Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Machiko Kanetake

The decentralized international legal order arguably creates structural incentives for states to utilize INTERPOL—an entity of virtually universal membership—to reduce gaps in transnational police cooperation. One of INTERPOL’s iconic actions is the release of a Red Notice. It is the publication of decentralized requests by a member country or approved international entities such as the International Criminal Court (ICC),1 asking police worldwide to locate and, if applicable domestic law and treaties permit, provisionally arrest wanted persons or restrict their movement, pending extradition or surrender.2 Although INTERPOL does not have legal authority to oblige members to arrest persons in question, a Red Notice regularly leads to border stops or arrest pending extradition, travel or visa denials, and knock-on effects such as banking and employment difficulties. The fragmented international legal order may have paradoxically generated structural incentives to support a level of centrality represented by INTERPOL.

William Machado Emiliano, Thalyta Cristina Mansano Schlosser, Vitor Eduardo Molina Júnior et al.

<i>Background</i>: This study aims to compare the logistical challenges of Home Health Care (HHC) services in Portugal and Brazil, highlighting the structural and operational differences between both systems. <i>Methods</i>: Guided by an abductive research approach, data were collected using a semi-structured survey with open-ended questions, applied to 13 HHC teams in Portugal and 18 in Brazil, selected based on national coordination recommendations. The data collection process was conducted in person, and responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. <i>Results</i>: The results reveal that Portugal demonstrates higher productivity, stronger territorial coverage, and a more integrated inventory management system, while Brazil presents greater multidisciplinary team integration, more flexible fleet logistics, and more advanced digital health records. Despite these strengths, both countries continue to address key logistical aspects, such as scheduling, supply distribution, and data management, largely through empirical strategies. <i>Conclusions</i>: This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of international HHC logistics by emphasizing strategic and systemic aspects often overlooked in operational studies. In practical terms, it offers insights for public health managers to improve resource allocation, fleet coordination, and digital integration in aging societies.

Pernille Lund Hansen, Peter Mygind Leth, Pernille Aagaard Nielsen et al.

Aim: Postmortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) is gradually introduced at forensic institutes. Image reconstruction software can increase diagnostic potential in CT by increasing distinction between structures and reduction of artifacts. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate novel image reconstruction parameters for postmortem conditions, to increase image quality and diagnostic potential of CT scans. Method: Twenty PMCT scans of deceased hereof two in severe decay were subjected to four reconstruction techniques: a standard reconstruction algorithm, the detail reconstruction algorithm and two novel algorithms based on the standard algorithm, but with different Hounsfield settings. Image quality was evaluated by visual grading analysis (VGA) by four forensic radiologist observers. Results: The VGA did not prove that any of the reconstruction techniques were superior to the others. For standard and detail, the two pre-defined reconstruction algorithms, VGA scores were indiscernible and were superior to the equally indiscernible Hounsfield reconstructions on parameters translated into Sharpness and Low Contrast Resolution. The two alternative Hounsfield settings were superior with respect to Noise and Artifacts/Beam Hardening. Conclusion: The study elucidates the possiblity for multiple reconstructions specialized for PMCT conditions, to accommodate the special conditions when working with the deceased. Despite the lack of clear improvements in the tested reconstructions, this study provides an insight into some of the possibilities of improving PMCT quality using reconstruction techniques.

Arkadiusz Piwowar

Abstract Background Thermal upgrading is an important element in the economic transformation of Poland towards a low-emission economy. This paper presents the results of research into the current status and plans of inhabitants of rural areas in Poland with regard to thermal upgrading of residential buildings and other buildings used in the agricultural activity of the study participants. The main purpose of the article is to identify thermal modernization needs and to analyse factors influencing individual thermal modernization plans in terms of replacement or modernization of heating systems. A key element of the analyses was the issue of upgrading priorities and the dependency between declared intentions in terms of thermal upgrading work and the production and economic features of the farms studied. Results The main research material were surveys conducted with a randomly selected sample of 480 farming households in Poland. The analyses used, amongst others, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to determine and assess the relationships between the variables studied. Detailed correspondence analysis shows that there are strong dependencies between plans for thermal upgrading of farm buildings and the system of agricultural production (φ 2 = 0.1503), the economic size of farms (φ 2 = 0.1100), and the location of farms (φ 2 = 0.0947). Conclusions The research showed that there is a need for thermal upgrading in the examined area of study, especially with regard to the replacement or modernisation of heating systems. The issue of thermal upgrading of residential and farm buildings in rural areas in Poland requires support and engagement at all levels of administration, as well as the modernisation of assistance programmes.

Manuel Octavio del Campo Villares, Eladio Jardón Ferreiro, Karla Ladrón de Guevara Marín et al.

The purpose of this document is to identify which actions in the Equal Opportunities Plan 2023–2026 of the Ourense Provincial Council have the potential to increase equality of opportunity between women and men in positions of similar status, with respect to an analysis of the objectives of the First Equality Plan of (2017–2021). The methodology for measuring the achievements of these strategic objectives consisted of a descriptive comparative study, where the changes in the stated objectives were analyzed, and a quantitative functional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the typology and functionality of each position. A clear distinction was made between the goals achieved and those requiring more decisive intervention in future. In addition, it recognizes that women are very underrepresented in the most desirable positions at Ourense Provincial Council.

Duquesne Sabine, Brendel Stephan, Hönemann Linda et al.

Abstract Background The aim of environmental risk assessment (ERA) for pesticides is to protect ecosystems by ensuring that specific protection goals (SPGs) are met. The ERA follows a prospective tiered approach, starting with the most conservative and simple step in risk assessment (RA) (so-called tier 1) using the lowest available appropriate endpoint derived from ecotoxicological tests. In 2015, for the tier 1 RA of aquatic primary producers, the recommendation was changed from using the lowest of the 50% inhibition (EC50) values based on biomass (area under the curve—EbC50), increase in biomass (yield- EyC50) or growth rate (ErC50) to only using the growth rate inhibition endpoint (ErC50) because it is independent of the test design and thus more robust. This study examines the implications of this such on the level of conservatism provided by the tier 1 RA and evaluates whether it ensures a suitable minimum protection level. Results Our analysis shows that replacing the lowest endpoint with the growth rate inhibition endpoint while maintaining the assessment factor (AF) of 10 significantly reduces the conservatism in the tier 1 RA. Comparing protection levels achieved with different endpoints reveals that the current assessment is less protective. To maintain the previous level of protection, and since the protection goals have not changed, we recommend to multiply the default AF of 10 by an extra factor of minimum 2.4 in the tier 1 RA based on ErC50. Independently of the endpoint selected in tier 1 RA, several issues in the general RA of pesticides contribute to uncertainties when assessing the protection levels, e.g., lack of appropriate comparison of the higher tier experimental studies (i.e., best achievable approximation of field situation, so-called surrogate reference tier) with field conditions or the regulatory framework's failure to consider realistic conditions in agricultural landscapes with multiple stressors and pesticide mixtures. Conclusions We advise to consider adjusting the risk assessment in order to reach at least the previous protection level for aquatic primary producers. Indeed continuing using an endpoint with a higher value and without adjustment of the assessment factor is likely to jeopardize the need of halting biodiversity loss in surface waters.

أنجى فاروق أحمد مراد

هدف البحث إلى تحليل تأثير جائحة كورونا على كفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي للقطاعات التأمينية التشغيلية بشركات التأمين السعودية، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم الاعتماد على نموذج التأثيرات الثابتة كأحد نماذج البيانات المقطعية. وتوصلت النتائج إلى أن هناك تأثير معنوي متباين لجائحة كورونا على كفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي للقطاعات التشغيلية، تبعًا لاختلاف طبيعة كل قطاع. كما أن نموذج التأثيرات الثابتة قد نجح في تفسير 69.5% من التغير في معدلات كفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي للقطاعات التشغيلية مقارنة بنموذج الانحدار التجميعي كأحد نماذج البيانات المقطعية، والذي فسر 51.5% من التغير في معدلات كفاءة النشاط للقطاعات، بالإضافة إلى أن هناك علاقة طردية بين كفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي للقطاعات التشغيلية وكل من: (معدل الاحتفاظ ـ جائحة كورونا)، وعلاقة عكسية مع كلا من (معدل المصروفات ـ معدل النمو ـ معدل الخسارة). وبشكل عام فإن هناك اتجاه ايجابي للجائحة وكفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي لكل من قطاعات (الممتلكات والحوادث ـ الصحي ـ الحماية والادخارـ الهندسي) على الترتيب. بينما نجد أن التأثير السلبي للجائحة على كفاءة النشاط الاكتتابي ينعكس على قطاع تأمين المركبات.

Vesna Ćorić, Ana Knežević Bojović, Milica V. Matijević

Currently, the field of business and human rights is at a crossroads in terms of normative development, as two major legislative instruments are being negotiated at the regional and international levels. The first instrument is a proposal for a directive aimed at ensuring business responsibility for the respect of human rights and the environment within the European Union, or in other words a proposal for a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence. The second one is a proposal of a legally binding instrument on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights, commonly referred to as the Third Revised Draft Treaty on Business and Human Rights, which is being developed by the open-ended intergovernmental working group established by the Human Rights Council in 2014. Given such parallel developments, it would seem prudent for the ongoing efforts to be interlinked so as to contribute to creating consistent legal solutions governing corporate accountability for human rights violations at international and supranational fora. This is particularly relevant in the context of rapid globalization, where transnational corporations can exploit legal and regulatory loopholes at the cost of human rights and the environment. This paper analyses the two legislative drafts with the aim of determining to what extent those two draft hard law instruments reflect the applicable international soft law standards and contribute to the creation of a complementary and mutually reinforcing regulatory framework. The analysis shows the differences in the scope and approaches utilized in the two instruments and identifies gaps and shortcomings in the proposed solutions from the standpoint of effective protection of the victims’ rights. The analysis shows that the two proposed legislative texts are for the most part mutually complementary and it points to the ways in which their norms can be read together so as to enable a coherent and consistent legal framework and ensure legal certainty. The authors also argue that the two legislators should utilize the drafting process to address the identified discrepancies in the existing normative framework in order to achieve the best results.

ВИТАЛИЙ ЕВГЕНЬЕВИЧ ЛАПШИН , ВЯЧЕСЛАВ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ ШАХАНОВ

В науке уголовно-исполнительного права понятие «доктрина», в частности «пенитенциарно-правовая доктрина», с теоретических позиций не исследовалось. Вариативность использования в теории и на практике указанных терминов и их синонимов диктует необходимость ликвидировать существующий пробел. Понимание доктринальных оснований важно и для оценки состояния и перспектив развития пенитенциарной науки. В статье анализируется практика использования терминов «пенитенциарно-правовая доктрина», «уголовно исполнительная доктрина», «доктрина уголовно-исполнительного права», «пенитенциарная доктрина», «исправительная доктрина». Пенитенциарно-правовая доктрина рассматривается как часть правовой доктрины, понятие «правовая доктрина» соотносится со смежными категориями (наука, концепция, позиция), изучается влияние пенитенциарно-правовой доктрины на пенитенциарно-правовую политику. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что понятие «пенитенциарно-правовая доктрина» является системообразующим, выступает необходимой предпосылкой ведения научного анализа, и дают рекомендации по использованию термина «доктрина» в пенитенциарно-правовой сфере. Предлагается следующая авторская дефиниция понятия «пенитенциарно-правовая доктрина»: это поликонтекстуальное явление, отражающее как формальные аспекты пенитенциаристики (будучи ее источником), так и ее содержательную сторону (как система взглядов, средство выражения пенитенциарной мысли), выступающее носителем определенной пенитенциарно-правовой идеологии и метаязыковым средством формирования пенитенциарно-правовой политики.

Uğur Ümit Üngör

Video as a Weapon in Contemporary Conflicts

Gertsbakh Ilya B., Liu Tao, Ceder Avishai

This is a preface of the translation of the 1967 paper by Linis and Maksim, “On the problem of constructing routes” (in Russian) (in the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Aviation Engineering, Issue 102, pp. 36-45). It marks 50-year to the deficit function (DF) model initially developed in this 1967 work; the DF model then paved the way to further research of vehicle-fleet management in terms of optimal routing and scheduling. The merit of this translation is to describe the roots of the DF modelling to enable further studies to emerge with more contributions.

Audrey Macklin

[N]ationality is a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties. It may be said to constitute the juridical expression of the fact that the individual … is in fact more closely connected with the population of the State conferring nationality than with that of any other State. Scholars of migration and citizenship will recognize the famous passage from the judgment of the ICJ in Nottebohm and perhaps be able to recite it from memory. But Nottebohm is nearing sixty-five, and so the inevitable question arises: is it time to retire the case? One impetus for the project of global migration law is the recognition of “current structures as historically contingent artifacts of a sovereignty-based global system in need of reform.” No artifact does more work in sustaining the current configuration than the use of citizenship (or nationality) as the technology for regulating transnational movement. Sooner or later, a conversation about the emergence of global migration law must grapple with international law's position on nationality, which brings us back to Nottebohm.

Liosday Landaburo Sánchez

Este artículo aborda el impacto del poder blando estadounidense en Cuba, como política de Estado, luego del acercamiento diplomático del 17 de diciembre de 2014 (17D). Al flexibilizar el envío de remesas y fomentar el apoyo a los trabajadores privados en Cuba, Estados Unidos ha logrado algunos avances en materia socio-económica para la isla a mediano plazo. Entre tanto, Cuba también ha generado una nueva apertura, ya que el proceso de actualización del modelo económico iniciado por el presidente Raúl Castro desde el año 2008 permitió la expansión del trabajo por cuenta propia o no estatal en determinadas actividades y el aumento del envío de remesas desde Estados Unidos. La estrategia de poder blando estadounidense se centra, aparentemente, en una serie de incentivos económicos y plantea exigencias de apertura, libertad, derechos humanos y democracia para la isla. Como consecuencia de estas intenciones, aumentan los recelos dentro del Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) hacia los trabajadores privados, pese al discurso celebratorio que poco a poco ha ganado lugar.

Aliya Bushra, Nasra Wajiha

Pakistan’s multinational companies have strong potential for growth and represent a large and increasing number of consumers. Unfortunately, their sales have been affected by certain factors. This study identifies these factors using a mixed-methods approach and qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. We administered 100 questionnaires among the employees of two large tobacco manufacturers. The results indicate that brand switching, product development, product mix, point of sale, competition, and price are significant factors that affect sales in the tobacco industry.

Ingrid Soraya Ortiz Baquero

El presente estudio tuvo como origen la investigación realizada sobre ¨La prohibición de los acuerdos restrictivos de la competencia y la valoración de las cláusulas de exclusividad en los regímenes de libre competencia europeo, español y colombiano¨, cuya primera y segunda parte se encuentran publicadas en esta revista. En razón de lo anterior, existen entre los dos estudios y sus publicaciones derivadas algunos puntos en común, teniendo en todo caso el presente trabajo adiciones de carácter complementario y una orientación diferente. El artículo que ahora se presenta pretende descubrir y destacar los relaciones entre el Derecho de Daños y el Derecho Anti trust, para lo cual se ha estimado necesario dividir la materia en dos partes: una primera parte presenta la evolución de los sistemas de aplicación de las normas de libre competencia, haciendo especial énfasis en proceso de privatización, para luego ahondar en una segunda parte, -que será publicado en forma independiente- el tema de la responsabilidad civil derivada de los ilícitos anti trust.

Jørgen Remvig, G. K. Stürup

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Ragnar Bergendal, Stephan Hurwitz, O. Hj. Granfelt et al.

I anledning af Karl Schlyters 70 års fødselsdag