Hasil untuk "Environmental effects of industries and plants"

Marina Tumolo, V. Ancona, Domenico De Paola et al.

Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology.

N. Oulahal, P. Degraeve

In recent years, the search for natural plant-based antimicrobial compounds as alternatives to some synthetic food preservatives or biocides has been stimulated by sanitary, environmental, regulatory, and marketing concerns. In this context, besides their established antioxidant activity, the antimicrobial activity of many plant phenolics deserved increased attention. Indeed, industries processing agricultural plants generate considerable quantities of phenolic-rich products and by-products, which could be valuable natural sources of natural antimicrobial molecules. Plant extracts containing volatile (e.g., essential oils) and non-volatile antimicrobial molecules can be distinguished. Plant essential oils are outside the scope of this review. This review will thus provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the promises and the limits of phenolic-rich plant extracts for food preservation and biofilm control on food-contacting surfaces. After a presentation of the major groups of antimicrobial plant phenolics, of their antimicrobial activity spectrum, and of the diversity of their mechanisms of action, their most promising sources will be reviewed. Since antimicrobial activity reduction often observed when comparing in vitro and in situ activities of plant phenolics has often been reported as a limit for their application, the effects of the composition and the microstructure of the matrices in which unwanted microorganisms are present (e.g., food and/or microbial biofilms) on their activity will be discussed. Then, the different strategies of delivery of antimicrobial phenolics to promote their activity in such matrices, such as their encapsulation or their association with edible coatings or food packaging materials are presented. The possibilities offered by encapsulation or association with polymers of packaging materials or coatings to increase the stability and ease of use of plant phenolics before their application, as well as to get systems for their controlled release are presented and discussed. Finally, the necessity to consider phenolic-rich antimicrobial plant extracts in combination with other factors consistently with hurdle technology principles will be discussed. For instance, several authors recently suggested that natural phenolic-rich extracts could not only extend the shelf-life of foods by controlling bacterial contamination, but could also coexist with probiotic lactic acid bacteria in food systems to provide enhanced health benefits to human.

Y. Oyebamiji, Basit Akolade Adigun, N. Shamsudin et al.

In recent years, the progressive escalation of climate change scenarios has emerged as a significant global concern. The threat to global food security posed by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, waterlogging, temperature stress (heat stress, freezing, and chilling), and high heavy metal accumulation is substantial. The implementation of any of these stresses on agricultural land induces modifications in the morphological, biochemical, and physiological processes of plants, leading to diminished rates of germination, growth, photosynthesis, respiration, hormone and enzyme activity disruption, heightened oxidative stress, and ultimately, a reduction in crop productivity. It is anticipated that the frequency of these stresses will progressively escalate in the future as a result of a rise in climate change events. Therefore, it is crucial to develop productive strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of these challenges on the agriculture industry and improve crop resilience and yield. Diverse strategies have been implemented, including the development of cultivars that are resistant to climate change through the application of both conventional and modern breeding techniques. An additional application of the prospective and emerging technology of speed breeding is the acceleration of tolerance cultivar development. Additionally, plant growth regulators, osmoprotectants, nutrient and water management, planting time, seed priming, microbial seed treatment, and arbuscular mycorrhiza are regarded as effective methods for mitigating abiotic stresses. The application of biochar, kaolin, chitosan, superabsorbent, yeast extract, and seaweed extract are examples of promising and environmentally benign agronomic techniques that have been shown to mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses on crops; however, their exact mechanisms are still not yet fully understood. Hence, collaboration among researchers should be intensified to fully elucidate the mechanisms involved in the action of the emerging technologies. This review provides a comprehensive and current compilation of scientific information on emerging and current trends, along with innovative strategies to enhance agricultural productivity under abiotic stress conditions.

Gracie C. Kroos, Kristen Fernandes, Philip Seddon et al.

ABSTRACT Bennett's wallabies Notamacropus rufogriseus , introduced to New Zealand from Australia in the late 1800s, strongly exemplify the detection challenges posed by invasive terrestrial species that are rare, cryptic, and highly mobile. Across their invasive range, N. rufogriseus occupy large landscapes at low densities, making their surveillance challenging. Recent research has demonstrated that airborne environmental DNA (eDNA) can rapidly identify terrestrial vertebrate diversity in an area. Leveraging these findings, we investigate the utility of airborne eDNA for the targeted monitoring of N. rufogriseus , using a novel, probe‐based quantitative PCR assay. The effects of filtration material, collection method (active versus passive), distance from the source, and environmental conditions were examined for their effects on airborne detection probability, using a captive population of wallabies in a controlled park setting. A total of 110 airborne samples were collected, 55 with active (battery‐powered fan) samplers and 55 passive (nonpowered) samplers, across six distinct experimental periods at distances of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 m from the closest known source of wallaby DNA. Filters designed to capture coarse particles (> 10 μm) significantly improved detection rates and DNA recovery for actively collected samples, compared to filters targeting finer particles (1–10 μm). Active samplers significantly outperformed passive samplers in overall detection rates, particularly at shorter ranges from the target. Distance from the source had a significant negative effect on detection probability. Detection rates declined sharply beyond 10 m but remained possible up to 1 km from the source for both collection methods. These findings demonstrate that airborne eDNA can detect terrestrial vertebrate species at ecologically relevant distances, supporting its potential for landscape‐scale surveillance. Notably, these results underscore the importance of optimizing sampler design when applying airborne eDNA for targeted species monitoring.

Mohammad Afdhal Adidharma, Nurul Mu’min Z, Adam Santrio et al.

The exploitation of small islands (area less than 2000 km²) for mining activities can negatively impact vegetation conditions, as observed on Manuran Island in West Papua Province. This study aimed to assess the environmental impact of mining on Manuran Island by analyzing spatial and temporal changes in vegetation indices using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method to classify land cover using Landsat 7 ETM satellite imagery and Landsat 8 OLI imagery. The NDVI classification grouped four land cover types: non-vegetation, open soil, sparse vegetation, and moderate vegetation. The analysis revealed a significant increase in non-vegetation land cover from 2002 to 2015, indicating a direct impact from mining activities. However, between 2015 and 2025, the area classified as non-vegetation tended to decrease gradually. Conversely, open soil and sparse vegetation experienced a notable decline from 2002 to 2015, followed by a minor decrease in the subsequent period. In contrast, moderate vegetation steadily increased from 2002 to 2025, suggesting a recovery process in the vegetation. To accelerate the environmental and vegetation recovery process, several revegetation strategies, including reclamation, selection of native and pioneer species, and soil improvement techniques, are recommended. The findings of this study suggest that the reduction in mining activity intensity on Manuran Island has contributed positively to ecosystem recovery and that direct interventions are needed to accelerate environmental recovery.

Meng Xu, Zhijin Li, Xiao Guo et al.

Binary black hole (BBH) systems residing in the centers of galaxies evolve within complex astrophysical environments. These environments, comprising dark matter (DM) halos and baryonic accretion disks, can significantly alter the orbital dynamics of the binaries and their resulting gravitational wave (GW) emission. In this study, we investigate the dynamical evolution and GW waveforms of BBH systems embedded in the centers of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). We construct a comprehensive analytical framework that jointly incorporates GW radiation reaction, DM spike effects (including dynamical friction and accretion, derived from the Navarro-Frenk-White profile), and accretion disk perturbations. Using this framework, we track the long-term evolution of the binary's semi-latus rectum $p$ and orbital eccentricity $e$. Our simulations reveal that the coexistence of a DM spike and an accretion disk significantly accelerates the inspiral process compared to pure DM or vacuum scenarios. Crucially, to assess the observability of these environmental effects, we calculate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and waveform Mismatch for future Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). Our analysis demonstrates that these systems can achieve robust detectability thresholds ($\text{SNR} \ge 8$) within specific parameter spaces. Furthermore, the substantial Mismatch (reaching $\sim 0.7$ over a 20-year observation in the LMC scenario) indicates that the phase deviations induced by these environmental effects are highly distinguishable from vacuum templates. These findings predict the prospect of using future GW detections to probe complex galactic environments.

N. Ahmed, A. Straub, M. Ali

Abdikadir Ahmed Mohamed, Abdi Majid Yusuf Ibey, Abdikani Salah Abdulle et al.

Private consumption remains a central yet underexplored outcome in the intersection of climate change, conflict, and macroeconomic dynamics especially in contexts marked by persistent volatility. Somalia presents a compelling case, where prolonged exposure to climate shocks, economic instability, and political conflict deeply influence household behavior. This study investigates the effect of temperature, drought (captured via the Standardized Precipitation Index), CO2 emissions, inflation, conflict, and GDP per capita on private consumption in Somalia over 1970–2023. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality analysis, the research uncovers nuanced dynamics between explanatory variables and consumption. Cointegration is confirmed (bounds F = 4.81), with a stable adjustment back to equilibrium (ECM = −0.066), implying ∼6.6 % correction per year. Results show that temperature and CO2 emissions are positively associated with consumption in the long run (≈+7.41 and + 1.81, respectively), while inflation erodes it (≈−0.75). Drought exerts a short-run negative effect (≈−0.06) but turns positive over time (≈+1.12), reflecting forced adjustments such as asset sales, displacement, and aid dependency. Conflict, too, exhibits a counterintuitive long-run positive association (≈+1.34), driven not by welfare gains but by shifts in spending patterns, remittance inflows, and humanitarian support. By integrating climatic, socio-political, and economic variables in a long-horizon empirical framework, this study provides novel insights into the complex and often paradoxical ways stressors shape household-level consumption. The findings inform targeted policies that reflect local realities while supporting economic resilience in highly exposed contexts like Somalia.

Ian Vázquez-Rowe, Patricia Mogrovejo, Eizo Muñoz-Sovero et al.

Limited studies have been conducted in Latin America related to the environmental profile of cocoa and chocolate production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The current study conducts a cradle-to-gate LCA of the production of organic chocolate products in Peru, considering cocoa cultivation practices by a group of 21 female producers located in central Peru in the year 2022. Data were collected on-site at cultivation sites and processing plant using questionnaires with the technical staff. Beyond fossil and biogenic emissions linked to cultivation, transport of dried cocoa, and manufacturing activities at the chocolate producing plant, carbon capture on fields by cocoa and shading trees was modeled and included in the carbon balance. A total of 8 impact categories were selected, considering different environmental compartments. Results for global warming using the main scenario show a range of values from 4.33 kg CO2eq per kilogram of final chocolate product to 4.88 kg CO2eq. Most impacts are derived from the production of dry cocoa beans and, to a lesser extent, upstream sugarcane production. However, important differences were evident when the individual cocoa producers were analyzed, with agroforestry systems presenting lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than cocoa monocrops. Regarding water scarcity, the activities at the chocolate processing plant were found to contribute more than water use at the cocoa cultivation sites. For other impact categories, toxicity emissions at the cultivation site were relatively low given the organic characteristics of the fields, which do not use conventional pesticides. The post-harvest management of the cocoa pods (i.e., composting) is a critical source of GHG emissions. Hence, adequate composting conditions maintain methane emissions low, but direct return of the pods to the field can generate a substantial increase in GHG emissions. Carbon sequestration from above ground biomass, mainly from shading and cocoa trees, appears to mitigate an important fraction of these emissions if shading is homogeneous and sufficiently dense across the fields.

Huaqing Liu, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao

Globally, vegetation establishment is an important approach for controlling soil erosion, which induces land degradation. However, the understanding of the effects of tree species diversity on soil erodibility across spatial scales remains incomplete. This study employed the Universal Soil Loss Equation model to quantify soil erodibility and aligned it with tree species diversity data obtained from the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative database. Our findings revealed a global decrease in soil erodibility with increases in tree species diversity, though this relationship varies among biomes and ecoregions. Specifically, soil erodibility decreased with increasing tree species diversity in 6 of the 11 biomes and 54.90% of the ecoregions analyzed. Comprehensive analyses revealed that increased productivity, NDVI, and basal area mediated this reduction in erodibility across both groups. In ecoregions where tree species diversity was negatively correlated with soil erodibility, lower precipitation during the driest month and quarter, higher precipitation seasonality, lower silt content, and higher elevation were observed compared with those of the ecoregions with positive correlations between tree species diversity and soil erodibility. Among ecoregions characterized by clay content > 18.3% and silt content < 40%, 79.55% exhibited a reduction in soil erodibility as tree species diversity increased. These findings highlight the inherent spatial variability and mechanistic complexity of biodiversity-soil erodibility relationships, underscoring the need for targeted, soil-specific restoration strategies.

Ebaidalla M. Ebaidalla, Sana Abusin, Asma H. Malkawi et al.

Despite the global transition to green transportation, the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles (E&HVs) in Qatar remains limited. This study examines the factors influencing youth intentions to buy E&HVs, employing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and assessing the mediating roles of moral norms and environmental concern. The analysis used partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships, and applied covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) to validate robustness. The results reveal that attitude (β = 0.376), subjective norms (β = 0.255), and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.242) have significant direct effects on the intention to purchase E&HVs. In contrast, moral norms and environmental concern do not exhibit significant direct effects. Instead, moral norms exert indirect effects through all TPB constructs at the 1 % significance level, whereas environmental concern influences purchase intention indirectly via attitude (β = 0.073). The findings contribute to the TPB literature by highlighting how social and ecological values influence pro-environmental behavior in a resource-rich, high-income setting. The study recommends that policymakers should leverage social influence, enhance perceived behavioral control through infrastructure and financial incentives, and emphasize the ethical and environmental benefits of E&HVs to promote their adoption among youth in Qatar.

Shaiyan Siddique, Vivek Arulnathan, Ian Turner et al.

Food waste is a major sustainability challenge in modern society. Livestock production also presents core sustainability challenges, notably due to its demand for feed inputs and associated impacts. Directly valorizing food waste to livestock feed at a commercial scale has hence emerged as a potential strategy to solve both problems. However, case studies of such systems are limited, particularly in western countries, representing an important knowledge gap. This study reports a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of a commercial-scale grocery waste-to-poultry feed input production system based in Pennsylvania, and the use of the resultant feed product for egg production in Canada. Findings for the valorized input product system showed a net environmental benefit for climate change and eutrophication impact categories due to avoided landfill emissions when no landfill gas collection is assumed. Using feed containing 5 % valorized product in egg production reduced the life cycle environmental impacts of conventional Canadian eggs in 10 out of 11 impact categories, including a 17 % impact reduction in climate change at the 20-year horizon. However, fossil fuel depletion saw a 57 % increase in impacts, due to process and technical inefficiencies in the studied product system and Pennsylvania's reliance on fossil fuel for electricity production. Contribution, scenarios, and sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of utilizing green energy sources, along with efficient transportation and substrate drying technologies. The study also highlighted the need for further research to optimize the inclusion rate of the valorized product in poultry feeds, and better resolved regional, infrastructural, and logistical contexts.

Dewi Hidayati, Rifqi Aldrian Abrar Syauqa, Dian Saptarini, Carolyn Melissa Payus, Nur Syahroni and Yeyes Mulyadi

The impact of water organic pollution from leftover fish feed and metabolic waste in floating net cages (FNC) aquaculture can lead to detrimental effects on coastal marine biota. This underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of water quality in areas surrounding FNCs to mitigate the environmental impacts of aquaculture. One method of evaluating water quality is through the Saprobic Index, which quantitatively analyzes pollution status based on the presence and composition of various organisms, including plankton. This study aims to evaluate the organic pollution potential derived from fish feed in the vicinity of the FNCs at Sendang Biru waters by employing the Saprobic Index. The research identified five classes of phytoplankton in the FNC area: Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Globothalamea. Analysis of the phytoplankton composition indicated that the waters surrounding Sendang Biru FNC can be classified as ranging from Oligosaprobic to β-Meso/Oligosaprobic. These findings suggest that the aquaculture practices utilizing the FNC system contribute to a light level of organic pollution in the water. This emphasizes the importance of effective management and monitoring strategies to minimize the environmental impact and ensure the sustainability of aquaculture in coastal marine ecosystems.

Herve Goeau, Alexis Joly, Pierre Bonnet et al.

The LifeCLEFs plant identification task provides a testbed for a system-oriented evaluation of plant identification about 500 species trees and herbaceous plants. Seven types of image content are considered: scan and scan-like pictures of leaf, and 6 kinds of detailed views with unconstrained conditions, directly photographed on the plant: flower, fruit, stem & bark, branch, leaf and entire view. The main originality of this data is that it was specifically built through a citizen sciences initiative conducted by Tela Botanica, a French social network of amateur and expert botanists. This makes the task closer to the conditions of a real-world application. This overview presents more precisely the resources and assessments of task, summarizes the retrieval approaches employed by the participating groups, and provides an analysis of the main evaluation results. With a total of ten groups from six countries and with a total of twenty seven submitted runs, involving distinct and original methods, this fourth year task confirms Image & Multimedia Retrieval community interest for biodiversity and botany, and highlights further challenging studies in plant identification.

Nico Schramma, Eric R. Weeks, Maziyar Jalaal

Photosynthesis is vital for the survival of entire ecosystems on Earth. While light is fundamental to this process, excessive exposure can be detrimental to plant cells. Chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelles, actively move in response to light and self-organize within the cell to tune light absorption. These disk-shaped motile organelles must balance dense packing for enhanced light absorption under dim conditions with spatial rearrangements to avoid damage from excessive light exposure. Here, we reveal that the packing characteristics of chloroplasts within plant cells show signatures of optimality. Combining measurements of chloroplast densities and three-dimensional cell shape in the water plant Elodea densa, we construct an argument for optimal cell shape versus chloroplast size to achieve two targets: dense packing into a two-dimensional monolayer for optimal absorption under dim light conditions and packing at the sidewalls for optimal light avoidance. We formalize these constraints using a model for random close packing matched with packing simulations of polydisperse hard disks confined within rectangular boxes. The optimal cell shape resulting from these models corresponds closely to that measured in the box-like plant cells, highlighting the importance of particle packing in the light adaptation of plants. Understanding the interplay between structure and function sheds light on how plants achieve efficient photo adaptation. It also highlights a broader principle: how cell shape relates to the optimization of packing finite and relatively small numbers of organelles under confinement. This universal challenge in biological systems shares fundamental features with the mechanics of confined granular media and the jamming transitions in dense active and passive systems across various scales and contexts.

Viktor Kozák, Jan Chudoba, Libor Přeučil

An accurate and up-to-date model of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant is essential for its optimal operation and maintenance. However, such a model may not be easily available. This work introduces a novel approach for PV power plant mapping based on aerial overview images. It enables the automation of the mapping process while removing the reliance on third-party data. The presented mapping method takes advantage of the structural layout of the power plants to achieve detailed modeling down to the level of individual PV modules. The approach relies on visual segmentation of PV modules in overview images and the inference of structural information in each image, assigning modules to individual benches, rows, and columns. We identify visual keypoints related to the layout and use these to merge detections from multiple images while maintaining their structural integrity. The presented method was experimentally verified and evaluated on two different power plants. The final fusion of 3D positions and semantic structures results in a compact georeferenced model suitable for power plant maintenance.

Clément Morand, Anne-Laure Ligozat, Aurélie Névéol

Recent Machine Learning (ML) approaches have shown increased performance on benchmarks but at the cost of escalating computational demands. Hardware, algorithmic and carbon optimizations have been proposed to curb energy consumption and environmental impacts. Can these strategies lead to sustainable ML model training? Here, we estimate the environmental impacts associated with training notable AI systems over the last decade, including Large Language Models, with a focus on the life cycle of graphics cards. Our analysis reveals two critical trends: First, the impacts of graphics cards production have increased steadily over this period; Second, energy consumption and environmental impacts associated with training ML models have increased exponentially, even when considering reduction strategies such as location shifting to places with less carbon intensive electricity mixes. Optimization strategies do not mitigate the impacts induced by model training, evidencing rebound effect. We show that the impacts of hardware must be considered over the entire life cycle rather than the sole use phase in order to avoid impact shifting. Our study demonstrates that increasing efficiency alone cannot ensure sustainability in ML. Mitigating the environmental impact of AI also requires reducing AI activities and questioning the scale and frequency of resource-intensive training.

Serkan Erdemir, Mehmet Oguz, S. Malkondu

Metal ions and pesticides are extensively used in many industries and agriculture. However, they cause significant environmental pollution and various adverse health effects. Therefore, the development of sensitive and selective techniques to detect them is necessary for human health and the ecosystem. In this paper, we report a novel red-emitting fluorescence probe with a large Stokes shift (∼220 nm) based on rhodamine and isophorone units. The probe shows a ratiometric fluorescence response toward Hg2+ ions; however, Cu2+ ions quench the red fluorescence signal. The decomposition of the probe-Cu2+ complex allows detection of Thiram followed by recovery of the red fluorescence signal of the probe. In addition, the probe shows a good linear response to Hg2+, Cu2+, and Thiram, with detection limits of 122.0 nM, 29.0 nM, and 72.0 nM, respectively. The practical applicability of the probe has been successfully tested in real samples. Moreover, smartphone detection and light-responsive capsule fabrication have been established, for easy and quick detection. The probe possesses very low cytotoxicity and allows visualization of Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in HeLa cells. Therefore, the present probe is expected to be an effective tool assisting in easy, quick, and reliable detection of Thiram, Hg2+, and Cu2+ ions.

S. Aly, Noha I. ElBanna, ·. M. Fathi et al.

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, which has become a crucial source of protein and income. However, bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the aquaculture industry and traditional treatments, such as antibiotics and chemicals, have limitations and environmental concerns. Disease prevention and control measures, such as the use of probiotics, vaccines, and biosecurity measures, are essential for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Further research is also needed to develop more effective and sustainable strategies for the prevention and control of bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture, where alternative treatments such as herbal extracts, essential oils, and probiotics require further investigation for efficacy and safety. Microalgae, particularly Chlorella, have potential applications in various industries such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. However, their large-scale production and commercialization face challenges. Safety of Chlorella to fish is a crucial issue that requires careful evaluation, with hematology being an essential tool to assess its effects on fish health and physiology. Studies show that Chlorella is safe for fish and does not have adverse effects on growth, survival, or immune system function. Chlorella is a safe and sustainable option for aquaculture, free from harmful chemicals and antibiotics. The Green Water System utilizes Chlorella as a natural filter and nutrient recycler, improving water quality and providing a well-balanced diet for aquatic animals. This eco-friendly approach also enhances fish immune systems, growth rates, and survival rates. The scientometric review shows significant research activity, with Chang JS being a prominent author and People’s R China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences leading in contributions. The use of Chlorella shows promise as an alternative treatment for bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture due to its antibacterial properties, safety, and sustainability. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness and standardization need to be addressed for successful implementation in the aquaculture industry.

Syifa Ditia

Background: Industrial pollution refers to any type of contamination that results directly from industrial operations. The majority of the pollution on this planet is also caused by various industries. The environment is greatly impacted by this pollution. Industrial pollution can degrade soil quality, taint sources of drinking water, and emit pollutants into the atmosphere. Energy and industrial pollution are intimately intertwined. Energy can transform from one form to another, and these changes can have a variety of effects on the surrounding area and the air we breathe. The main source of pollution is combustion, which transforms the chemical energy in fossil fuels into heat, mechanical, or electrical energy. So the biggest sources of air pollution are power plants, cars, and stoves. The pollutants released are often divided into three categories: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons (HC) (CO). Smog, acid rain, global warming, and climate change are mostly caused by pollutants released by the burning of fossil fuels. Future life is impacted by climate change. Deforestation, or the loss of green forest ecosystems, is one of the causes of global warming. This is because it ignores the consequences of industrial opening and changes in land use brought on by population increase. Environmental issues including air pollution and water pollution are significantly impacted by pollutants produced by the industrial sector. This research explains the effect of industrial waste on air pollution and water pollution. Methods: The research method used is a secondary method, namely research that involves the use of existing data. The sources in this study were taken from journals related to the effect of industrial waste on air pollution and water pollution which are one of the causes of climate change. Findings: At both the national and international levels, legislation and regulations have been implemented that take this environmental concern into consideration. Conclusion: The issue of climate change is related to reducing greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions at the international level, for instance in the energy sector. This is done within the framework of the United Nations, specifically the Climate Change Convention outlined in the Kyoto Protocol, which requires ratifying countries to reduce CO2 emissions to an agreed-upon target.