Hasil untuk "History"

P. Ginés, E. Quintero, V. Arroyo et al.

D. Ludwig, R. Hilborn, C. Walters

R. Dressler

Ubiratan D’ambrosio

F. Rudolph

John R. Robinson, I. Awad, J. Little

Gérard Prunier

J. Landt

S. Riedel

Y. Assouline-Dayan, Christopher Chang, Christopher Chang et al.

D. Levine

Suzanne Donovan, J. Bransford

A. Carroll

Alessandro Acquisti, H. Varian

The rapid advance in information technology now makes it feasible for sellers to condition their price offers on consumers' prior purchase behavior. In this paper we examine when it is profitable to engage in this form of price discrimination when consumers can adopt strategies to protect their privacy. Our baseline model involves rational consumers with constant valuations for the goods being sold and a monopoly merchant who can commit to a pricing policy. Applying results from the prior literature, we show that although it is feasible to price so as to distinguish high-value and low-value consumers, the merchant will never find it optimal to do so. We then consider various generalizations of this model, such as allowing the seller to offer enhanced services to previous customers, making the merchant unable to commit to a pricing policy, and allowing competition in the marketplace. In these cases we show that sellers will, in general, find it profitable to condition prices on purchase history.

T. Fukami, I. Dickie, J. Paula Wilkie et al.

S. T. Jackson, R. Hobbs

H. Freeman, Rian L. Rodriguez

M. Dehmer, A. Mowshowitz

K. Kocan, J. D. L. Fuente, J. D. L. Fuente et al.

Yihe Wu, Jiayun Nian, Hongxu Liu et al.

Abstract Objective To analyze the regularities and clinical features of sintilimab-related autoimmune myocarditis, and to summarize the differential diagnosis key points between sintilimab-related autoimmune myocarditis and acute myocardial infarction. Methods The case reports about sintilimab-related autoimmune myocarditis were searched on databases from the establishment of the database to April 1st 2024. The relevant medical records were searched on the hospital information system of Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the past 3 years. The case reports and medical records were collected for statistical analysis. Result Twenty three cases were collected including 22 case reports and 1 case record. Most of the sintilimab-related autoimmune myocarditis were in elderly men aged 60–75 years old and occurred between the end of the first dose of treatment to the beginning of the second dose. The symptom was nonspecific such as chest tightness and palpitation, sometimes with symptom of myasthenia as muscle weakness or myositisand as muscle soreness. Elevated cardiac biomarkers and changes in electrocardiogram were common, and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction was rarely seen in echocardiography. 9 cases underwent coronary angiography or computed coronary tomography angiography, and 3 cases underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Conclusion The manifestations of sintilimab-related autoimmune myocarditis are not specific. The medication history and concomitant symptoms are of warning value. Coronary angiography or coronary computed coronary tomography angiography can be helpful when ruling out acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and myocardial biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Cardiac biomarkers and the electrocardiogram can assist in diagnosis and prognosis assessment.