Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Lei He, Xiaofeng Ma, Yongze Liu et al.

ABSTRACT Bacterial infection‐induced acute sinusitis is prevalent and can easily progress into chronic sinusitis, which is often difficult to treat due to the challenging nature of the site, increased environmental pollution, and bacterial drug resistance prevalent nowadays. To address these challenges, a flexible hydrogel (LM@P/S@CP@Hemin) that involves flexible wood‐modified logs, photoactive conjugated polymers, an immunomodulator, and an immobilization hydrogel was prepared for nasal cavity treatment. The flexible wood‐modified logs provide mechanical strength support. In vitro, experiments verified that the hydrogel could efficiently induce the photothermal effect under near‐infrared‐II laser irradiation after deeply penetrating bone and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to initiate the photodynamic effect for synergetically eliminating bacteria. The introduction of hemin endows LM@P/S@CP@Hemin hydrogel with a strong immunomodulatory effect on macrophages to achieve anti‐inflammation and cellular ROS clearance abilities, which avoids the excessive oxidative stress in the nasal cavity. The results showed that the hydrogel induced an anti‐bacterial effect with a 98.5% inhibition rate against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, hadexcellent clearance ability of excessive ROS, and promoted anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophage generation to relieve inflammation. Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing and mRNA level measurements revealed that the hydrogel could regulate inflammatory‐related genes. In vivo, bacterial infection‐induced acute sinusitis rabbit model experiments and histological analysis further confirmed the great therapeutic effect of LM@P/S@CP@Hemin for acute sinusitis based on photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Therefore, LM@P/S@CP@Hemin is an excellent therapeutic material that can adapt to the nasal environment and treat acute sinusitis.

Antonio Kruljac, Anka Ozana Čavlović

Many materials used in wood industry are considered to have carcinogenic or mutagenic effects, which is a health risk for workers in production. Carcinogenic chemical compounds, apart from causing cancer, also pose a great risk for human health in other terms like respiratory issues, skin irritation, allergic reactions, congenital abnormalities in women, visual impairments, immune system and neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, etc. Carcinogenic pollution in the wood industry is associated with activities related to the emission of wood dust, production of panel materials, drying and steaming of wood, sharpening tools, the activities of handling glues, paints, varnishes, coatings, wood preservatives, exposure to fossil and biofuel exhaust gases, and many others. The purpose of this paper was to present the carcinogenic substances to which workers in the wood industry are professionally exposed, to present previous research and currently valid regulations and protection measures in the EU. By reviewing the sources, it can be concluded that, although legislation often requires clearly defined etiological factors, scientists agree that the understanding of the relationship between occupational exposures and cancer is not yet complete and that occupational carcinogenic factors are considered occupationalexposures if a significant number of workers were exposed to significant levels.

Desanka Lazic, Cornelia Geßner, Katharina J. Liepe et al.

Abstract Local adaptation is key for ecotypic differentiation and species evolution. Understanding underlying genomic patterns can allow the prediction of future maladaptation and ecosystem stability. Here, we report the whole-genome resequencing of 874 individuals from 100 range-wide populations of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), an important forest tree species in Europe. We show that genetic variation closely mirrors geography with a clear pattern of isolation-by-distance. Genome-wide analyses for genotype-environment associations (GEAs) identify relatively few potentially adaptive variants after correcting for an overwhelming signal of statistically significant but non-causal GEAs. We characterize the single high confidence genomic region and pinpoint a candidate gene possibly involved in winter temperature adaptation via modulation of spring phenology. Surprisingly, allelic variation at this locus does not result in any apparent fitness differences in a common garden. More generally, reciprocal transplant experiments across large climate distances suggest extensive phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, we find indications of polygenic adaptation which may be essential in natural ecosystems. This polygenic signal exhibits broad- and fine-scale variation across the landscape, highlighting the relevance of spatial resolution. In summary, our results emphasize the importance, but also exemplify the complexity, of employing natural genetic variation for forest conservation under climate change.

Zhimin Liu, Quanlai Zhou, Qun Ma et al.

Changes in grassland soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) may significantly affect the regional climate and carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. However, how the impact of climate factors on SOCS and the dominant climate factors are regulated by the area scale of grasslands remains unclear. To understand the scale effects of climate on SOCS and how to accurately estimate SOCS at different scales, three area scales were defined by extending grassland types on the basis of meadow, typical and desert grasslands (Scale I (average area 37.22 × 104 km2) included each of these three types of grasslands, Scale II (average area 74.45 × 104 km2) was achieved by a pairwise combination of these three types of grasslands. Scale III (area 111.67 × 104 km2) was an aggregate of these three types of grasslands), the relationship between climate factors (i.e., mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, mean annual ground temperature, mean annual humidity, annual sunshine duration, annual maximum depth of accumulated snow, and the number of snow-covered days) and SOCS at the three scales were explored in the grasslands of northern China. Our results indicated that the total SOCS in grasslands at the three scales was ordered as desert grassland < meadow grassland < typical grassland. Of the nine climate factors, mean annual precipitation, positively correlated with SOCS, was the most significant climatic factor for all three scales. The dominant climatic factors of the SOCS differed across grassland area scales (i.e., MAP and MAH for meadow grassland, AMAT, MAP, NSD, and MAH for typical grassland, MAP, NSD, MAH, AMAT, and ASD for meadow-typical grassland scale, MAP, MAT, and MAGT for typical-desert grassland scale, MAP and MAT for meadow-typical-desert grassland scale). The impact of climate factors on the SOCS decreased as the scale increased. It is essential to screen appropriate climate predictors according to a given area scale when assessing regional SOCS. Multiple climate factors are better predictors for accessing SOCS at a small scale. At a large scale, however, dominant climatic factors are predictors that are more efficient.

Yinhao Tong, Zhaocheng Wang, Duxin Gong et al.

This study focused on 6-year-old ‘Pawnee’ pecan trees to elucidate the differential responses of physicochemical properties of orchard soil and pecan fruit quality when combining chemical and organic fertilizers. The aim was to unveil the mechanisms that underlie the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility, soil enzyme activities, and pecan fruit quality. Four treatments were established: sole chemical fertilizer (CF; N:P₂O₅:K₂O is 15:15:15), chemical fertilizer combined with cake fertilizer (CF+CC), chemical fertilizer combined with manure fertilizer (CF+M), and chemical fertilizer combined with cake and manure fertilizer (CF+CC+M). Measurements were taken to assess the soil nutrient content, soil enzyme activities, and fruit growth quality in some orchards under different fertilization treatments. The results revealed that the combined application could increase yield and enhance pecan quality. Among these, the CF+M+CC treatment demonstrated the most favorable outcomes, with the pecan kernel oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents reaching 72.33% and 97.54%, respectively. The combined fertilization treatments had no significant impacts on soil trace elements such as Mg, Cu, and Mn; however, it significantly increased the Available Phosphorus (AP), Total Nitrogen (TN), Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and S-ACP (soil acid phosphatase) activities. In summary, the combined application of chemical and organic fertilizers can significantly increase the soil nutrient content and enzyme activities in pecan orchards, to promote the enhancement of fruit quality and economic aspects.

Allesandra Stratigakis, Dylan Paty, Peng Zou et al.

The development of an effective method for predicting the transfer of biologics from plasma into breast milk is important to ensure the safe use of medications during lactation. The aim of this study was to develop a regression model that could predict the transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins from plasma into breast milk. By searching various databases, a list of eleven mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins with available information of presence in the breast milk was generated. Physicochemical properties such as the isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), dissociation constant (Kd), and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters such as clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life (T1/2) were collected or calculated. A two-variable non-linear regression analysis and a multivariate regression analysis were employed to establish correlation of milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratios with different combinations of two physicochemical properties. The 3D isoelectric point (pI) of the Fv region and the buried surface area (BSA) between the light and heavy chains (LC_HC) were two factors that emerged as a promising predictor of the milk-to-plasma concentration ratio (M/P). The correlation between M/P ratio, 3D pI of Fv region, and BSA_LC_HC was found to be good with R2 of 0.9058. Other combinations of the physicochemical properties did not show a statistically significant correlation. The multivariate regression model was used to predict the MP ratios for 79 different mAbs. We believe that this regression model could serve as a valuable tool to estimate the M/P ratios of mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins. Further model validation is necessary when the M/P ratios of additional biologics are available. This could inform clinical decision-making and improve the safety of large molecule drug use during lactation.

Xuan-Shao Liu, Jing-Fang Cai, Lin Liu et al.

Introduction Propagule pressure (i.e., the number of propagules) has long been recognized to play an essential role in plant invasion. But it is not clear whether propagule pressure influences the invasion of exotic plants into native plant communities when different frequencies of nitrogen are added.Method We established an experiment with three plant communities that included native plant communities alone (four grasses, two legumes and two forbs) or native plant communities with one or five invasive plants, Solidago canadensis, under three frequencies of nitrogen addition (no addition or low or high addition with the same amount).Results High propagule pressure significantly enhanced the biomass and relative dominance index of S. canadensis. Moreover, high propagule pressure only decreased the total and aboveground biomass of the legumes. However, the competitive effect between S. canadensis and the native community and biomass of the whole native community varied according to different frequencies.Conclusion Overall, high propagule pressure encouraged invasion by S. canadensis, while alow nitrogen frequency was advantageous for the native community to resist invasion in this experiment. The results provide a scientific basis to manage and control the invasion of S. canadensis.

Zhun Cheng, Huadong Zhou, Zhixiong Lu

To build a more accurate motor efficiency model with a strong generalization ability in order to evaluate and improve the efficiency characteristics of electric vehicles, this paper researches motor efficiency modeling based on the bench tests of two motor efficiencies with differently rated powers. This paper compares and analyzes three motor efficiency modeling methods and finds that, when the measured values in motor efficiency tests are insufficient, the bilinear interpolation method and radial basis kernel function neural networks have poor generalization abilities in full working conditions, and the precision of polynomial regression is limited. On this basis, this paper proposes a new modeling method combining correlation analysis, polynomial regression, and an improved simulated annealing (I-SA) algorithm. Using the mean and the standard deviation of the mean absolute percentage error of the 5-fold Cross Validation (CV) of 100 random tests as the evaluation indices of the precision of the motor efficiency model, and based on the motor efficiency models with verified precision, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the full vehicle efficiency of electric tractors of three types of drive in five working conditions. Research results show that the proposed novel method has a high modeling precision of motor efficiency; tractors with a dual motor coupling drive system have optimal economic performance.

Daniel Assefa Tofu, Kebede Wolka, Teshale Woldeamanuel

Abstract Energy is a key factor in the economic development. Currently, however, millions of people across the world suffer from energy poverty, having little or no access to energy for cooking, lighting, heating, cooling, or using information and communication technologies. Objective of this study was to investigate the domestic energy sources for households and the impact of biomass use as a source of energy on the environment and food insecurity in the drought-affected northern highlands of Ethiopia. A total of 398 household heads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, whereas 16 focus group discussions and 12 key informant interviews were conducted. Descriptive data analysis techniques were used to analyze quantitative data while content analysis methods were used to analyze qualitative data. The use of traditional biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal, crop residue, animal dung, and biomass residue that can be combusted were prevalent in the area, which aggravated the degradation of agricultural lands. As commented by the majority of respondents, the move towards the adoption of modern energy sources was not common due to finance (98%), access (97%), durability (97%) and lack of awareness (93%). The findings showed that land degradation has been severe to the extent that no grain yield can be collected from crop production. As a result, people were exposed to both chronic and transitory food insecurity, and hence the majority of people make their living on food aid. In food-insecure areas, relying on biomass energy could increase land degradation or retard the speed of land restoration, which adversely affects agricultural production and food security. Investing in alternative energy technologies can improve the environment, food security, and people’s health.

Peng Deng, Xiangchen Xie, Feiyu Long et al.

<i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver (EUO), an economic tree grown specifically in China, is widely used in various fields. To satisfy the requirements of industrial development, superior varieties need to be selected for different uses. However, there is no unified standard for breeders to reference. In this study, leaf-related traits were classified by a probability grading method. The results indicated there were significant differences between different planting models for the studied traits, and the traits in the Arbor forest model showed more abundant variation. Compared with genotype, the planting model accounted for relatively bigger variance, indicating that the standard should be divided according to planting models. Furthermore, the optimum planting model for different traits would be obtained by analyzing the variation range. Association analyses were conducted among traits to select the crucial evaluation indexes. The indexes were divided into three grades in different planting models. The evaluation system on leaf-related traits of EUO germplasm was established preliminarily, which considered planting models and stability across years for the first time. It can be treated as a reference to identify and evaluate EUO germplasm resources. Additionally, the study served as an example for the classification of quantitative traits in other economically important perennial plants.

Katie M. Moriarty, Joel Thompson, Matthew Delheimer et al.

Background Many mammalian species have experienced range contractions. Following a reduction in distribution that has resulted in apparently small and disjunct populations, the Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis) was recently designated as federally Threatened and state Endangered. This subspecies of Pacific marten occurring in coastal Oregon and northern California, also known as coastal martens, appear unlike martens that occur in snow-associated regions in that vegetation associations appear to differ widely between Humboldt marten populations. We expected current distributions represent realized niches, but estimating factors associated with long-term occurrence was challenging for this rare and little-known species. Here, we assessed the predicted contemporary distribution of Humboldt martens and interpret our findings as hypotheses correlated with the subspecies’ niche to inform strategic conservation actions. Methods We modeled Humboldt marten distribution using a maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. We spatially-thinned 10,229 marten locations collected from 1996–2020 by applying a minimum distance of 500-m between locations, resulting in 384 locations used to assess correlations of marten occurrence with biotic and abiotic variables. We independently optimized the spatial scale of each variable and focused development of model variables on biotic associations (e.g., hypothesized relationships with forest conditions), given that abiotic factors such as precipitation are largely static and not alterable within a management context. Results Humboldt marten locations were positively associated with increased shrub cover (salal (Gautheria shallon)), mast producing trees (e.g., tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus), increased pine (Pinus sp.) proportion of total basal area, annual precipitation at home-range spatial scales, low and high amounts of canopy cover and slope, and cooler August temperatures. Unlike other recent literature, we found little evidence that Humboldt martens were associated with old-growth structural indices. This case study provides an example of how limited information on rare or lesser-known species can lead to differing interpretations, emphasizing the need for study-level replication in ecology. Humboldt marten conservation would benefit from continued survey effort to clarify range extent, population sizes, and fine-scale habitat use.

Rashid Iqbal, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, Mohammad Valipour et al.

Abstract Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in elevated global temperature over the years consequently disturbing the balance of agro-ecological systems worldwide. Therefore, new eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable food production are needed. Mulching could potentially serve the purpose by reducing soil evaporation, conserving moisture, controlling soil temperature, reducing weed growth, and improving microbial activities. Additionally, mulches could provide economical, aesthetic, and environmental advantages to agriculture and landscape. Moreover, in the restoration sites, mulches are widely used for the plantation of trees which need no significant care. Mulches combat with different stress conditions in agricultural lands as well as in landscapes. This review paper focuses on multiple significant impacts of mulches for the production and establishment of different crops in nature. Mulches conserve the soil moisture, enhance the nutrients status of soil, control the erosion losses, suppress the weeds in crop plants, and remove the residual effects of pesticides, fertilizers, and heavy metals. Mulches improve the aesthetic value of landscapes and economic value of crops. This paper also describes some problems associated with various mulch materials. There are contradictions about mulching materials as some researchers favor mulches and others have denoted some concerns. The selection of mulching material is important with respect to crop type, management practices, and climatic conditions. The appropriate mulching technique could provide the aforementioned benefits to the agro-ecological systems. Therefore, the impacts of low-cost, eco-friendly, and biodegradable mulching materials on soil microbes, nutrient balance, plant growth, and soil erosion should be explored in the future.

Hikmet Yazıcı, İ̇smail Özlüsoylu

In this study, the effect of the accelerated weathering process on some surface properties of heat-treated sweet bay wood (Laurus nobilis L.) was investigated. Wood samples were heat-treated at 160 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃and 210 ℃ for 2 hours. After heat treatment, weight loss, color, glossiness, and surface roughness values of the samples were determined. Accelerated weathering was applied for 8 hours UV, 15 minutes water spray and 3 hours and 45 minutes conditioning. The changes in surface properties were determined by measurements taken before weathering (0 hours) and after weathering (100, 250 and 500 hours). The results obtained showed that there was a significant increase in weight loss by increasing the heat treatment temperature to 210 ℃. With the effect of heat treatment, there was a decrease in the glossiness and roughness values, and the total color change and surface roughness increased with the increased heat treatment temperature. As the weathering time increased, the graying on the surfaces increased, and a 25% increase was observed in the 60° glossiness value.

Giacomo Grassi, Roberto Pilli, Jo House et al.

Abstract Background The credibility and effectiveness of country climate targets under the Paris Agreement requires that, in all greenhouse gas (GHG) sectors, the accounted mitigation outcomes reflect genuine deviations from the type and magnitude of activities generating emissions in the base year or baseline. This is challenging for the forestry sector, as the future net emissions can change irrespective of actual management activities, because of age-related stand dynamics resulting from past management and natural disturbances. The solution implemented under the Kyoto Protocol (2013–2020) was accounting mitigation as deviation from a projected (forward-looking) “forest reference level”, which considered the age-related dynamics but also allowed including the assumed future implementation of approved policies. This caused controversies, as unverifiable counterfactual scenarios with inflated future harvest could lead to credits where no change in management has actually occurred, or conversely, failing to reflect in the accounts a policy-driven increase in net emissions. Instead, here we describe an approach to set reference levels based on the projected continuation of documented historical forest management practice, i.e. reflecting age-related dynamics but not the future impact of policies. We illustrate a possible method to implement this approach at the level of the European Union (EU) using the Carbon Budget Model. Results Using EU country data, we show that forest sinks between 2013 and 2016 were greater than that assumed in the 2013–2020 EU reference level under the Kyoto Protocol, which would lead to credits of 110–120 Mt CO2/year (capped at 70–80 Mt CO2/year, equivalent to 1.3% of 1990 EU total emissions). By modelling the continuation of management practice documented historically (2000–2009), we show that these credits are mostly due to the inclusion in the reference levels of policy-assumed harvest increases that never materialized. With our proposed approach, harvest is expected to increase (12% in 2030 at EU-level, relative to 2000–2009), but more slowly than in current forest reference levels, and only because of age-related dynamics, i.e. increased growing stocks in maturing forests. Conclusions Our science-based approach, compatible with the EU post-2020 climate legislation, helps to ensure that only genuine deviations from the continuation of historically documented forest management practices are accounted toward climate targets, therefore enhancing the consistency and comparability across GHG sectors. It provides flexibility for countries to increase harvest in future reference levels when justified by age-related dynamics. It offers a policy-neutral solution to the polarized debate on forest accounting (especially on bioenergy) and supports the credibility of forest sector mitigation under the Paris Agreement.

Binxing Zhou, Cunqiang Ma, Hongzhen Wang et al.

Abstract Background Pu-erh tea is a traditional Chinese tea and produced by natural solid-state fermentation. Several studies show that the natural microbiota influence caffeine level in pu-erh tea. Our previous research also found that the caffeine declined significantly (p < 0.05) in the fermentation, which suggested that the caffeine level could be influenced by specific strains. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms for caffeine degradation, and this research explored the degradation products from caffeine and optimal condition for caffeine degradation. Results 11 Fungi were isolated from pu-erh tea fermentation and 7 strains could survive in caffeine solid medium. Two superior strains were identified as Aspergillus niger NCBT110A and Aspergillus sydowii NRRL250 by molecular identification. In the substrate tests with caffeine, A. niger NCBT110A could use caffeine as a potential carbon source while glucose is absent, A. sydowii NRRL250 could degrade 600 mg/L caffeine completely in a liquid medium. During the degradation product analysis of A. sydowii NRRL250, theophylline and 3-methlxanthine were detected, and the level of theophylline and 3-methlxanthine increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the degradation of caffeine. The single factor analysis showed that the optimum conditions of caffeine degradation were 1) substrate concentration of 1200 mg/L, 2) reaction temperature at 30 °C, and 3) pH of 6. In the submerged fermentation of tea infusion by A. sydowii NRRL250, 985.1 mg/L of caffeine was degraded, and 501.2 mg/L of theophylline was produced. Conclusions Results from this research indicate that Aspergillus sydowii NRRL250 was an effective strain to degrade caffeine. And theophylline and 3-methlxanthine were the main caffeine degradation products.

E. O. Salo, T. Cundy

M. Common, P. Johansson, K. Löfgren

Teresa Duque Enes, Teresa Fidalgo Fonseca

<p><em>Aim of the study: </em>The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of Biomass Conversion and Expansion Factors (BCEFs) in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands subjected to thinning.</p><p><em>Area of the study: </em>The study area refers to different ecosystems of maritime pine stands inNorthern Portugal.</p><p><em>Material and methods:</em> The study is supported by time data series and cross sectional data collected in permanent plots established in the North of Portugal. An assessment of BCEF values for the aboveground compartments and for total was completed for each studied stand. Identification of key variables affecting the value of the BCEFs in time and with thinning was conducted using correlation analysis. Predictive models for estimation of the BCEFs values in time and after thinning were developed using nonlinear regression analysis.</p><p><em>Research highlights:</em> For periods of undisturbed growth, the results show an allometric relationship between the BCEFs, the dominant height and the mean diameter. Management practices such as thinning also influence the factors. Estimates of the ratio change before and after thinning depend on thinning severity and thinning type. The developed models allow estimating the biomass of the stands, for the aboveground compartments and for total, based on information of stand characteristics and of thinning descriptors. These estimates can be used to assess the forest dry wood stocks to be used for pulp, bioenergy or other purposes, as well as the biomass quantification to support the evaluation of the net primary productivity.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> carbon; softwood; thinning;<strong> </strong>volume; wood energy; maritime pine.<em></em></p>

Jenny Sartika Sihotang, Christine Wulandari, Susni Herwanti

Attraction Waterfall Way Lalaan is one form of environmental services are less developed but has significant economic potential if managed properly. It is therefore necessary to study with the aim of determining the value of the waterfall attraction Way Lalaan visitor characteristics and determine the effect on travel expenses. Benefits of the research results are used as consideration in future management of this attraction. The study was conducted in March-April 2013 with as many as 96 respondents with direct interviews with travel costs were proxied visitors. Determination results of visitor travel expenses will be tested using multiple linear analysis with Minitab 16 software.The results showed the cost of travel for visitors Rp.16.284.500/orang/kali visit. The average cost of a trip Rp.203.104 person / visit. Recreational value of Rp. 487 449 600/year. Variables outside the province, age and marital status simultaneously have a real influence on the cost of the trip. The value of the standard deviation (S) is Rp.151.589. The amount of influence the dependent variables simultaneously (R-Sq) was 61.9% and R-Sq (adj) which means the amount fluctuates depending on the variables influence the correlation of independent variables were added to a dependent variable is equal to 54.8%, while 45.2 % influenced by other variables.

Hatira TAŞKIN

<p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This study was conducted at the Horticulture Department of Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, in 2010 to determine the volatile aroma compounds of </span><em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;">Morchella </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">mushroom. Fresh samples of </span><em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;">Morchella esculenta </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Sample 1) and </span><em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;">Morchella elata </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Garamond Premr Pro,Garamond Premr Pro; font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Sample 2) were collected from Çanakkale (Sample 1) and Mersin (Sample 2) provinces in Turkey in the spring of 2010. Volatile aroma compounds were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). A total of 31 aroma compounds were identified in the 2 analyzed samples: 7 alcohols, 7 esters, 7 ketones, 3 acids, 2 aldehydes, 1 terpene, phenol, 1-propanamine, geranyl linalool, and quinoline. Seventeen aroma components were identified in Sample 1, and 18 compounds were found in Sample 2. Phenol was determined as the major aroma compound in both Sample 1 and Sample 2, at 50.888% and 58.293% content, respectively. Alcohols, especially 1-octen-3-ol, were detected as the second major aroma components in Sample 1 and Sample 2, at 15.500% and 5.660% content, respectively. Carbamic acid, methyl ester was found only in Sample 1, at 11.379% content. The aroma components detected in the two samples differed. 1-Octadecanol; cyclooctylalcohol; trans-2-undecen-1-ol; butanoic acid, butyl ester (CAS); carbamic acid, methyl ester; 2-ethylhexyl-2-ethylhexanoate; phthalic acid, decyl isobutyl ester; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; decanal; nonanal; 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4.5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione; 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); and trans-alpha-bisabolene were detected only in Sample 1. Ethanol; silanediol, 2-methylaminoethanol; L-alanine, ethyl ester; carbonic acid, dodecyl isobutyl ester; acetic acid; butanoic acid; 2,3,4H-pyran-4-one; 5,9-undecadien-2-one; cyclooctene; 2-cyclopenten-1-one; 1-propanamine; geranyl linalool; and quinoline were determined only in Sample 2.</span></p>