Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Pascal Petit, François Berger, Vincent Bonneterre et al.

Abstract The risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) associated with farming has received considerable attention, in particular for pesticide exposure. However, data on PD risk associated with specific farming activities is lacking. We aimed to explore whether specific farming activities exhibited a higher risk of PD than others among the entire French farm manager (FM) population. A secondary analysis of real-world administrative insurance claim data and electronic health/medical records (TRACTOR project) was conducted to estimate PD risk for 26 farming activities using data mining. PD cases were identified through chronic disease declarations and antiparkinsonian drug claims. There were 8845 PD cases among 1,088,561 FMs. The highest-risk group included FMs engaged in pig farming, cattle farming, truck farming, fruit arboriculture, and crop farming, with mean hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.22 to 1.67. The lowest-risk group included all activities involving horses and small animals, as well as gardening, landscaping and reforestation companies (mean HRs: 0.48–0.81). Our findings represent a preliminary work that suggests the potential involvement of occupational risk factors related to farming in PD onset and development. Future research focusing on farmers engaged in high-risk farming activities will allow to uncover potential occupational factors by better characterizing the farming exposome, which could improve PD surveillance among farmers.

Junli Zhang, Xue Bai, Fen Li et al.

IntroductionInflammation and oxidative stress can seriously endanger the health and growth of beef cattle. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB) has significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. However, studies on the application of SB stems and leaves as roughage in animal husbandry are limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of adding different proportions of SB stems and leaves to roughage on the microbial diversity of bovine feces.MethodsIn total, 20 cattles (Simmental xlocal yellow cattle) were randomly divided into four groups: CON, G1, G2, and G3 (with 3%, 6%, and 9% SB stems and leaves added to the roughage, respectively). All cattles were exposed to pre-experimental conditions for 15 days and experimental conditions for 90 days. Growth performance indicators were measured on the 0th, 15th, 45th, and 90th days of the formal experiment. Blood was collected for measuring biochemical performance indices. Fresh fecal samples were collected on the 90th day for 16S sequencing to study the microbial diversity of cow feces.ResultsThe results showed that during the experiment, the F/G of the G1, G2, and G3 groups was significantly lower than that of the CON group (P < 0.05). The IL-10 content in the serum of the G3 group was significantly greater than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). The 16S rRNA results revealed significant differences in the composition of the bacterial community between the SB groups and the CON group. At the phylum level, adding the stems and leaves of SB significantly decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and the relative abundances of Spirochaetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria decreased. At the genus level, Anaerovibrio, Epulopiscium, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, YRC22, Paludibacter, 5-7N15, Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, and Anaeroplasma were identified as markers of intergroup differences. These intergroup differential microbiota were associated with pathways such as amino acid biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, nucleoside and nucleotide degradation, fermentation, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, glycan biosynthesis, and glycan degradation.DiscussionOur findings revealed that adding the stems and leaves of SB to feed can promote body growth and antioxidant capacity and increase the diversity of the gut microbiota. This new feeding strategy can improve the efficiency of cattle farming.

Adina-Mirela Ariton, Silviu-Ionuț Borș, Andra-Sabina Neculai-Văleanu et al.

For a newborn calf, colostrum is the first and most vital food. Colostrum has an increased proportion of components transferred directly from the mother's blood.  A newborn calf's health, productivity, and longevity depend on the type and amount of colostrum they receive initially. By measuring the colostrum's physico-chemical components and refractive index on the Brix scale, the study sought to assess the colostrum's quality during the first five days following calving. The concentration of IgG in bovine colostrum was estimated with a portable and easy-to-use refractometer, and its concentration varied significantly from day two. According to the studies, IgG levels significantly dropped after calving, going from an average of 35 brix on the first day to 10 brix on the fifth. Although its components vary greatly, colostrum up until day five has a higher concentration of lipids, proteins, and dry matter—all of which are vital for the newborn.

Laurabelle Gautier, Sandra Wiart-Letort, Alexandra Massé et al.

For monitoring animal adaptation when facing environmental challenges, and more specifically when addressing the impacts of global warming—particularly responses to heat stress and short-term fluctuations in osmotic regulations in the different organs influencing animal physiology—there is an increasing demand for digital tools to understand and monitor a range of biomarkers. Microneedle arrays (MNAs) have recently emerged as promising devices minimally invasively penetrating human skin to access dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) to monitor deviations in physiology and consequences on health. The ISF is a blood filtrate where the concentrations of ions, low molecular weight metabolites (<70 kDa), hormones, and drugs, often closely correlate with those in blood. However, anatomical skin differences between human and farm animals, especially large animals, as well as divergent tolerances of such devices among species with behavior specificities, motivate new MNA designs. We addressed technological challenges to design higher microneedles for farm animal (pigs and cattle) measurements. We designed microneedle arrays composed of 37 microneedles, each 2.8 mm in height, using dextran-methacrylate, a photo-crosslinked biocompatible biopolymer-based hydrogel. The arrays were characterized geometrically and mechanically. Their abilities to perforate pig and cow skin were demonstrated through histological analysis. The MNAs successfully absorbed approximately 10 µL of fluid within 3 h of application.

Ömer Erten, Yahya Öztürk

The aim of this article is to examine the current problems of beekeepers in Turkey and the effects of these problems on colony losses and to determine the thoughts and solution suggestions of beekeepers against this situation. The research was conducted with 412 beekeepers in Turkey between February and May 2024. In order to determine the beekeepers to be surveyed, a preliminary study was conducted with 50 beekeepers from different provinces. It was determined that 95.6% of the participants were male, 50.7% were in the 31-50 age range, the majority (87.6%) were married and 49.3% were university graduates (P<0.01). While 27.7% of the beekeepers purchased queen bees for their colonies commercially, 57.0% of them produced them themselves (P<0.01). High input costs were stated as the most important problem of Turkish beekeeping by 30.8%. The most common disease and pest encountered by beekeepers was Varroa destructor with 79.4% (P<0.01). As a result, this study reveals beekeepers’ perspectives on current problems and colony losses and evaluates how a sustainable production can be made by addressing the main problems in the beekeeping sector. The study emphasises the necessity of policies and practices at local and national level for the sustainability of the beekeeping sector and the reduction of colony losses.

Muhammed Salah Uddin, Jose Ortiz Guluarte, Matthew Waldner et al.

ABSTRACT The development and growth of animals coincide with the establishment and maturation of their microbiotas. To evaluate the respiratory and fecal microbiotas of beef calves from birth to weaning, a total of 30 pregnant cows, and their calves at birth, were enrolled in this study. Deep nasal swabs and feces were collected from calves longitudinally, starting on the day of birth and ending on the day of weaning. Nasopharyngeal, vaginal, and fecal samples were also collected from cows, and the microbiotas of all samples were analyzed. The fecal microbiota of calves was enriched with Lactobacillus during the first 8 weeks of life, before being displaced by genera associated with fiber digestion, and then increasing in diversity across time. In contrast, the diversity of calf respiratory microbiota generally decreased with age. At birth, the calf and cow nasal microbiotas were highly similar, indicating colonization from dam contact. This was supported by microbial source-tracking analysis. The structure of the calf nasal microbiota remained similar to that of the cows, until weaning, when it diverged. The changes were driven by a decrease in Lactobacillus and an increase in genera typically associated with bovine respiratory disease, including Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Mycoplasma. These three genera colonized calves early in life, though Mannheimia was initially transferred from the cow reproductive tract. Path analysis was used to model the interrelationships of calf respiratory and fecal microbiotas. It was observed that respiratory Lactobacillus and fecal Oscillospiraceae UCG-005 negatively affected the abundance of Mannheimia or Pasteurella.IMPORTANCEIn beef cattle production, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) accounts for most of the feedlot morbidities and mortalities. Metaphylaxis is a common management tool to mitigate BRD, however its use has led to increased antimicrobial resistance. Novel methods to mitigate BRD are needed, including microbiota-based strategies. However, information on the respiratory bacteria of beef calves prior to weaning was limited. In this study, it was shown that the microbiota of cows influenced the initial composition of both respiratory and fecal microbiotas in calves. While colonization of the respiratory tract of calves by BRD-associated genera occurred early in life, their relative abundances increased at weaning, and were negatively correlated with respiratory and gut bacteria. Thus, microbiotas of both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts have important roles in antagonism of respiratory pathogens and are potential targets for enhancing calf respiratory health. Modulation may be most beneficial, if done prior to weaning, before opportunistic pathogens establish colonization.

Ida Hansson, Svenja Woudstra

To explore the effect of lactation stage and parity on the milking order of cows, we collected milking order data of all lactating cows (n = 251) over a period of 12 wk in one commercial Swedish dairy cow herd using a herringbone milking parlor. Cows were kept in 2 housing groups (G1 and G2) and moved from G1 to G2 at approximately mid lactation. Two analyses were conducted to investigate if lactation stage (early: 2–49 d in milk, mid: 50–179 d in milk, and late ≥180 d in milk) and parity are associated with the entrance order to the parlor or a preference of entering a new milking line first. In G1 and G2, cows in first parity entered the milking parlor earlier than cows in higher parities. In addition, in G1 cows in early lactation entered the milking parlor earlier than cows in later lactation. Similar effects were observed for the preference of entering a new milking line first. No effect of mid versus late lactation could be observed in either G1 or G2. The study also found that cows tend to keep their rank within the milking order constant. The results of the study indicate that cows of presumably lower hierarchy (first parity and early lactation) leave the waiting area earlier compared with other cows. This should be considered when planning grouping strategies and preventive measures against mastitis pathogen transmission.

Jennifer R. Weinert-Nelson, Donald G. Ely, Michael D. Flythe et al.

Sheep are often utilized as a model ruminant, despite a lack of functional comparisons of rumen bacterial communities and responses during dietary transitions between sheep and cattle. Therefore, an <i>ex vivo</i> study was conducted to evaluate species differences. Rumen fluid was obtained from hay-fed sheep and cattle (<i>n</i> = 3 species⁻¹). Mixed bacterial cell suspensions in buffered media containing 3% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> ground hay, corn, or combinations (2:1, 1:2) of substrates were incubated (24 h; 39 °C). Suspension pH, lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and digestibility were assessed, functional guilds enumerated, and amylolytic bacteria isolated. Lactate was fully utilized in all hay incubations, and pH did not differ between species (<i>p</i> > 0.75). In contrast, digestibility, lactate accumulation, and pH decline were greater in bovine suspensions fermenting corn (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Streptococcus bovis</i> was the predominant bacteria regardless of species, but total amylolytic bacteria were 10-fold greater in bovine suspensions (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Lactate-utilizing bacteria were 1000-fold greater in bovine than ovine suspensions (<i>p</i> < 0.01). However, total VFA did not differ between species (<i>p</i> > 0.28). Overall, these results demonstrate differential feed utilization capacities in rumen microbial communities of sheep and cattle as well as potential differences in rumen acidosis susceptibility.

Tanja Knific, Matjaž Ocepek, Andrej Kirbiš et al.

This study aimed to assess the risk of exposure to <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP) via milk for the Slovenian consumer. MAP is suspected to be associated with several diseases in humans, therefore the risk of exposure should be better understood. The primary source of MAP for humans is thought to be cattle, in which MAP causes paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease. We developed a stochastic quantitative risk assessment model using Monte Carlo simulations. Considering the assumptions and uncertainties, we estimated the overall risk of exposure to MAP via milk to be low. For people consuming raw milk from MAP positive farms, the risk was high. On-farm pasteurisation reduced the risk considerably, but not completely. The risk of exposure via pasteurised retail milk was most likely insignificant. However, with a higher paratuberculosis prevalence the risk would also increase. Given the popularity of raw milk vending machines and homemade dairy products, this risk should not be ignored. To reduce the risk, consumers should heat raw milk before consumption. To prevent a potential public health scare and safeguard farmers’ livelihoods, a reduction in paratuberculosis prevalence should be sought. Our results show that culling clinically infected cows was insufficient to reduce milk contamination with MAP.

Lina A Jebur, Athmar K Abbas

Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) infection is the third great parasitic disease responsible for death in the world. Cattle and Sheep harboring E. histolytica can be the possible reservoir hosts for human amoebiasis. This study was performed microscopically to detect the infection of E. histolytica in cattle and sheep fecal samples. Our data recorded a total E. histolytica infection rate of (54%) in cattle and (50%) in sheep without any significant differences between them. One hundred fecal samples were collected from cattle and sheep from three completely different areas in Baghdad city (Al-Tarmiyah, Al-Fudhaliyah, and Abu-Ghraib). Males showed higher infection rates than females in cattle and sheep (62.5%) and (57.14) respectively. The difference between age groups with significant difference (P<0.01) was obtained in ages <1 year (72.7%) and (68.75%) in cattle and sheep respectively. This study has demonstrated the widespread of Entamoeba parasite in cattle and sheep in Baghdad city.

Yudai Inabu, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Haruki Yamano et al.

Bovine colostrum contains growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and enzymes, which have important roles in stimulating gastrointestinal development of neonatal calves. In the present study, we measured the concentration of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), one of the gut-derived peptides secreted from intestinal L-cells, in colostrum and transition milk of Japanese black cattle. All colostrum samples were collected within 24 h after calving (d 0) and transition milk was collected at 24, 48 and 72 h relative to the time at colostrum sampling (d 1, d 2 and d 3, respectively). Concentrations of GLP-2 in colostrum were 5.53 ± 1.07 ng/mL on average (range = 0.94–9.60 ng/mL) and decreased from d 0 to 3 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, concentrations of GLP-2 in colostrum and transition milk were quadratically decreased with the elapsed time from parturition until colostrum sampling (R2 = 0.48, P < 0.01). Our results show for the first time that GLP-2 is present in bovine colostrum and transition milk and that concentrations decreased with elapsed time from parturition.

Nagwa I. El-Kasrawy, Ayman A. Swelum, Mervat A. Abdel-Latif et al.

A total of 108 Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of drenching propylene glycol (PG) either individually or in combination with glycerol (G) on body condition score (BCS), production, reproductive performance, protection against subclinical ketosis and economic benefit of dairy cows during the transition period. The six groups (n = 18/group) were; Control group, cows received no treatment; PG300, cows were drenched 300 mL PG for 7 days pre-expected day of calving and 21 days post-calving; PG400, cows were drenched 400 mL PG for 7 days pre-and 7 days post-calving; PG500, cows were drenched 500 mL PG for 10 days pre-and 10 days post-calving; GPG150, cows were drenched a mixture of 150 mL G and 150 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving; GPG250, cows were drenched a mixture of 250 mL G and 250 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving. BCS at 30 days in milk (DIM) was significantly higher in all treated groups in comparison to the control one and the best values were observed in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups. Lactation length (LL) was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001) shorter in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. There was a significant increment in 305 milk yield (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and average daily milk yield (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in GPG250 and PG500 groups than other groups except for PG300 with the lowest values for control and PG400. Cows in all treatment groups were observed in heat and conceived earlier as well as had shorter open days and calving interval durations (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and low number of services per conception (<i>p</i> = 0.004) compared to control group with better results for PG500 and GPG250 groups. BHB level and percentage of cows suffered from subclinical ketosis at 7 DIM was significantly lower in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. Cows in treatment groups had a significantly higher glucose level (<i>p</i> = 0.006) compared to control group. Regarding to economics, the control group showed the highest feed costs, insemination costs and total costs per animal. Additionally, control and PG400 groups had the highest cost per kilogram of milk from total and feed costs compared to other cows. PG300, PG500 and GPG250 groups recorded a greater net return and income over feed cost (IOFC). In conclusion, the continuous drenching of propylene glycol either individually or in combination with glycerol regimens for long duration (PG300, PG500, GPG150, GPG250) during the transition period of dairy cows may reduce the incidence of subclinical ketosis and consequently improve milk production, reproduction and economics compared to drenching for short duration (PG400).

M. A. Diab, A. J. A. Fenochio, S. G. Gastaldo

Se probaron 3 dietas para pollos parrilleros machos, en crecimiento y engorde, a base de maíz y amaranto en distintas proporciones como componentes energéticos principales: (TO: maíz 100%; (T1): amaranto 50%, maíz 50% y (T2): amaranto 100%. Las dietas se formularon con iguales contenidos de proteína y energía: 20,44% PB Y 12,31 MJ E.M./Kg, la de crecimiento y 18,24% PB Y 12,40 MJ E.M./Kg la de engorde. Se evaluaron en 3 repeticiones en un diseño al azar, con 12 pollos por repetición. El T2 se suspendió a los 15 días y se cambió por tilla dieta igual aTO En crecimiento la ganancia diaria media (TO: 41,06 g ± 1,33; T1: 37,5g ± 1,13 y T2: 23,51g ± 0,38) y ganancia semanal media (TO: 287,41g ± 9,37; T1: 262,46g ± 7,97 y T2: 164, 58g ± 2,68) por animal, tuvieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre TO y T1 Y altamente significativas (p<0,01) entre TO y T2. En el consumo diario medio (TO: 88,53g ± 31,84; T1: 88,27g± 39,67 Y T2: 60,33g± 18,5) por animal y enJa eficiencia de conversión alimenticia media (TO: 2,15:1 ± 0,06). Director: Ing. Agr. Raúl Estevez Leyte. Profesor Titular. Codirectores: R.O. Brown y l.E. Cervellini. Profesores Adjuntos. Cátedra de Zootecnia Especial II.

G. Salisbury, N. Vandemark, J. R. Lodge

J. Brownlie, M. Clarke, C. Howard

J. Paris, M. Murray, F. Mcodimba

J. E. Garrett, R. Geisert, M. T. Zavy et al.

Sabrina M. Noritake, Jenny Liu, Sierra Kanetake et al.

Abstract Background Plants produce secondary metabolites that often possess widespread bioactivity, and are then known as phytochemicals. We previously determined that several phytochemical-rich food-derived preparations were active against pathogenic foodborne bacteria. Trichomonads produce disease (trichomoniasis) in humans and in certain animals. Trichomonads are increasingly becoming resistant to conventional modes of treatment. It is of interest to test bioactive, natural compounds for efficacy against these pathogens. Methods Using a cell assay, black tea, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and jujube extracts, as well as whole dried jujube were tested against three trichomonads: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3 (found in humans), Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1 (found in cattle), and Tritrichomonas foetus-like organism strain C1 (found in cats). The most effective of the test substances was subsequently tested against two metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains, and on normal mucosal flora. Results Black tea extract inhibited all the tested trichomonads, but was most effective against the T. vaginalis organisms. Inhibition by black tea was correlated with the total and individual theaflavin content of the two tea extracts determined by HPLC. Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains were also inhibited by the black tea extract. The response of the organisms to the remaining preparations was variable and unique. We observed no effect of the black tea extract on common normal flora bacteria. Conclusions The results suggest that the black tea, and to a lesser degree green tea, grape seed, and pomegranate extracts might present possible natural alternative therapeutic agents to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections in humans and the related trichomonad infections in animals, without negatively affecting the normal flora.

K. Odde

D. Hancock, T. Besser, D. Rice et al.