Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Anthony B. Atkinson, T. Piketty, Emmanuel Saez

W. Habre, N. Disma, K. Virág et al.

T. Wirth, Nigel R. Parker, S. Ylä-Herttuala

I. Kyrou, C. Tsigos, C. Mavrogianni et al.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) comprises the vast majority of all diabetes cases in adults, with alarmingly increasing prevalence over the past few decades worldwide. A particularly heavy healthcare burden of diabetes is noted in Europe, where 8.8% of the population aged 20–79 years is estimated to have diabetes according to the International Diabetes Federation. Multiple risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM with complex underlying interplay and intricate gene-environment interactions. Thus, intense research has been focused on studying the role of T2DM risk factors and on identifying vulnerable groups for T2DM in the general population which can then be targeted for prevention interventions. For this narrative review, we conducted a comprehensive search of the existing literature on T2DM risk factors, focusing on studies in adult cohorts from European countries which were published in English after January 2000. Multiple lifestyle-related and sociodemographic factors were identified as related to high T2DM risk, including age, ethnicity, family history, low socioeconomic status, obesity, metabolic syndrome and each of its components, as well as certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. As Europe has an increasingly aging population, multiple migrant and ethnic minority groups and significant socioeconomic diversity both within and across different countries, this review focuses not only on modifiable T2DM risk factors, but also on the impact of pertinent demographic and socioeconomic factors. In addition to other T2DM risk factors, low socioeconomic status can significantly increase the risk for prediabetes and T2DM, but is often overlooked. In multinational and multicultural regions such as Europe, a holistic approach, which will take into account both traditional and socioeconomic/socioecological factors, is becoming increasingly crucial in order to implement multidimensional public health programs and integrated community-based interventions for effective T2DM prevention.

G. Khandaker, V. Zuber, Jessica M B Rees et al.

While comorbidity between coronary heart disease (CHD) and depression is evident, it is unclear whether the two diseases have shared underlying mechanisms. We performed a range of analyses in 367,703 unrelated middle-aged participants of European ancestry from UK Biobank, a population-based cohort study, to assess whether comorbidity is primarily due to genetic or environmental factors, and to test whether cardiovascular risk factors and CHD are likely to be causally related to depression using Mendelian randomization. We showed family history of heart disease was associated with a 20% increase in depression risk (95% confidence interval [CI] 16–24%, p  < 0.0001), but a genetic risk score that is strongly associated with CHD risk was not associated with depression. An increase of 1 standard deviation in the CHD genetic risk score was associated with 71% higher CHD risk, but 1% higher depression risk (95% CI 0–3%; p  = 0.11). Mendelian randomization analyses suggested that triglycerides, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are likely causal risk factors for depression. The odds ratio for depression per standard deviation increase in genetically-predicted triglycerides was 1.18 (95% CI 1.09–1.27; p  = 2 × 10 −5 ); per unit increase in genetically-predicted log-transformed IL-6 was 0.74 (95% CI 0.62–0.89; p  = 0.0012); and per unit increase in genetically-predicted log-transformed CRP was 1.18 (95% CI 1.07–1.29; p  = 0.0009). Our analyses suggest that comorbidity between depression and CHD arises largely from shared environmental factors. IL-6, CRP and triglycerides are likely to be causally linked with depression, so could be targets for treatment and prevention of depression.

Elitsa Nenova

Международната конференция по българистика, която беше организирана от Историческия факултет, Факултета по славянски филологии и Катедрата по езиково обучение на Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“, имаше за цел да събере учени от България и чужбина за обмен на знания и изследвания в областта на българистиката, историята, антропологията, съвременната българска литература, езика и превода. Конференцията предостави платформа за нови изследвания и популяризиране на българистиката с над четиридесет презентации и участници от над седем държави.

Nuno de Fragoso Vidal

V. del Marmol

Euromelanoma is a Europe‐wide, dermatologist‐led organization that campaigns to have a public, scientific, and political impact on raising awareness of the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of skin cancer. The organization raises public awareness of skin cancer by providing practical support to participating countries for the roll out of yearly screening campaigns, and then builds on these campaigns by providing resources via its website to educate the general public on key skin cancer prevention measures, risk factors, and the importance of recognizing abnormal lesions through self‐examination. Euromelanoma also provides a valuable platform for the scientific community, facilitating collaborations between countries and coordinating the collection of standardized data on the epidemiology, demographic and clinical characteristics, and risk factors for all forms of skin cancer. As our scientific understanding of skin cancer advances, Euromelanoma plays a key role in ensuring that the importance of skin cancer prevention, treatment, and diagnosis remains at the forefront of European and national healthcare policies. Since its creation in 1999, Euromelanoma has continued to evolve, adapt, and expand its approach to achieve these public, scientific, and political goals: the organization now has networks of dermatologists working in over 30 countries and has screened and gathered skin cancer data from around 420 000 subjects. This review highlights these achievements by providing an outline of the history of Euromelanoma and the benefits of the first decade of action and by describing the evolving approach over the past 20 years. Future Euromelanoma projects, which aim to evaluate skin cancer risk in specific populations (outdoor workers, organ transplant recipients, etc.) are also introduced, and current challenges for the Euromelanoma campaign are discussed, including the need to improve reporting of non‐melanoma skin cancer cases and to raise awareness of melanoma subtypes, particularly the more difficult to diagnose nodular melanoma form.

Baatr Uchaevich Kitinov

The Mongolian peoples traditionally associated crucial events and processes with the name of Genghis Khan. Nonetheless, that name acquired a nominal significance in one sphere, specifically as a title or an auxiliary name to the first, where it became a special name. The Genghis Khan name itself held a holy and tabooed implication that guided its subsequent realization. The study aims to investigate the impact of religion on the utilisation of Genghis Khan’s title by the Mongolian leaders during the XVII- XVIII centuries. The study focuses on two leaders of Mongolian peoples, the Chakhar in the east and the Oirat-Hoshut in the west, to examine the uniformity and diversity of interpreting and implementing this name as a title. They were Ligdan and Lkhavzan, with Ligdan being a direct descendant of Genghis Khan and Lkhavzan was considered to be a descendant of Khabutu, the younger brother of Genghis Khan. The author came to the following conclusions: such use of Genghis Khan’s name became possible due to the influence of a number of factors that actualised Genghis Khan’s name: 1) the struggle against separatism under the influence of external force; 2) the desire to “start anew”, to lead a “new era of prosperity”; 3) the need to identify oneself as a true leader under the increasing role of religion. The scientific contribution is to determine the multidimensional meaning of Genghis Khan’s name; its use as a title had common grounds and characteristics, and in general had the expected (albeit in the short term) results.

Nicolas Perreaux

This article examines the importance of graphic representations in the social sciences, and particularly in (medieval) history, taking as its starting point a reflection by {É}tienne-Jules Marey, a physiologist and pioneer of 19th-century photography and cinema. Marey believed that the visual should replace language in many fields. Indeed, the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an exponential multiplication of visual media, particularly with the advent of digital technology. However, this ''graphics revolution'' has not affected all disciplines equally. Significant differences remain between scientific fields such as astrophysics, anthropology, chemistry and medieval history, despite their shared commitment to describing dynamic processes and changes of state. Yet, while historians have already digitized a large part of the cultural heritage from Antiquity to the 10th-13th centuries, exploration of this corpus using visualizations remains limited. There is therefore untapped potential in this field.This article begins by outlining a typology and quantification of the past and potential roles of visual representations in medieval history. It examines two distinct intellectual approaches: 1. the use of visuals to support a scientific discourse (majority) and 2. the construction of a historical discourse based on observations made from visual figures with the aim of modeling phenomena invisible to the naked eye. The author thus examines the use of ''images'' in medievalism, focusing on the annual volumes of the Soci{é}t{é} des historiens m{é}di{é}vistes de l'enseignement sup{é}rieur (SHMESP), up to 2006. Two other parts of the text look at the still-rare forms of visual representation in medieval history, particularly those with a ''heuristic vocation'', using iconographic objects, parchments, buildings and digitized texts. The article suggests various visualization techniques, such as network analysis, the creation of ''stemmas 2.0'' and interactive chronologies, which could benefit the discipline. These methods could potentially profoundly change our understanding of ancient societies, by showing the dynamic relationships between different aspects of these societies. One of the most important advances expected from these visual methods is a better understanding of the patterns of development in medieval Europe, which varied from region to region. The hypothesis is that the scarcity of heuristic graphics in medieval history stems from the relationship with ancient documents and the historical method based on narration and exemplarity. The article thus questions the value of ''visual modelling'' in medieval history, and highlights the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of this approach in the humanities and social sciences. Finally, the text invites us to reflect on the nature and functioning of heuristic visual devices, by comparing medieval ''images'' and contemporary scientific visuals. In both cases, the point is to materialize the invisible in order to show something that exists beyond the visual. The author suggests that this way of approaching visuals could play a growing role in the decades to come, particularly in the field of data science.

Lourdes Lobato-Bailón, Ane López-Morales, Rita Quintela et al.

<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in healthy animals is often asymptomatic. However, some species with little history of contact with the parasite, such as marsupials and New World primates, present high mortality rates after infection. Despite its potential conservation concern, <i>T. gondii</i> infection in insectivorous bats has received little attention, and its impact on bat populations’ health is unknown. To assess the putative role of insectivorous bats in the cycle of <i>T. gondii</i>, samples of three species of bats (<i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>, <i>P. pygmaeus</i> and <i>P. kuhlii</i>) collected between 2019 and 2021 in NE Spain were tested for the presence of the parasite using a qPCR. All tissues resulted negative (0.0% prevalence with 95% CI: [0.0–2.6]) for the presence of <i>T. gondii</i>. Unlike previous studies on insectivorous bats from Europe, Asia and America, the present study suggests that <i>Pipistrellus</i> spp. bats do not play a significant role in the epidemiology of <i>T. gondii</i> in NE Spain. Further studies are encouraged to elucidate both the epidemiology of <i>T. gondii</i> and its potential impact on the health of microchiropteran species in Europe.

G. L. Kline, N. Lossky

A. Kuzyshyn, L. Tsaryk

30-year activity of the geography faculty of Ternopil National V. Hnatiuk Pedagogical University became the motivation for preparing this publication. During this period, the faculty managed to establish itself on the map of Ukraine as a training center for geography, ecology and tourism, as well as a research center for a number of relevant research areas such as design, social geography, geoecology and tourism. Ternopil is located between the powerful centers of geographical science, such as Lviv, Kyiv, Chernivtsi and Lutsk. It was determined to become one of the centers of spatial and geographical studies. Particularly this area became the small homeland of the founder of national geography Stepan Rudnytsky. The formation of a separate unit was a matter of time and was justified by the demands of the region. Educational institutions, state and commercial structures of Western Ukraine nowadays are the workplace of a large number of the faculty graduates. During its short history, the faculty has managed to occupy a significant niche at the national level, established itself as a center of historical, geographical, local history, tourist and ecological-geographical research. The historical preconditions for the opening of the specialty "Geography", the formation and activities of the geography faculty are presented. The retrospective analysis of the recent history of the faculty is conducted where the peculiarities of its establishment as an independent unit of the university are discussed. The main stages of formation and development of the geography faculty are highlighted. The history and conditions of each educational and research subdivision formation of the faculty are described. A review of personnel working at the faculty is conducted. Scientific and practical conferences, which were held at the faculty over the time of its functioning, are systematized; the problems of the conducted scientific events are determined. A kind of specialization in holding scientific forums at each of the departments can be noticed. Department of Geography and Methods of Teaching  Problems of Nature Management and Population, Department of Geography of Ukraine and Tourism  History of Ukrainian Geography, Socio-Geographical Research and Tourism Studies, Department of Geoecology and Methods of Teaching Ecological Disciplines  Ecological-Geographical and Geoecological Principles of Ecological Science. The history of the beginning of various educational directions, including Secondary education (Geography), Ecology, Tourism, Geography, Earth sciences at the educational degree of "Bachelor" and "Master" is presented. The dynamics of defense of faculty lecturers over 2000-2020 is highlighted. The materials on the success of postgraduate studies are provided, as well as the number of defensed graduate students and applicants under the guidance of the faculty professors, the participation of faculty members in specialized academic councils of Lviv, Kyiv, Chernivtsi, and Eastern European national universities. The review of scientific activity directions of employees (for Department of Geography and Methods of its Teaching, Department of Geography of Ukraine and Tourism, Department of Geoecology) in the context of general departmental and individual directions of researches is carried out. The publishing activity is described, including the preparation of textbooks for universities and secondary schools, individual and collective monographs of the department lecturers and educational units in general. The key directions of the faculty international activity are outlined. Promising features of its educational, organizational and scientific work are determined.

Clara Manco

Although gambling is traditionally associated with homosocial competition and with the prestige of the aristocratic ethos, Restoration comedies abound with examples of marginal characters at the gambling table. This article explores the symbolic implications of these marginal gamblers in plays written and produced during the reigns of Charles II and James II. These characters, whether they be women or comic butts, show us to what extent gambling constitutes a moment of suspension, or even of renegociation of theatrical, social and political hierarchies, ranging from brief moments of carnivalesque relief to genuine revenge of the weak over the powerful.

Alicia Florián, Silvana Fogliato

Shubham Agarwal, Trung Bui, Joon-Young Lee et al.

Visual Dialog involves "understanding" the dialog history (what has been discussed previously) and the current question (what is asked), in addition to grounding information in the image, to generate the correct response. In this paper, we show that co-attention models which explicitly encode dialog history outperform models that don't, achieving state-of-the-art performance (72 % NDCG on val set). However, we also expose shortcomings of the crowd-sourcing dataset collection procedure by showing that history is indeed only required for a small amount of the data and that the current evaluation metric encourages generic replies. To that end, we propose a challenging subset (VisDialConv) of the VisDial val set and provide a benchmark of 63% NDCG.

Nadejda Drenska, Jeff Calder

We study the problem of prediction of binary sequences with expert advice in the online setting, which is a classic example of online machine learning. We interpret the binary sequence as the price history of a stock, and view the predictor as an investor, which converts the problem into a stock prediction problem. In this framework, an investor, who predicts the daily movements of a stock, and an adversarial market, who controls the stock, play against each other over $N$ turns. The investor combines the predictions of $n\geq 2$ experts in order to make a decision about how much to invest at each turn, and aims to minimize their regret with respect to the best-performing expert at the end of the game. We consider the problem with history-dependent experts, in which each expert uses the previous $d$ days of history of the market in making their predictions. We prove that the value function for this game, rescaled appropriately, converges as $N\to \infty$ at a rate of $O(N^{-1/6})$ to the viscosity solution of a nonlinear degenerate elliptic PDE, which can be understood as the Hamilton-Jacobi-Issacs equation for the two-person game. As a result, we are able to deduce asymptotically optimal strategies for the investor. Our results extend those established by the first author and R.V.Kohn [13] for $n=2$ experts and $d\leq 4$ days of history. To appear in Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics.

Oba Dominique, Sah Zéphirin, Nzoussi Hilaire Kevin

In the XIXth century, the movements of discovery and exploration engaged by explorers commissioned by European governments allowed to take possession of territories situated in black Africa in general and in Central Africa especially. For, Stanley occupied a vast territory for the King of Belgium, Leopold II, and Belgium. For France, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, a French explorer from Italian origin Italian occupied a vast territory in Central Africa. After his second trip, Brazza managed to create Franceville in June 1880 in Teke countries on September 10, 1880, Brazza, signed in with the Teke king in Mbe the capital of the kingdom a treaty of friendship according to which that This vast territory was made under the control of France. In October 1880, Brazzaville city was born. Since the signature of the Treaty of Friendship, the city of Mbe, the political capital of Teke Kingdom has entered the contemporary history of humanity. The Teke kingdom is one of the kingdoms that marked the history of Black Africa and the one that remains the most alive in the memory of the African peoples, regarding its geographical location in the heart of Central Africa, but also by its extent and by the power of its kings. The history of this Teke metropolis will be known through the reports of the different missions carried out by European explorers, missionaries and European travelers and it is important to emphasize that the history of the Teke kingdom is inseparable from the work of the explorer PS De Brazza and the history of Congo.

Marcas Mac Coinnigh

Abstract The term ecotype was first introduced to the field of folkloristics by Carl Wilhelm von Sydow (1878–1952), who proposed the idea that folktales develop from base forms due to transformations triggered by specific environmental conditions before eventually stabilising within cultural districts. The general analogy was popular amongst folklorists who readily invoked the concept to deconstruct a wide range of genres including rhyming couplets, folk ballads, folktales, fairy-tales, personal narratives, legends and urban legends. It is unfortunate, however, that ecotypes have largely been ignored by scholars working in the fields of paremiology, especially when one considers not only the established inter-relationships between proverbial material and other folkoristic genres, but also the recent pioneering cross-cultural analyses of idiomatic expressions in European languages and beyond. This paper will provide a template for the analysis of folk expressions by examining the life history of an Irish ecotype, tied stones and loose dogs. It will show that folk expressions are a fertile area of research that can be deconstructed using literary and historical research based on the historic-geographic method. At the heart of this template, I argue, is the need to read texts within their contemporary cultural, historical and socio-economic frameworks to decode meanings according to instantiation, the motivations for their use, and the question of agency in folk groups. By collecting, examining and construing inter-relations between folkloristic texts across a range of cultural products – folklore collections, popular culture periodicals and political discourse – and by informed cultural contextualisation of its instantiations, we can re-construct the extensive cultural underpinnings that inform a range of everyday folk expressions.

Mariela Canali

Entrevista a Amelia Rivaud Morayta Realizada por Mariela Canali Bogotá, 5 de abril de 2019 en el marco del VIII Encuentro Internacional de Historia Oral y memorias.