja a Hajdú-Bihar megyében található tanyán lakók szociális elszigeteltségének felmérése volt, másodsorban arra kerestem a választ, hogy milyen szociodemográfiai tényezők vannak hatással erre az objektív állapotra. A kutatás alapját a megye összes járásában felvételezett survey adta, melynek összesített adataiból általánosítani lehet a tanyalakók elszigeteltségének mértékére. A vizsgálat eredményei azt mutatják, hogy a vizsgált populációban minden ötödik tanyalakó valamilyen szinten szociálisan elszigeteltnek tekinthető.
History of Central Europe, Social sciences (General)
Maciej Chyleński, Przemysław Makarowicz, Anna Juras
et al.
Abstract The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.
Hydrogeodesy can benefit greatly from the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements to analyse local changes in the hydrosphere, which the commonly used Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission is unable to provide due to coarse spatial resolution. Hydrosphere changes recorded by GPS are unfortunately hidden among the other signals to which the system is also sensitive so that the sensitivity of GPS to changes in the hydrosphere on temporal-scales from pluri-annual to decadal is questionable. We focus on hydrosphere signatures present on these long-term temporal-scales as observed by GPS through the vertical displacement time series (DTS) of 122 permanent stations over Europe and compare them to the DTS derived from GRACE for GPS locations. Our methodology is based on the weighted Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter, an underestimated filter in the field of geodetic time series analysis. We show that the correspondence between GPS and GRACE on long-term temporal-scales is generally strong, but decreases for coastal regions and regions where the coarse gridding of GRACE does not capture local hydrosphere effects. Further, the negative correlation with El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) is confirmed for Europe.
<p>The Franconian Alb of SE Germany is characterized by large-scale exposures
of Jurassic shallow marine limestones and dolostones, which are frequently
considered to be outcrop analogues for deep geothermal reservoir rocks in the
North Alpine Foreland Basin farther south. However, the burial history of
the Franconian Alb Jurassic strata is not well known as they were affected
by emersion, leading to extensive erosion and karstification with only
remnants of the original Cretaceous and Cenozoic cover rocks preserved. To
estimate the original thicknesses of the post-Jurassic overburden we
investigated the petrophysical properties and the thermal history of Lower
and Middle Jurassic mudstones to constrain their burial history in the
Franconian Alb area. We measured mudstone porosities, densities, and
maturities of organic material and collected interval velocities from
seismic refraction and logging data in shallow mudstone-rich strata.
Mudstone porosities and P-wave velocities vertical to bedding were then
related to a normal compaction trend that was calibrated on stratigraphic
equivalent units in the North Alpine Foreland Basin. Our results suggest
maximum burial depths of 900–1700 m, 300–1100 m of which is attributed
to Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks overlying the Franconian Alb
Jurassic units. Compared to previous considerations this implies a more
widespread distribution and increased thicknesses of up to <span class="inline-formula">∼900</span> m for Cretaceous and up to <span class="inline-formula">∼200</span> m for Cenozoic units in
SE Germany. Maximum overburden is critical to understand mechanical and
diagenetical compaction of the dolostones and limestones of the Upper
Jurassic of the Franconian Alb. The results of this study therefore help
to better correlate the deep geothermal reservoir properties of the Upper
Jurassic from outcrop to reservoir conditions below the North Alpine
Foreland Basin. Here, the Upper Jurassic geothermal reservoir can be found
at depths of up to 5000 m.</p>
St John the Baptist Orphanage and Changes in Orphan Care in the 18th Century.
This paper looks at the care of orphans and the new welfare institutions that emerged in the second half of the 18th century. It traces changes in social care provision and its gradual transfer to local municipal authorities, and the rationale behind institutional care and support for the poor. Specifically, it focuses on the St John the Baptist Orphanage in Prague, which had the patronage of Maria Theresa. In the 18th and 19th centuries orphanages were few and far between, chiefly because of the high costs involved. Mostly they were founded by larger municipalities, benevolent societies or individuals. The St John the Baptist Orphanage differed not only in its founders – the Freemasons – but in its teachers, who were initially members of the Masonic Lodge, and it provided a good education by the standards of the day. The paper considers how the orphanage selected its charges and how it looked after them.
There was published a pamphlet called Aké bude Slovensko o sto rokov? (1920), [What will Slovakia be like in 100 years?] just a century ago. It offered a vision of Slovak national state's future – the state flourishing with social welfare, scientific and technological progress and moral maturity of citizens. Adaptation of "happy national home" idea for future, written by engineer Jozef Dohnány (1873 – 1947), carries marks characteristics for utopias. The conference paper approaches to Dohnány's vision as to a branch of modern dynamic utopic phenomenon, creating a communication space, especially in the 19.th and 20.th century, for expressing desires and ideals, testing possibilities of mental borders and calling for social or political mobilization in favour of achievement realistic, or even unrealistic aims. The paper uses interdisciplinary interpretative approach for analysis of Dohnány vision's ideological structure, compares it in relation to More's prototype of utopia and refers to representations of "period's presence" in utopic genre.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz
et al.
Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.
With the urgent need to implement the EU countries pledges and to monitor the effectiveness of Green Deal plan, Monitoring Reporting and Verification tools are needed to track how emissions are changing for all the sectors. Current official inventories only provide annual estimates of national CO$_2$ emissions with a lag of 1+ year which do not capture the variations of emissions due to recent shocks including COVID lockdowns and economic rebounds, war in Ukraine. Here we present a near-real-time country-level dataset of daily fossil fuel and cement emissions from January 2019 through December 2021 for 27 EU countries and UK, which called Carbon Monitor Europe. The data are calculated separately for six sectors: power, industry, ground transportation, domestic aviation, international aviation and residential. Daily CO$_2$ emissions are estimated from a large set of activity data compiled from different sources. The goal of this dataset is to improve the timeliness and temporal resolution of emissions for European countries, to inform the public and decision makers about current emissions changes in Europe.