Hasil untuk "Cartography"

J. Klokočník, V. Cílek, J. Kostelecký et al.

<p>More advanced data (gravity field model EIGEN 6C4 including the GOCE gradiometry data instead of EGM 2008) and a more sophisticated method (using a set of gravity aspects instead of gravity anomalies and the radial second derivative of the disturbing potential only) enable a deeper study of various geological features. Improved techniques were applied to study the impact craters Chicxulub and Popigai. We confirm our results from 2010, extend them, and offer more complicated models, namely by means of the gravity strike angles. Both craters are interpreted to be double or multiple craters. The probable impactor azimuth was from NE (to SW) for Chicxulub and SE (to W) for Popigai. The formation of both the craters seems to be associated with impact-induced tectonics that triggered the development of impact grabens.</p>

Mingyang Zhang, Jian Dong, Na Ren et al.

With the increasing demand for high-precision and difficult-to-obtain geospatial point cloud data copyright protection in military, scientific research, and other fields, research on lossless watermarking is receiving more and more attention. However, most of the current geospatial point cloud data watermarking algorithms embed copyright information by modifying vertex coordinate values, which not only damages the data accuracy and quality but may also cause incalculable losses to data users. To maintain data fidelity and protect its copyright, in this paper, we propose a lossless embedded watermarking algorithm based on vertical stability. First, the watermark information is generated based on the binary encoding of the copyright information and the code of the traceability information. Second, the watermark index is calculated based on the length of the watermark information after compression and the vertical distribution characteristics of the data. Finally, watermark embedding is completed by modifying the relative storage order of the corresponding data according to the index and watermark value. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good invisibility without damaging the data accuracy. In addition, compared with existing algorithms, this method has a higher robustness under operations such as projection transformation, precision perturbation, and vertex deletion of geospatial point cloud data.

Deysi Ofelmina Jerez-Ramírez

This investigation aims to better understand the socio-territoriality of disaster risk from the analysis of Social Representations (SR) elaborated in shared contexts of vulnerability and exposure. For this purpose, the narratives and images constructed by a selected population have been investigated using tools such as social cartography, free association questionnaires, and detailed semi- structured interviews. The study is part of an investigation carried out between 2014 and 2019, with a population from the urban, rural and peripheral areas of the municipality of Piedecuesta, Colombia. The methodology is based on a triangulation of qualitative methods that are characteristic of the works on SR and the social studies of disasters. The results show the two-way influence between the knowledge-practices collectively elaborated around disaster risk and the social agency that subjects perform over their own territory.

Lemenkova Polina

The paper presents the cartographic processing of the Landsat TM image by the two unsupervised classification methods of SAGA GIS: ISODATA and K-means clustering. The approaches were tested and compared for land cover type mapping. Vegetation areas were detected and separated from other land cover types in the study area of southwestern Iceland. The number of clusters was set to ten classes. The processing of the satellite image by SAGA GIS was achieved using Imagery Classification tools in the Geoprocessing menu of SAGA GIS. Unsupervised classification performed effectively in the unlabeled pixels for the land cover types using machine learning in GIS. Following an iterative approach of clustering, the pixels were grouped in each step of the algorithm and the clusters were reassigned as centroids. The paper contributes to the technical development of the application of machine learning in cartography by demonstrating the effectiveness of SAGA GIS in remote sensing data processing applied for vegetation and environmental mapping.

Collins Odote Oloo, Rahma Hassan, Husna Mubarak

Kenya’s constitution of 2010 provides for recognition, protection, and registration of community land. This is significant because it recognizes customary tenure after decades of historical bias towards private property and brings to the fore the uniqueness of the African commons. We revisit the debate on managing communal land by reviewing the process of implementation of the Community Land. The paper is based on a review of the legal framework, discussions on the implementation of the Community Land Act and authors interaction with communities through workshops. It concludes that while the Act promises greater protection for commons, implementation challenges continue to hinder realization of the promised rights and benefits. Procedural uncertainty in the implementation process, tension in the formalization of customary tenure and institutional overlaps are identified as key bottlenecks in the process. The paper argues that laws should be aligned to community systems and practices to achieve best results.

Elzbieta Bielecka, Krzysztof Pokonieczny, Sylwia Borkowska

Geodetic networks provide a spatial reference framework for the positioning of any geographical feature in a common and consistent way. An even spatial distribution of geodetic control points assures good quality for subordinate surveys in mapping, cadaster, engineering activities, and many other land administration-oriented applications. We investigate the spatial pattern of geodetic control points based on GIScience theory, especially Tobler&#8217;s Laws in Geography. The study makes contributions in both the research and application fields. By utilizing Average Nearest Neighbor, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, and cluster and outlier analysis, it introduces the comprehensive methodology for ex post analysis of geodetic control points&#8217; spatial patterns as well as the quantification of geodetic networks&#8217; uniformity to regularly dense and regularly thinned. Moreover, it serves as a methodological resource and reference for the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography, not only the maintenance, but also the further densification or modernization the geodetic network in Poland. Furthermore, the results give surveyors the ability to quickly assess the availability of geodetic points, as well as identify environmental obstacles that may hamper measurements. The results show that the base geodetic control points are evenly dispersed (one point over 50 sq. km), however they tend to cluster slightly in urbanized areas and forests (1.3 and 1.4 points per sq. km, respectively).

Jie Shan, Zhihua Hu, Pengjie Tao et al.

The objective of photogrammetry is to extract information from imagery. With the increasing interaction of sensing and computing technologies, the fundamentals of photogrammetry have undergone an evolutionary change in the past several decades. Numerous theoretical progresses and practical applications have been reported from traditionally different but related multiple disciplines, including computer vision, photogrammetry, computer graphics, pattern recognition, remote sensing and machine learning. This has gradually extended the boundary of traditional photogrammetry in both theory and practice. This paper introduces a new, holistic theoretical framework to describe various photogrammetric tasks and solutions. Under this framework, photogrammetry is generally regarded as a reversed imaging process formulated as a unified optimization problem. Depending on the variables to be determined through optimization, photogrammetric tasks are mostly divided into image space tasks, image-object space tasks and object space tasks, each being a special case of the general formulation. This paper presents representative solution approaches for each task. With this effort, we intend to advocate an imminent and necessary paradigm change in both research and learning of photogrammetry.

S. Bosch, J. Rathmann, F. Simetsreiter

By now, there are numerous high-quality studies discussing the incompatibility of the development of renewable energies with the preservation of landscape. However, no further insight is provided as to how a holistic spatial integration of renewable energies may be achieved. Yet the ambitious aim of Germany's government of increasing the percentage of energy obtained from renewable energies to 45 % by 2025 and to 60 % by 2035 will lead to an even greater spatial strain on Germany's rural areas as it has been the case so far. Therefore, this study aims to critically investigate the currently established paradigm of site planning for renewable energies using GIS analysis. Based upon the findings, an alternative, holistic concept of site planning will be developed and exemplified.

C. Ambrosi, C. Scapozza

In recent decades, GIS tools have been directly applied to photo-interpretative geomorphological and geological mapping. Although these tools are powerful and effective tools in the creation of digital maps, it is often very difficult to obtain a correct recognition of the nature and boundaries of geomorphological landforms using two-dimensional images. In addition, the output typically requires some improvements, usually by means of field verifications or using oblique field photographs. The aim of this paper is to present the ArcGDS&trade; tool, which allows the direct exploitation, visualization and digitization of stereoscopic digital linear scanned images (e.g. digital image strips, ^©swisstopo). Through two case studies, we show how 3-D digital mapping makes it possible to produce Quaternary geological and geomorphological maps with a limited complementary fieldwork approach and to provide a quantitative assessment of surface deformations through the acquisition of precise elevation coordinates. Combined with high-resolution digital elevation models, ArcGDS&trade; is a powerful tool, particularly over large areas, as well as under forest cover and on very steep slopes.

Domenico Santarsiero

II titolo di questa editoriale scalciava nel recinto della mia mente da un po' di tempo e, forzato dall'impietosa conferma della realtà dei fatti, sembra questo il momento piu indicato per lasciarlo libero di colpire.

Mirko Husak

<p>Two valuable books were published under the title History of Cartography in the group Lecture Notes and the subgroup Publications of the International Cartographic Association. The books were published as a result of collaboration between International Cartographic Association (ICA) and the Springer-Verlag publishing company and contain most papers from the following symposia:</p><p>3rd International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography at University of Texas in Arlington, October 11–12, (URL 1) with the theme Charting the Cartography of Chartered Companies and</p><p>4th International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography, at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary, June 28–29, 2012 (URL 2) with the theme Exploration – Discovery – Cartography.</p>

H. R. Kistler

No abstract available.

Francesca Salvemini

La documentazione storica nel restauro: i quadri di Caravaggio nell'inventario vaticano di Scipione Borghese

P. Crotti

L'histoire du peuplement préhistorique de la Suisse, à l'image de tous les pays alpins, est évidemment largement tributaire des fluctuations glaciaires. Le bilan proposé dans cet article est axé en priorité sur les occupations humaines des territoires daltitude dans les Alpes, au cours du Paléolithique et du Mésolithique. Ces espaces ont été parcourus dès la fin du Paléolithique moyen, entre 45 000 et 35 000 BP. Après le retrait glaciaire, les premières traces humaines dans l'étage montagnard remontent à l'Azilien et sont contemporaines de l'Alleröd. Avec l'amélioration climatique de l'Holocène, les témoignages doccupation des territoires alpins par des populations du Mésolithique se multiplient, même si les recherches dans ce domaine sont encore peu développées, en comparaison avec dautres régions des Alpes.

Edoardo Carlucci

Venticinque anni fa il peggior disastro vulcanico nella storia degli Stati Uniti attirò l’attenzione di tutto il mondo. L’esplosione, preceduta da un paio di mesi di piccole scosse di terremoto, squarciò il fianco Nord del vulcano St. Helens il 18 maggio 1980, provocando allo stesso tempo il più grande smottamento della storia. L’eruzione seguente all’esplosione cancellò tutta l’area circostante, facendo 57 vittime tra la popolazione e formando un profondo cratere a forma di ferro di cavallo; per sei anni si susseguirono altre piccole eruzioni che portarono alla formazione di un’altra cupola lavica dopodiché Loo-wit (il Guardiano del Fuoco), come i nativi americani usavano chiamare il vulcano St. Helens, si addormentò di nuovo. Prima del fatidico giorno Mount St. Helens era la nona cima per altezza negli Stati Uniti; dopo il 18 maggio essa diventava la trentesima.

D. Wachter

No abstract available.

R. Dikau

Der vorliegende Aufsatz thematisiert aktuelle Diskurse über die geomorphologischen Beiträge zu sich verändernden Forschungszielen und Paradigmen innerhalb der Erdsystem-Wissenschaften. Auf Basis des überzeugenden Paradigmas der Reliefgenerationen als multiskaliges Palimpsest von Reliefformen sollte die zukünftige geomorphologische Forschung auf den folgenden Feldern vorangetrieben werden: (1) raum-zeitskalen-bezogene Methoden, (2) Kopplung neuer Ansätze der tektonischen Modellierung und Datierungstechnologien mit einem geomorphologischem Verständnis der Geomorphogenese, (3) nichtlineare Komplexität in geomorphologischen Systemen und (4) Sedimenthaushalte in biogeochemischen Kreisläufen. Es erscheint jedoch notwendig darauf hinzuweisen, dass neue Technologien nicht die epistemologische Debatte in der Disziplin ersetzen können.

H. Scholz

No abstract available.

Slavkovski Peter

Throughout Europe and within various historical and socio-economic conditions, Slovaks have formed many enclaves and diasporas. In order to investigate common cultural and ethnic characteristics and/or differences between Slovaks in Slovakia and the various diasporas that they formed in relationship with majorities of their host countries, we suggest the usage of the cartographic method. Namely, during the 1997-1999 the Institute of Ethnology of the Slovakian Academy of Science used the cartographic method to analyze various complex questions relating to the traditional culture and ethnic history of many Slovakian minorities in the countries of Central Europe: in Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary. The project was named Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Central Europe - the application of ethno-cartographic method in research and comparison of cultural manifestation. The project yield positive results and in 2000-2002 proceeded with yet another scientific project: Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Southeastern Europe - the application of the cartographic method in research and comparison of cultural manifestations once more, the data were obtained on the traditional folk culture of the Slovakian enclaves in Vojvodina and Croatia. The cartographic method used in both projects enabled researchers to document relevant data in a relatively short period of time. A solid foundation was created for a scientific synthesis of selected topics that deal with the traditional culture of Slovakian minorities in Central and Southeastern Europe, and its comparisons with the parent country culture. The cartographic method is widely used in Slovakia, in some 250 sites. Further, the scientific project of the Institute of Ethnology of the Slovakian Academy of Science named Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Central and Southern Europe as an integral part of their cultural inheritance (In between cultural stability and acculturation) that started in 2003, should document various mutual influences between the Slovakian minorities and socio-cultural systems of their host populations. That is, the project should establish a degree of the Slovakian minorities' assimilation or cultural stability in a given region.

Carlito Vieira de Moraes

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar sucintamente os fundamentos jurídicos e geodésicos da caracterização de estremas no espaço geométrico. Dos fundamentos jurídicos analisa-se o princípio da especialidade do registro imobiliário. A este princípio, além dos aspectos estritamente jurídicos, é também requisito à individualização obrigatória do prédio os dados geográficos que determinam univocamente o espaço terrestre por ele ocupado. Dos fundamentos geodésicos são agrupados os sistemas de coordenadas geodésicas para as mensurações terrestres, dentre os quais se destacam o sistema de coordenadas polares astronômicas topocêntricas no qual as observações geodésicas são obtidas mediante os instrumentos de mensuração (e.g., os taquímetros) e o sistema de coordenadas polares elipsóidicas por ser o procedimento pelo qual os limites fundiários dos prédios são descritos. Desenvolve-se o procedimento matemático que calcula a superfície de polígonos quaisquer sobre o elipsóide em função das coordenadas geográficas elipsóidicas. As medidas de qualidade de rede geodésica são agrupadas. Propõem-se uma estrutura atualizada à matrícula imobiliária, em que as quantidades geodésicas e estatísticas interpretadoras do princípio da especialidade são contempladas, e complementos à norma jurídica pertinente, i.e., ao art. 225 da Lei n. 6015/1973 (Lei de Registros Públicos). Apóia-se na tese segundo a qual a concepção aprimorada do modelo geodésico para a caracterização de estremas no espaço geométrico, de modo que resulte limites fundiários de iure o mais próximo dos limites fundiários de facto, requerendo a intersecção dos princípios contidos no Direito Imobiliário com os princípios contidos na Geodésia.