Hasil untuk "Heat"

S. Huxtable, D. Cahill, S. Shenogin et al.

D. Gunn

R. Zeller, R. Pohl

J. Hartnett, T. Irvine, Young I Cho et al.

C. Jolly, R. Morimoto

T. Nguyen, R. White

K. Herold, R. Radermacher, S. Klein

A. Regin, S. Solanki, J. Saini

Lazarus Godson, B. Raja, D. Lal et al.

S. M. You, J. H. Kim, Kyungil Kim

D. Wen, Gui-ping Lin, S. Vafaei et al.

U. Bernabucci, N. Lacetera, L. Baumgard et al.

A. Peier, A. Reeve, D. Andersson et al.

Jungho Kim

S. Kandlikar, Dongqing Li, S. Colin et al.

Y. Çengel

Abduljalil A. Al-abidi, S. Mat, K. Sopian et al.

Shuli Liu, M. Sakr

Brooke G. Anderson, M. Bell, R. Peng

Background: Environmental health research employs a variety of metrics to measure heat exposure, both to directly study the health effects of outdoor temperature and to control for temperature in studies of other environmental exposures, including air pollution. To measure heat exposure, environmental health studies often use heat index, which incorporates both air temperature and moisture. However, the method of calculating heat index varies across environmental studies, which could mean that studies using different algorithms to calculate heat index may not be comparable. Objective and Methods: We investigated 21 separate heat index algorithms found in the literature to determine a) whether different algorithms generate heat index values that are consistent with the theoretical concepts of apparent temperature and b) whether different algorithms generate similar heat index values. Results: Although environmental studies differ in how they calculate heat index values, most studies’ heat index algorithms generate values consistent with apparent temperature. Additionally, most different algorithms generate closely correlated heat index values. However, a few algorithms are potentially problematic, especially in certain weather conditions (e.g., very low relative humidity, cold weather). To aid environmental health researchers, we have created open-source software in R to calculate the heat index using the U.S. National Weather Service’s algorithm. Conclusion: We identified 21 separate heat index algorithms used in environmental research. Our analysis demonstrated that methods to calculate heat index are inconsistent across studies. Careful choice of a heat index algorithm can help ensure reproducible and consistent environmental health research. Citation: Anderson GB, Bell ML, Peng RD. 2013. Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect 121:1111–1119; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206273

Divya Nimma, Okram Ricky Devi, Bibek Laishram et al.

Global warming is a phenomenon whereby the planet's exposure to the sun's radiation worsens from the high emission of gasses believed to trap heat within the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the leading greenhouse gas majorly responsible for global warming and other related issues and is a danger to global society. This one has a particular role in portraying the key importance of the shifting climate that invariably influences water supply and agricultural production. Global warming presents complex challenges to aquatic organisms and stocks and other natural aquatic life resources. This study examines how freshwater and marine species are affected by climate change in aquatic habitats. Aquatic species' metabolism, growth, reproduction, and dispersal are all impacted by rising temperatures and altered water chemistry brought on by increased greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2. The goal is to pinpoint the ecosystems and vulnerable species that are most impacted by these changes and suggest flexible management techniques. The suggested remedies center on creating sustainable conservation strategies that lessen the effects of climate change on aquatic biodiversity and increase these ecosystems' resilience. The socio-economic interdependencies between water and climate change impact agricultural and water resources, and the pressures exerted on water bodies and water supply landscapes. Another area is related to alterations in the physical and chemical properties of the water, such as the temperature, which is a well-known effect of climate change: 'This causes abnormalities in the metabolism and physiology of aquatic species.' These alterations flow through the chain and regime of growth, reproduction, feeding habits and distribution, migration, and mass of fish and other creatures in the water system. However, the long-term effect of climate variation and climate change on freshwater ecosystems requires much scientific investigation to address challenges in aquatic ecosystem conservation and sustainability. This being the case, adaptive management solutions that address the interrelated impacts of climate change have to be applied and implemented to reduce vulnerability in aquatic ecosystems worldwide.