This article is dedicated to the description of the morphological features of the Romanian language of the 16th-17th centuries, using the manuscript Codex Neagoeanus as an example. The subject of the research is a comprehensive morphological analysis of the manuscript monument "Codex Neagoeanus" (ms. rom. 3821, Romanian Academy Library), dated to the beginning of the 17th century. This codex represents a characteristic collection of religious and folk texts (cărți populare) typical for Romanian culture of the 16th-17th centuries, including translations of a popular romance, a didactic treatise, a brief nomocanon, and works of astrological literature. The study focuses on a systematic description and classification of archaic and variable morphological features of the Romanian language recorded in the texts of the codex. Special attention is given to those features that demonstrate the transitional nature of the language of this era, which is at the intersection of the old Latin tradition and the active influence of Slavic languages, as well as the process of establishing future literary norms. The analysis is conducted using material from all significant parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs. The main research method is a comprehensive morphological analysis aimed at identifying and classifying characteristic archaic and innovative elements in the morphological system of the writing monument. Paleographic analysis methods are also employed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the first detailed and systematic linguistic analysis of Codex Neagoeanus, which introduces new factual material into scientific circulation. Key conclusions include the following: the morphological system of the codex is characterized by extreme variability and the absence of a stable norm, which is manifested in the coexistence of archaic (ending -u for masculine nouns, obsolete forms of the perfect tense) and innovative (periphrastic conditional) forms. It has been established that phonetic processes (e.g., diphthong contraction ea) directly influenced verb conjugation paradigms. An important conclusion is the demonstration of the deep integral influence of Slavic languages, expressed not only in lexical borrowings but also in the active use of Slavic word formation models (suffixes -enie, -nie, prefix ne-) to create new words based on Latin and Greek roots. Thus, the codex serves as a vivid testimony to the complex and multifaceted state of the Romanian language in the early period.
Introduction. Due to the influence of Roman mythology, culture, and literature, as well as a result of the emergence of Christianity and its imposition as an official religion in almost all European countries, a huge number of Latin names entered the anthroponymic systems of the languages of Slavia Orthodoxa and Slavia Catholica. The research object of the present study is female personal names, part of the Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovenian and Croatian anthroponymicons, derived from a Neo-Latin anthroponym. To introduce their original etymology, whenever possible, the extralinguistic information regarding their canonisation, as well as the formation patterns of the Slavic anthroponyms from the basic Latin onym, is of great importance in analysing their functioning as part of the contemporary name systems mentioned. Methodology. The main methods used are onomastic data extraction and comparative analysis. The expected results are related to describing the appearance and etymology of the Roman gentile names and their equivalents found in the contemporary South Slavic onomasticon. Results. It may be concluded that their inclusion in the canonical lists of the Catholic or Orthodox Church is usually the main reason for the entry of a given Latin by origin name into one of the studied onomasticons. The total number of female Neo-Latin names included in this study is 542, with 174 equivalents in Bulgarian, 222 in Serbian, 145 in Slovenian, and 441 in Croatian. All of the onyms represent main forms of Slavic personal names with a genuine Latin origin, i.e. they are not derived from a Latinized Greek, Etruscan, Celtic, Germanic, etc. personal name. The anthroponyms investigated are classified according to the type of motivating base/derivative formant. That is why it is important to emphasise that the classification is prepared by following the principles described and applied by the Latin grammatical norm. The onyms excerpted from specialised dictionaries provide valuable information not only about the contemporary state of South Slavic personal name systems, but are also applicable as a useful source of information for verifying the exact orthography of a given anthroponym when included in various texts.
Questo articolo analizza e si propone di evidenziare i gesti e le strategie corporee dell'attore tragico così come gli scoli li descrivono al lettore. Secondo loro, gli attori tragici utilizzavano strategie e schemi che non solo avevano valenze semantiche ma mettevano in gioco anche abilità specifiche per provocare le emozioni degli spettatori. L'articolo si propone di sostenere che gli studiosi ellenistici osservavano le strategie corporee degli artisti senza pregiudizi riguardo al dominio degli attori nel raggiungimento degli effetti tragici. Certamente bisogna tenere conto che queste fonti trattano di rappresentazioni risalenti al V secolo: la memoria dell'erudizione antica rientra nel modo in cui viene considerato il tragico fenomeno. Questo articolo non riguarda le prestazioni ma la sua memoria.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
In the XVIII century, the clergy went through the most important processes related to the formation of the estate; the creation of a system of spiritual education plays an important role in this process. We will look at how the idea of literacy and scholarship as mandatory components of self-image was formed among the clergy, and how the languages included in these ideas have changed over the century. Having analyzed "literacy" and "scholarship" as elements of state regulation of the number of clergy, we will consider the concepts of literacy focused on the Church Slavonic language and literature, and their transformation after the spread of regular seminary "Latin" education. The material of archival documents allows you to see the assessment of the literacy of children of the clergy at admission to the seminary, as well as to understand exactly what skills were included in this assessment. Next, we reconstruct the semantic shift that has been taking place in the attitude of the clergy to seminary education over the course of a century: what kind of learning outcomes did the parents of seminarians expect when sending their children to educational institutions, and how these formulations have changed over the century. The system of spiritual education turns out to be built in such a way as to have priority over home schooling, and Latin is in the focus of attention as the main "filter" that allows separating the "learned" clergy from the "unlearned", i.e. "illiterate. But with the spread of seminary education, the status of "scholarship" begins to be associated no longer with the Latin language, but with less common languages: European (French and German) and "theological" (Greek and Hebrew).
Since the 18th century, when the Whiston brothers translated Moveses Khorenatsi’s “History of Armenia” into Latin, Armenian historiography has attracted the attention of European scholars. Saint-Martin played a great role in the process of the international recognition of Armenian studies, who in the two prefaces of the book «Mémoires historique et géographique sur l'Arménie» (1818) speaks admiringly about the historiography of the 5th century and the Armenian Middle Ages in general. According to him, the importance of Armenian historians is that when talking about ancient times, they usually paid more attention to the events they narrated, tried not to talk about events of little importance, and treated the style of their stories more carefully than Arab and Persian historians. The Armenian historiography of the Golden Age provides important information about the neighboring peoples: Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Georgians, and Caucasian Albanians, often confirming this information by facts from other sources and archaeological excavations. Harlez, an important figure of the French Avestology, notes that with the facts brought by Moveses Khorenatsi and Yeghishe, it is possible to restore the lost parts of the “Avesta”, the sacred book of the Zoroastrian religion. Pavstos Buzand’s “History of Armenia” is a unique source on the history of the Arshakid dynasty of Persia and Armenia. It should not be forgotten that in the Middle Ages Agathangelos’ “History of Armenia” was translated into eight languages. Jean-Pierre Mahe, a prominent French Armenologist of our time, also makes a focus on the international value of Armenian historiography of the Golden Age.
The Romans took over Greek medical knowledge, translating and re-writing Greek books. The greatest Roman scholar was Celsius who is considered a founder of Latin medical terminology. The Latin language lacked the names for many medical notions, especially the terms for pathological conditions, which is why Celsius and others had to translate Greek terms into Latin, while simultaneously using Greek terms in the Greek form. This way the two-fold Latin-Greek medical terminology was founded. The Greek part of the terminology was latinized. Even long after the fall of the Roman Empire, Latin was still the language of communication. Medical terminology based on Latin and Greek has several advantages: it provides continuity between the past and the present as well as continuity inspace; Latin terminology is used all ove the world; the grammatical system and vocabulary of Latin and Greek do not change, therefore; modern terms are still based on these dead languages; it has a practical importance in Medicine – the patient does not understand it and cannot draw adequate conclusions (Bujalková, 2018).The object of the article is the relations between Lithuanian and Latin one-word and compound anatomical terms. The purpose of the article is to reveal the similarities and differences between one-word and compound Englishand Latin anatomical terms by structureof components. To achieve the purpose, the following research tasks are set:to review the evolution of anatomical nomenclature,to compare Englishand Latin one-word and compound anatomical terms according to the diversification of structure of components, to systematize diversification aspects of components of English and Latin terms. The method of theoretical analysis is used to examine scientific literature, the comparative analysis of terms enables systematization and generalization of English andLatin anatomical terms in the resource.
With the appearance in 2020 of a long-awaited second “late antique” instalment of the Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1989– ) and a new, collaborative Cambridge History of Later Latin Literature now at an advanced stage of preparation, there is an opportunity to re-evaluate the possibilities of scholarship in this field. What relation does such “literary” research bear to current, globalizing styles in late antique and first-millennial historical and cultural studies? What is likely to be the impact on it of current trends in the study of classical reception and intertextuality? This essay attempts a preliminary framing of the issues with reference to a largely discredited but still powerful model of the western literary classic, while arguing for hermeneutical continuity between the breakthrough work of Peter Brown’s half-century-old World of Late Antiquity (1971) and the critical-historical role of later ancient (Latin) literary studies.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
<p>Scholarly accounts of sexuality in the ancient world have placed much emphasis on the normative dichotomy of activity and passivity. In the case of female homoeroticism, scholars have focussed largely on the figure of the so-called tribas, a masculinised, aggressively penetrative female who takes the active role in sexual relations with women. My thesis seeks to set out a wider conceptualisation of female homoeroticism that encompasses erotic sensuality between conventionally feminine women. The first chapter surveys previous scholarship on ancient sexuality and gender and on female homoeroticism in particular, examining the difficulties in terminology and methodology inherent in such a project. The second chapter turns to the Callisto episode in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, beginning with the kiss between the huntress Callisto and Jupiter, who is disguised as Callisto’s patron goddess Diana. The Callisto episode contains hints of previous intimacy between Callisto and Diana, and the kiss scene can be read as an erotic interaction between the two, both of whom are portrayed as conventionally feminine rather than tribadic. The third chapter examines several Greek intertexts for the Callisto episode: Callimachus’ hymns to Athena and Artemis, and the story of Leucippus as narrated by Parthenius and Pausanias. These narratives exhibit a similar dynamic to the Callisto episode, in that they eroticise the relationships both between Diana and her companions and amongst those companions. An educated reader of Ovid’s Metamorphoses would plausibly have had these Greek texts in mind, and would thus have been more likely to read the relationship between Diana and Callisto as homoerotic. Finally, the fourth chapter approaches Statius’ Achilleid from the perspective of female homoeroticism, a move without precedent in past scholarship. The relationship between Deidameia and the cross-dressed Achilles engages intertextually with the Callisto episode, presenting another exclusively female-homosocial environment in which homoerotic desires can flourish.</p>
In ancient Greece the war upset the normal life of the poleis, but it also offered merchants a great opportunity to earn money through the provisioning of the fighting armies. Indeed, warring poleis had to offer favourable terms for trade with their armies by limiting as much as possible restrictions and impositions about the sale prices in order to entice the merchants to follow their troops to provide them with what is necessary for the sustenance of soldiers. The food provisioning during war is therefore a further example of how emporoi escaped the control of the polis, forcing it to allow the provisioning of their armies to be secured under free market rules.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
El trabajo se propone explorar la representación del concepto de devenir en De rerum natura de Lucrecio. Los supuestos de la física epicúrea llevan a concebir la naturaleza como una totalidad compuesta y fluctuante de elementos en conflicto. Este aspecto de la filosofía del Jardín es tratado por Lucrecio a través de un conjunto de imágenes en torno a diversas facetas del tema de la navegación y de la guerra. Demostraremos que estas imágenes se articulan en motivos cuyo poder expresivo y de síntesis permite al autor sortear los problemas de indeterminación que supone la representación de la naturaleza de las cosas.
Philology. Linguistics, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Inhalt des Themenheftes
Römertage
Schnupperhefte: „Buddybooks“
Digitale Präsentationen
Perspektiven für den Griechischunterricht
Wettbewerbe
Pro & Contra
Rezensionen
Gedankensplitter
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature, Philology. Linguistics
Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ∓ 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.
The purpose of the research under studies is to reveal the peculiarities of the language policy of Interwar Poland regarding the Ukrainian-speaking population of Eastern Galicia between the two World Wars, as well as to determine the attitude of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) to this issue. The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy has always struggled for its right to keep church records and to issue metric books in Ukrainian. It also upheld the natural persons’ right to have their names and surnames transcribed in compliance with the national tradition, in other words, according to the Ukrainian spelling rules. The above attempts and efforts led to the fact that some Greek-Catholic priests were brought to criminal liability. Based on the analysis of certain normative-legal acts, archive sources and specialized literature, the article under discussion investigates the legislation and judiciary of the Second Polish Republic in the field of language legal relationship. In particular, it carries out a profound analysis of public-legal disputes between the bodies of legislative power on the one hand, and the Greek-Catholic clergy – on the other. The conflict of interests lay in the fact that Polish executive bodies of state power intended to make Greek-Catholic ministers keep parish registers in the Polish language (or Latin), but not in Ukrainian. The Greek-Catholic priests regarded themselves not subject to the jurisdiction of the secular authorities and, consequently, ignored those requirements, which, eventually, resulted in a number of trials. Besides, the article under studies presents the legal position of the prosecutor's office of the Second Polish Republic and that of the Greek-Catholic priests (together with their lawyers) in the above legal conflict.