Hasil untuk "Environmental Science"

M. Meier, J. Metzger, U. Schubert

Stacy Alaimo

Gregory A. Cajete

K. Hipel, Ian McLeod

K. O’Brien

B. Kraft, H. E. Tegetmeyer, Ritin Sharma et al.

Sihle Ngxabi, Avela Sogoni, Nasifu Kerebba et al.

Introduction: Wild cabbage (Trachyandra ciliata) is one of the understudied, wild, edible halophytes from South Africa. Although its edibility has recently been validated, its therapeutic potential was yet to be explored. This research was carried out to profile and characterise the phytochemical content of T. ciliata extracts and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in the liver. Methods: Cuttings of T. ciliata were grown under 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM salinity concentrations. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was employed to quantify and characterise metabolites in leaves, roots, and flower buds of T. ciliata. The yellow dye 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Ellman's colourimetric method, and the 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay (H2DCF-DA) were respectively employed to evaluate cytotoxicity, AChE antagonism, and ROS scavenging of the extracts of T. ciliata. Results: A total of 71 compounds were observed, which were grouped into flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, nucleobase, nucleosides/tide, saccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and coumarins. A concentration of 1 mg/mL of extracts of T. ciliata flower buds prepared from plants grown at 0 mM and 100 mM salinity, showed strong cytotoxicity to cancer cells, however, the extracts also had moderate and weak cytotoxicity to non-cancer cells. All extracts inhibited AChE activity. Moreover, ROS scavenging was mainly observed primarily in the extracts of leaves from plants grown at all salinities, and in the extract of roots from plants grown at 0 mM salinity treatment. Conclusion: A maiden documentation of anticancer, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and ROS scavenging activity of crude extracts of T. ciliata was achieved in this study. These findings suggest that T. ciliata could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and liver disorders, amidst the quest to develop more plant-based pharmaceuticals for the treatment of chronic diseases.

Zhi Ting Yip, Zheng Bin Randolph Quek, Danwei Huang

ABSTRACT Environmental DNA (eDNA) provides a powerful means of monitoring biodiversity, offering high taxonomic resolution and broad spatial coverage beyond traditional methods. To characterize ecological communities, it is critical to understand shifts in species composition through time to potentially differentiate resident from transient species in the studied habitats. This study used eDNA metabarcoding to examine temporal and spatial patterns of α‐ and β‐diversity across three distinct habitat types (sandy, rocky, and mangrove) at four coastal sites in Singapore over 1 year. We targeted invertebrates using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and vertebrates using the 16S rRNA gene. We recorded lower diversity at nature reserves, which harbor more rare species than unprotected habitats. β‐diversity differed significantly by site and time for both markers, though β‐dispersion generally remained consistent over time within sites for both invertebrate and vertebrate communities. The difference in marine metazoan communities was driven by high spatial and temporal turnover without strong directional trends across Singapore's coastal sites. These patterns reflect distinct, cohesive communities with limited seasonality, characteristic of equatorial climates. However, certain taxa showed monsoon‐associated distributions, except in mangrove habitats. Importantly, we suggest more mid‐ to long‐term surveys to elucidate the community of resident species. Our findings highlight the value of using eDNA methods to identify dynamic biodiversity patterns and support its use in long‐term ecological monitoring and conservation planning.

K. Zeider, K. McCauley, K. McCauley et al.

<p>Quantifying the degree of coupling between marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds and the surface is critical for understanding the evolution of low clouds and explaining the vertical distribution of aerosols and microphysical cloud properties. Previous work has characterized the boundary layer as either coupled or decoupled, but this study rather considers four degrees of coupling, ranging from strongly to weakly coupled. We use aircraft data from the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) to assess aerosol and cloud characteristics for the following four regimes, quantified using differences in liquid water potential temperature (<span class="inline-formula"><i>θ</i>_ℓ</span>) and total water mixing ratio (<span class="inline-formula"><i>q</i>_t</span>) between flight data near the surface level (<span class="inline-formula">∼150</span> m) and directly below cloud bases: strong coupling (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ≤1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t≤0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), moderate coupling with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ</span> (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ&gt;1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t≤0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), moderate coupling with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t</span> (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ≤1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t&gt;0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), and weak coupling (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ&gt;1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t&gt;0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>). Results show that (i) turbulence is greater in the strong coupling regime compared to the weak coupling regime, with the former corresponding to more vertical homogeneity in 550 nm aerosol scattering, integrated aerosol volume concentration, and giant aerosol number concentration (<span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i>_p&gt;3</span> <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>) coincident with increased MBL mixing; (ii) cloud drop number concentration is greater during periods of strong coupling due to the greater upward vertical velocity and subsequent activation of particles; and (iii) sea salt tracer species (<span class="inline-formula">Na⁺</span>, <span class="inline-formula">Cl⁻</span>, <span class="inline-formula">Mg²⁺</span>, <span class="inline-formula">K⁺</span>) are present in greater concentrations in the strong coupling regime compared to weak coupling, while tracers of continental pollution (<span class="inline-formula">Ca²⁺</span>, non-sea-salt (nss) <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M25" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="95945f53b3fbc040b883e7623294c88b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00001.svg" width="34pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M26" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo>-</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="854abc5cffcc47c7a8d3c23f4d8e54ba"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00002.svg" width="30pt" height="15pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, oxalate, and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M27" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NH</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="23356e89e697acb5868d09068ed8ea2c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00003.svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) are higher in mass fraction for the weak coupling regime. Additionally, pH and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M28" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>:</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Na</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="de49dbf95b867cd2cc39cd77ac0f153e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00004.svg" width="46pt" height="12pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (a marker for chloride depletion) are consistently lower in the weak coupling regime. There were also differences between the two moderate regimes: the moderate with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t</span> regime had greater turbulent mixing and sea salt concentrations in cloud water, along with smaller differences in integrated volume and giant aerosol number concentration across the two vertical levels compared. This work shows value in defining multiple coupling regimes (rather than the traditional coupled versus decoupled) and demonstrates differences in aerosol and cloud behavior in the MBL for the various regimes.</p>

C. Asker, E. van Dongen, O. Tasse

<p>Air pollution adversely affects health, ecosystems, and infrastructure. In the <i>Western Balkans</i> (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo<span class="note-anchor" id="fna_Ch1.Footn1"><a href="#fn_Ch1.Footn1">¹</a></span>, Montenegro, the Republic of North Macedonia, and Serbia), the air pollution situation is more adverse than in the European Union in general. Understanding the air quality situation requires high-quality emission data with a high-resolution spatial distribution, especially for enabling remediation efforts, which is lacking in the Western Balkan region.</p> <p>In this work, we have calculated air pollution emissions from the heating of individual housing units in the Western Balkan region. The basis for the dataset is a geographical dataset of buildings detected from satellite imagery by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The building data have been combined with geospatial land-use datasets and statistical data for heating needs for residential buildings in the countries included and finally with emission factors to calculate the heating emissions.</p> <p>Using this novel approach, the resulting datasets provide high-resolution heating emission data for common pollutants and are published as open data (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13906810">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13906810</a>, <span class="cit" id="xref_altparen.1"><a href="#bib1.bibx2">Asker</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx2">2024</a></span>). When comparing national totals for emissions, the datasets in this work are comparable to other, spatially coarser datasets, though the agreement strongly depends on the fuel usage data for each country/region.</p>

Rumei Tang, Jidong Wu, Wei Ding et al.

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) damage function (DF) is widely used to model TC‐event level damage and thus assess the TC risk for a country or region. The scalability of these DFs at more localized scales, such as the province scale, has not been systematically explored. We use a unique Chinese data set to examine the damage at the TC‐event scale and province scale. Our results show that the parameters and performance of TC DF are spatially dependent. For a sigmoidal DF, the parameter dependence is manifested by a flatter curve calibrated on the TC‐event scale compared to the province scale. In the case of a power‐law DF, the dependence of its parameters is evident in the statistically more significant coefficients of the explanatory variables that are aggregated to the TC‐event scale, compared to the province scale. Performance comparison results further reveal that the scale dependence of performance is related to the type of DF. Integrating hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, the power‐law DF complements the typical sigmoidal DF, producing more accurate estimates of direct economic loss and annual average damage at both the TC‐event and province scales. However, its performance, compared to that of the sigmoidal DF, is more influenced by the scale at which it is calibrated. Our findings elucidate scale‐related research questions in TC risk assessment, offer insights into the selection of DFs, and inspire the future prospect of using multiple DFs to reduce the functional uncertainty.

Ehab M. Abdalla, Ahlam I. Al-Sulami, Samar A. Aly et al.

Three new Co (II), Ag (I), and Cd (II) ion complexes were created from the ligand, 2-(phenylglycyl)-N-(p-tolyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (H2LB). The structural makeup of the new compounds was clarified using analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Then, using the Gaussian09 software, geometry optimization was done for each synthesis. Furthermore, the compound's antibacterial and anticancer properties were evaluated against different types of bacteria and the HepG2 cell line using non-irradiated and irradiated complexes, where the complex (A1) is higher than them. It was proposed that only an intercalation or replacement technique was used when the ligand and complexes [Co(H2L)(NO3)2]H2O (B1, A1) interacted with CT-DNA. Calculations were made for the intrinsic binding constant Kb. According to a molecular docking study, the ligands and complexes revealed fascinating interactions with the amino acids in the ribosyltransferase active site. (Code: 3GEY).

Yu Zheng, Ruipeng Tan, Bing Zhang

From a comprehensive standpoint, this paper investigates whether and to what extent the carbon market functions in the context of the developing world. Taking advantage of a unique seven-year-plant-level panel dataset (2010–2016) on Chinese power plants, we use a matched difference-in-differences strategy to identify the joint impact of China’s carbon emissions trading (CET) pilot policy on carbon emissions reduction (objective), energy mix improvement (mechanism), and air copollutant reduction (cobenefits). We find that China’s CET pilot policy effectively lowered carbon emissions by approximately 38.61%. Further analysis shows that plants reduce carbon emissions primarily by reducing coal consumption (approximately 30.79%). Most importantly, China’s CET pilot policy induces substantial air copollutant abatement benefits by reducing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides by approximately 52.19% and 48.62%, respectively. State-owned plants are more affected by China’s CET pilot policy, and the policy effects show disproportionate environmental inequality. Furthermore, the effects are not affected by the rate-based allowance allocation structure that is adopted by China’s national carbon market.

S. Fons, S. Fons, N. Kurtz et al.

<p>We estimate the snow depth and snow freeboard of Antarctic sea ice using a comprehensive retrieval method (referred to as CryoSat-2 Waveform Fitting for Antarctic sea ice, or CS2WFA) consisting of a physical waveform model and a waveform-fitting process that fits modeled waveforms to CryoSat-2 data. These snow depth and snow freeboard estimates are combined with snow, sea ice, and sea water density values to calculate the sea ice thickness and volume over an 11<span class="inline-formula">+</span> year span between 2010 and 2021. We first compare our snow freeboard, snow depth, and sea ice thickness estimates to other altimetry- and ship-based observations and find good agreement overall in both along-track and monthly gridded comparisons. Some discrepancies exist in certain regions and seasons that are theorized to come from both sampling biases and the differing assumptions in the retrieval methods. We then present an 11<span class="inline-formula">+</span> year time series of sea ice thickness and volume both regionally and pan-Antarctic. This time series is used to uncover intra-decadal changes in the ice cover between 2010 and 2021, showing small, competing regional thickness changes of less than 0.5 cm yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> in magnitude. Finally, we place these thickness estimates in the context of a longer-term, snow freeboard-derived, laser–radar sea ice thickness time series that began with NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and continues with ICESat-2 and contend that reconciling and validating this longer-term, multi-sensor time series will be important in better understanding changes in the Antarctic sea ice cover.</p>

Jing Liu, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Qing Zhu et al.

Abstract Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a master variable in oceanography and important to understand marine biogeochemical and physical processes. In the East China Sea (ECS), a random forest based regression ensemble model (RF) was developed to estimate the SSS with a spatial resolution of ∼1 km based on a large synchronous data set of in situ SSS observations, MODIS‐derived remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and sea surface temperature (SST). The model showed the best performance when the Rrs(412), Rrs(488), Rrs(555), Rrs(667), SST and Julian day (JD) were used as inputs, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.84, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.31 and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81 for model training (N = 4,504), and a RMSE of 0.77, MAE of 0.30 and R2 of 0.86 for the model test (N = 1,153). The accuracy of the SSS model was examined using an independent data set during the period of 2020–2022 with a RMSE of 0.66 and MAE of 0.39 (N = 2,151). The interannual and seasonal signal of modeled SSS of the ECS, showed that important drivers of variability are the Changjiang discharge and the East‐Asian monsoon. Applications of the model to other Chinese marginal seas (Yellow and Bohai seas) showed good agreement in distribution patterns when compared with the estimated SSS from NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive. Once more empirical oceanographic data is made available, this robust model can be applied to other regions retraining the model with informed local data sets.

M. Stafoggia, S. Breitner, Regina Hampel et al.

G. Leeper, N. Uren, R. Bryant

The Department of Soil Science provides undergraduate and graduate education in agricultural, environmental, and natural resource aspects of soils. Areas of emphasis include soil ecology; soil erosion and tillage management; soil fertility and plant nutrition; soil physicochemical phenomena; fate of soil contaminants; waste management; water and contaminant transport; pedology; and land-use analysis. Soils are a critical natural resource in environmental protection, food and fiber production, turf and grounds management, rural and urban planning, and waste disposal. All of these facets of soils and soil science are integrated into the department's course offerings and research programs. Soil science majors prepare for professional, technical, consulting and administrative positions in such areas as the environmental sciences, ecology and restoration, crop and timber production, soil survey, and informatics, conservation, environmental pollution control, turf and grounds management, and land-use planning. Contact the department for further information on career opportunities.

Arif Widiyatmoko, Muhamad Taufiq, Aji Purwinarko et al.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of "Environmental Pollution Game-Based Learning (EPGBL)" on improving students’ conceptual understanding and environmental awareness. EPGBL is an android-based learning media that can be used in science learning, particularly for environmental pollution concepts. Quasi-experimental research with pretest and posttest group design was utilized to answer the research questions in this study. The average percentage of correct responses in the pre-test is 61.33, meanwhile, the percentage of correct responses in the post-test is 73.33. This result showed that the percentage of correct responses in the post-test is higher than in the pre-test. The results showed that EPGBL can improve students' conceptual understanding of environmental pollution concept. The average score of the students' environmental awareness character is 3.98 that include in the good criteria. In conclusion, EPGBL is effective in improving students' conceptual understanding and environmental awareness.

S. O. Jimoh, H. A., Muazu, L. A. Arowolo et al.

Extraction of Phylllantus amarus plant powder using  hot percolation and cold percolation techniques revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, volatile oil, saponin, tannin, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, reducing and non- reducing sugars. The hot percolation crude extract also revealed higher scavenging activity compared with ascorbic acid (standard reference) and cold percolation crude extract.  Pre-incubation of human urine with hot percolation and cold percolation crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus to determine its effect on crystallization process of crystal salts (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and cysteine) which causes nephrolithiasis  (kidney stone) yielded excellent results  on calcium phosphate (100% effective),  calcium oxalate (97% and 85.67%) while cysteine (91% and 84.67%). A total of fifteen (15) flavonoid compounds identified in the hot and cold percolation extract of Phyllanthus amarus using gas chromatography analysis include flavan-3-ols, flavones, flavonols, flavanones and isoflavanones. High flavonoid content in the hot percolation crude extract was due to the presence of significant concentrations (mg/100ml) of quercetin (282.50), catechin (16.32), kaemferol (214.33), luteolin (51.79), apigenin (1.33), epicatechin (4.13), isorhamnetin (5.49), and rutin (11.72). The sensitivity pattern of Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract towards test organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia) were determined using agar well diffusion technique. All test organisms were extremely sensitive to hot percolation extract of Phyllanthus amarus compared to cold percolation extract and antibiotics used as standard reference. Prevention of renal stone and urinary tract infection recurrence is a serious problem in human health but results obtained in this research shows that Phyllanthus amarus leaf is a good source of effective crude inhibitors for crystal formation which can be used in the treatment of kidney stone,  urinary tract infection and other reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related disorders. Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, Flavonoid, Kidney stone, Escherichia coli

Tran Van Cong, Nguyen Duc Hung, Lai Xuan Bach et al.

Plasma creation technology in an aqueous environment is being evaluated for research and practical applications, particularly in the field of materials and nano processing, as well as environmental pollution treatment. Important factors that influence the appearance of plasma when performing electrolysis by high-voltage DC (direct current) in aqueous environments are voltage, distance between electrodes, pH, conductivity and ambient temperature, as well as the nature of the electrode, which has been suggested by concurrent works to be the controlling factor of the other ones. Specifically, it is indicated that the plasma typically appears at a high voltage of about 15 kV and a distance between electrodes of 200 mm, with the earliest appearance occurring with the tungsten (W) electrode. Additionally, pH, conductivity and temperature variations for effective plasma creation have been found in all investigated electrodes. Finally, it has been found that the water-soluble plasma on the W electrode produces more gas than those in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) electrodes. After the reactions, the lowest dissolution belonging to W electrode could be attributed to the inertness of W in comparison with Fe and Cu, resulting in a minimal value of the zeta potential. In addition, the size of Cu and Fe nanoparticles achieved in the investigated solution was approximately 200 nm, whereas W nanoparticles were two separate sizes of 100 and 500 nm. Therefore, this work could offer the needed agency for technological applications in industrial wastewater treatment and high-purity nanoparticle fabrication.