Hasil untuk "Bridge engineering"

Anil Agrawal

It is my pleasure to publish the April issue (2nd issue) of Vol. 2 of the International Journal of Bridge engineering, Management and Research.  You can find detailed information about the journal in the inaugural issue in September 2024.  In this issue of the journal, we are pleased to bring to you nine papers in innovative areas of bridge engineering.

Rongfang Song, Qingnian Yang, Hang Song

To investigate the mesoscopic crack evolution characteristics and energy damage evolution laws of granite under different rock bridge inclinations, a discrete element mineral crystal model (GBM) was established based on laboratory tests and mineral composition analysis of granite. Combined with uniaxial compression tests and numerical simulation experiments, the reliability of the GBM was verified, the mesoscopic crack evolution process and energy evolution laws were analyzed, and a damage constitutive equation was developed. The research results indicate that the peak stress of granite exhibits a U-shaped variation with respect to the inclination angle, with the lowest strain and most pronounced brittleness at 60° and the highest strain and ductility at 0°. The elastic modulus increases with the inclination angle, which is attributed to the enhanced stiffness resulting from the oriented arrangement of minerals at high inclinations. The greater the rock bridge inclination, the higher the compressive strength of granite and the greater the strain required for failure, while the elastic modulus is less affected by the inclination angle. Intergranular tensile cracks appear first and dominate, mainly distributed within quartz minerals. The total energy exhibits a semi-parabolic trend with strain, and the energy accumulation rate of specimens with a 90° inclination is significantly higher. The elastic energy shows a similar increasing trend before the peak and dissipates rapidly after the peak, reflecting the rapid release of elastic stored energy. The peak energy storage efficiency fluctuates within the range of 0.7–0.8, showing a “rise-fall-rise-fall” pattern with increasing inclination angle, but remains generally stable. Specimens with a rock bridge inclination of 60° are most prone to fracture. A damage constitutive model with three variable parameters was constructed, and verification results indicate that the model has high fitting accuracy, providing a theoretical basis for the stability assessment of rock engineering.

Xiaofei Sun, Ying Su, Dunwen Liu et al.

Highway tunnel construction in mountainous areas of China has been developing rapidly. The influence of drilling and blasting on the existing tunnel structure has become a key factor affecting the safety and stability of tunnel construction. The double-arch tunnel has unique structural characteristics. The propagation characteristics of blasting vibrations and the resulting stress responses exhibit a certain level of complexity. There is little research on the influence of single-line blasting excavation of double-arch tunnel on the other line tunnel. This paper analyzes the blasting vibration of a double-arch tunnel by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The propagation law of blasting vibration velocity and stress distribution law of blasting vibration in different sections of the tunnel is revealed. At the same time, the relationship between the peak particle velocity (PPV) and tensile stress is established, and the threshold vibration velocity is proposed. It provides a scientific basis for tunnel design and construction. The propagation of blasting vibration in the adjacent roadway is affected by the middle pilot tunnel. The peak vibration velocity of different parts decreases with the increase in distance. The monitoring of vibration velocity and stress in section A of the right line of the adjacent tunnel should be strengthened, especially in the tunnel vault, blast-facing side wall, and arch foot. The difference in vibration strength across different tunnel parts provides a basis for optimizing the structure. It helps strengthen the parts susceptible to vibration during the design stage of the multi-arch tunnel, improving the tunnel’s safety and stability.

Tianshi Feng, Wenlong Song, Xingdong Li et al.

The increasing threat of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), intensified by climate change, underscores the urgency for developing advanced early warning systems. The near-annual, cyclical outbursts of Lake Merzbacher in the Tien Shan mountains present a severe downstream threat, yet its remote location and lack of instrumentation pose a significant challenge to traditional monitoring. To bridge this gap, we develop and validate a dynamic risk assessment framework driven entirely by remote sensing data. Methodologically, the framework introduces an innovative Ice-Water Composite Index (IWCI) to resolve the challenge of lake area extraction under mixed ice-water conditions. This is coupled with a high-fidelity 5 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the lake basin, autonomously generated from GF-7 Dual-Line Camera (DLC) imagery, which enables accurate daily volume retrieval. Through systematic feature engineering, nine key hydro-thermal drivers are quantified from MODIS and other products to train a Random Forest (RF) machine learning model, establishing the non-linear relationship between catchment processes and lake volume. The model demonstrates robust predictive performance on an independent validation set (2023–2024) (R² = 0.80, RMSE = 5.15 × 10⁶ m³), accurately captures the complete lake-filling cycle from initiation to near-peak stage. Furthermore, feature importance analysis quantitatively confirms that Positive Accumulated Temperature (PAT) is the dominant physical mechanism governing the lake’s storage dynamics. This end-to-end framework offers a transferable paradigm for GLOF hazard management, enabling a critical shift from static, regional assessments to dynamic, site-specific early warning in data-scarce alpine regions.

Gangping Fan, Huanzhe Li, Tianzhuo Wang et al.

Abstract Bridges with shallow foundations are highly susceptible to flood scouring due to their limited embedment depth and small contact area between the soil and foundation. This can lead to foundation voids, posing a serious threat to bridge safety. To prevent and mitigate scouring risks, this paper investigates the riverbed scouring characteristics of shallow foundation bridges under different hydrological conditions.The study found that under high water levels and flow velocities, scour depth significantly increased.Under extreme hydrological conditions, a horseshoe vortex forms at the base of the front end of the bridge pier, causing scour pits on both sides of the upstream face of the foundation, which is the main cause of foundation voids that first appear at 2580 s with a maximum scour depth of -2.51 m and a void area of 0.5%, continuing to increase over time.Based on simulated scouring data, this study proposes a method for converting boundary conditions from a scouring model to a mechanical model. This method utilizes point cloud reverse engineering technology to generate a riverbed surface from the three-dimensional coordinate matrix of the boundary and import it into the structural analysis field. Hydraulic effects are calculated using a CFD model and transferred to the structural domain through fluid-structure interaction technology, achieving multi-physical field coupling among water flow, soil, and structure. This method addresses the current limitations in simulating complex scouring forms in bridge flood damage research, providing reliable technical support for subsequent studies on the damage behavior of shallow foundation bridges under flood scouring conditions.

P.S. McCarten

Ru Zhang, Yuanfeng Duan, Li Xing et al.

Abstract Stress/force monitoring of prestressing tendons is challenging but crucial to the evaluation of the safety of structures in which they are used. To this end, a smart elasto-magneto-electric (EME) sensor based on elasto-magnetic (EM) and magneto-electric (ME) effects is proposed for noncontact field monitoring of the absolute stress in these steel tendons. In this paper, our research in design, implementation, and application of the EME sensory system for non-destructive monitoring of prestressing tendons is overviewed. The results confirm that the developed EME sensor possesses high repeatability, ease of operation and maintenance, corrosion resistance, and long expected service-life. It is demonstrated that the proposed EME sensory technology is feasible for the stress/force monitoring of prestressing tendons in both new and existing structures and the EME sensory system is reliable and stable.

Arkadiusz Bylica, Anton Pashkevich

Abstract: Weather conditions always have a huge impact on air transport. Taking into account global climate changes, which have a great influence on such conditions, this problematic continues to be one of the most current research topics, especially in the context of the above-mentioned field of transport. This article attempts to present the issue of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and its potential influence on air transport. The aspects of lightning discharges and torrential rains, which are often accompanying them, were also discussed. Additionally, infrastructural and procedural solutions reducing the negative effects of unfavourable weather conditions are described. Keywords: Urban Heat Island; Air transport; Weather conditions

Donghui Huo, Xiupeng Yao, Meng Guo et al.

The bee structure of an asphalt binder surface changes during the aging and rejuvenation process, and the effect of this microstructural change on the mechanical properties of the asphalt binder is not clear. Therefore, in this paper, a two-dimensional finite element model of an asphalt binder microstructure was constructed based on processed AFM images, and the contents of bee phases and bee casings were varied at the same time to analyze the stress and strain distribution law of the asphalt binder microstructure. The results of the study show that in the bee structure, the stress in the bee phase is obviously greater than that in the bee casing, and the stress in the interstitial phase is the lowest. With the simultaneous enhancement in the proportion of the bee phase and the bee casing, the stresses in the asphalt samples increased in all phase structures. Under the combined effect of the decrease in the content of the bee phase and the increase in the content of the bee casing, there is a certain degree of increase in the internal stresses and strains in the asphalt binder, the effect of the bee casing on the internal stresses in the asphalt binder is more pronounced, and the bee phase and the bee casing play better roles in resisting the external deformation due to the increase in the volume fraction. For a recycled asphalt binder, whether there is an increase in the dosage of the old asphalt binder or an enhancement in the interfacial diffusion and a fusion of new and old asphalt binders, the level of tensile strain within the recycled asphalt binder will increase to a certain extent, which, in turn, will put forward a higher requirement for its anti-cracking ability.

Xinggan Peng, Hanhui Li, Yuxuan Lin et al.

Anomaly detection tasks involving time-series signal processing have been important research topics for decades. In many real-world anomaly detection applications, no specific distributions fit the data, and the characteristics of anomalies are different. Under these circumstances, the detection algorithm requires excellent learning ability of the data features. Transformers, which apply the self-attention mechanism, have shown outstanding performances in modelling long-range dependencies. Although Transformer based models have good prediction performance, they may be influenced by noise and ignore some unusual details, which are significant for anomaly detection. In this paper, a novel temporal context fusion framework: Temporal Context Fusion Transformer (TCF-Trans), is proposed for anomaly detection tasks with applications to time series. The original feature transmitting structure in the decoder of Informer is replaced with the proposed feature fusion decoder to fully utilise the features extracted from shallow and deep decoder layers. This strategy prevents the decoder from missing unusual anomaly details while maintaining robustness from noises inside the data. Besides, we propose the temporal context fusion module to adaptively fuse the generated auxiliary predictions. Extensive experiments on public and collected transportation datasets validate that the proposed framework is effective for anomaly detection in time series. Additionally, the ablation study and a series of parameter sensitivity experiments show that the proposed method maintains high performance under various experimental settings.

Kaikai ZOU, Gang LI, Qiang ZOU et al.

[Introduction] The rapid development of VSC-HVDC provides practical support for MMC (Modular Multi-Level Converter) topology. Takes a half bridge MMC converter as an example, the relationship between steady-state capacitor voltage fluctuation, harmonic interaction, and bridge arm switching function of MMC is studied in order to provide theoretical support for MMC system design and control strategy. [Method] By establishing analytical expressions for the sub module capacitor voltage and bridge arm switch function, the mathematical approximate expressions for the energy fluctuation and capacitor voltage fluctuation of the upper and lower bridge arms of the MMC converter were obtained. Furthermore, the distribution law of harmonics in the upper and lower bridge arms current, AC (Alternating Current ) valve side, and DC (Direct Current) side, as well as the positive and negative sequence relationship of inter phase circulation were studied. Based on the harmonic formula, an estimation method for the secondary circulation was obtained; Furthermore, the variable comparison method was used to study the relationship between the switching function of the bridge arm and the voltage of the submodule capacitance with the valve side power factor and the size of the submodule capacitance. Finally, a detailed PSCAD/EMTDC model was built based on actual engineering parameters, and a consistency comparison between theoretical analysis and offline simulation was conducted. [Result] The research has shown that the inter phase circulating current of MMC only contains even harmonics, with 6k+2 circulating currents exhibiting negative sequence, 6k+4 circulating currents exhibiting positive sequence, and 6k circulating currents exhibiting zero sequence characteristics. At the same time, under steady-state conditions, the AC voltage and current flow at the outlet of MMC valve side only contains odd harmonics, while the DC voltage and current flow at MMC DC side only contains even harmonics, and at the power factor angle φ<0, the peak value of the bridge arm switch function will be greater than 1, and the peak voltage fluctuation of the module capacitor at low power factor is greater than that at high power factor. [Conclusion] Based on this, we can select and design capacitor for MMC inverters and carry out the transient stability strategies, also, master the operational characteristics of MMC topology through theoretical analysis.

Joanna Prasalska-Nikoniuk, Mariusz Urbański, Robert Ulewicz

The study aims to define the elements of common FPC requirements and the ISO 9001:2015 standard in plants producing construction products of road and bridge engineering. The quality management system ISO 9001: 2015 may be recognized as an FPC system by-product certification organization and by the producers themselves, provided that specific requirements specified in the product standard or national technical assessment are also met.

Zhenhai Zeng, Chuanxi Li, Shengqi Wang et al.

Aiming at the problem that orthotropic steel bridge deck and bridge deck pavement are prone to fatigue damage, Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) bridge deck pavement is used to replace concrete or asphalt in flexible bridge deck pavement. In order to deeply explore the shear resistance of the short stud interface in the ECC–steel composite structure and provide theoretical support for the practical application of the project, 16 static push-out tests were completed. The effects of stud diameter, height and arrangement spacing on the shear capacity of the medium and short ECC studs were studied. The failure modes, load–slip curves, load–strain curves and interface gap width curves of the components were analyzed. The test results showed that the shear force of the medium and short ECC bolts mainly produces two failure modes, bolt shearing and bolt root weld shearing, while the ECC plate has a local crushing area at the interface bolt root position, and no large cracks occur in other areas. The shear capacity of short bolts is significantly affected by the diameter of the bolts, but is less affected by the height and spacing of the bolts, and increases with the diameter of the short bolts. The length of the stud has an important influence on the stress on the surface of the ECC board. The longer the stud, the greater the tensile stress on the ECC surface. The shorter the peg, the more prone to eccentric compression the ECC plate is, and the longer the peg, the more prone to axial compression it is.

Wenliang Lu, Fenglin Li, Li Zhu et al.

Glue joints make precast concrete segmental beams with discontinuity, which is the weak link and an important part of the structure and needs to be given special attention in practical engineering. To test the shear behavior of five segmental glue joint beams and one monolithic beam, the test parameters included shear span ratios (1.2, 1.5), prestress levels (4 MPa, 6 MPa, 6.5 MPa), prestress types (unbonded prestress, bonded prestress), and beam types (segmental beam, monolithic beam). The results show that both segmental glue joint beams and monolithic beams exhibited typical brittle failure characteristics in the failure stage. The shear span ratio increased, the shear bearing capacity of the specimen decreased, and the deformation increased. The deformation of the specimen decreased when the prestress level increased. The bonded prestressed screw-thread bar improved the overall strength and stiffness of the segmental glue joint beam. The crack resistance of the monolithic beam was better than the crack resistance of the segmental glue joint beam, but the difference in shear bearing capacity between them was small. The test data were compared with the calculated values of shear bearing capacity of different formulas, and the results show that the calculated values of formulas of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO (2003)) standard were in the best agreement with the test values. Based on the test results, the strain distribution and stress distribution of the specimens were further explored by combining the finite element method. The results show that cracks of different specimens would cross the glue joints. The yield strength of the prestressed screw-thread bar was not reached when the specimen was damaged.

Elnaz Zare, Mohammad Gholami, Shamsedin Hashemi

Buckling-restrained braced frames can considerably reduce the seismic responses, because of their high energy dissipation capacity. However, they have big residual drifts subjected to great earthquakes. In this paper, buckling - restrained braced frames with eccentric configurations connected to frames with post-tension connections is studied. The results show that this system is able to decrease the residual drift. For evaluation the proposed method, 3 and 6 story frames, for different combinations of self - centering parameters are designed. Self-centering parameters are gradient of disengage connection and ratio of self - centering. Base shear used for the models are calculated using performance-based seismic design. Performance-based seismic design is obtained based on energy-work balance using pre-selected target drift and yield mechanism. Then in Abaqus software, pushover and cyclic analysis method for different combinations of self-centering parameters on the frames is done. Pushover analysis verifies the design method. Cyclic analysis show that the residual drift is decreased by adding frames with post-tension connections to a buckling – restrained braced frame with eccentric configuration. The results show that in order to reach self - centering, the ratio of base shear of the frames with post-tension connections to the total base shear is required to be more than 50%.

V. V. Korolev, A. A. Loktev, I. V. Shishkina et al.

Engineering structures form an integral part of the railways, both already operated and yet designed. The joint work of the upper structure of the railway track and the supporting structures of the bridge crossing is an important condition for the normal operation of the railway section without various restrictions and additional work on the current maintenance and diagnostics of structural elements. Presented study is devoted to the investigation of the stress-strain state of a small railway bridge with a beam design, when the axis of the rail-sleeper grid relative to the axis of the bridge is shifted by an amount exceeding the limit value determined by regulatory documents. In the analytical calculation of the behavior parameters and the state of the span under the action of the load, a differential equation is used that describes the vertical vibrations of the beam and allows considering them as a combination of forced and free vibrations. In numerical modeling, the finite element method is used as the solution method, the deter mining equations of which contain linear and angular displacements of nodes of the calculation scheme as unknowns. As a result of the calculations, graphical dependences for normal and horizontal displacements, internal forces, principal and equivalent stresses at various points of the span are obtained. Presented values show an increase in bending and torsional forces, as well as principal stresses when the axis of the railway track is displaced relative to the axis of the bridge. It is noted that although the increase in stresses (by about 6 %) can generally be considered insignificant, the presence of defects in the span beams (concrete chips, cracks in the stretched zone, exposure and corrosion of working reinforcement, decrease in the calculated cross section, leaching of cement stone from concrete, decrease in concrete strength over time) can make it a significant enough factor limiting the operational capabilities of bridge crossings.

Artur Zbiciak, Kazimierz J&#243;zefiak, Rados&#322;aw Czubacki et al.

Noise is one of the major environmental concerns nowadays. The problem is especially significant around large urban agglomerations where high levels of noise can have a negative impact on physical or psychological well-being of citizens while a long-term exposure can be harmful to health. Residential areas are protected by the introduction of maximum allowable sound pressure levels according to appropriate norms. There are also similar regulations concerning natural areas under environmental protection. Different measures used in order to reduce levels of noise should be applied primarily to the source of the sound. This is the task mainly for the manufacturers of all kinds of machines as well as means of transport. However, noise levels can be also controlled by the introduction of appropriately designed or chosen elements or materials in civil engineering structures. The noise levels emitted by the rail traffic depend on the number, kind and speed of trains, night and day traffic organization as well as on the type of the railroad structure and its location (e.g. on an embankment, on a bridge or flyover). Railway noise mainly develops between wheels and rails and depends on the roughness of both these elements, rolling speed and dynamic characteristics of the railroad. The paper presents the mathematical formulation of a coupled acoustic-structure problem. Solving the problem with finite element method gives the possibility to predict sound pressure levels in the vicinity of a railway structure. A numerical model of a certain type of a railroad structure was built in order to simulate the acoustic wave propagation caused by a wheel-rail interaction. The harmonic analysis was carried out using the Abaqus software. The acoustic pressureobtained based on the harmonic analysis was evaluated in certain points of the acoustic medium for various excitation frequencies. The final results were presented in the form of one-third octave bands. In the article, a possible methodology for estimating noise levels from railway structures based on a numerical analysis was shown. In the future works, the numerical model will be validated by field test data and applied to evaluate different types of technological solutions (silencers) used to reduce railway noise levels. This paper is part of the project “Innovative solutions for the protection of people and building against noise from rail traffic”. The project is co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund within the framework of the Smart Growth Operational Programme and by PKP PLK S.A. within the framework of a joint venture BRIK. Keywords: Finite Element Method; Acoustics; Railway Noise

Pietro Milillo, Giorgia Giardina, Daniele Perissin et al.

We present a methodology for the assessment of possible pre-failure bridge deformations, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations. We apply this methodology to obtain a detailed 15-year survey of the Morandi bridge (Polcevera Viaduct) in the form of relative displacements across the structure prior to its collapse on August 14th 2018. We generated a displacement map for the structure from space-based SAR measurements acquired by the Italian constellation COSMO-SkyMed and the European constellation Sentinel-1A/B over the period 2009&#8722;2018. Historical satellite datasets include Envisat data spanning 2003&#8722;2011. The map reveals that the bridge was undergoing an increased magnitude of deformations over time prior to its collapse. This technique shows that the deck next to the collapsed pier was characterized since 2015 by increasing relative displacements. The COSMO-SkyMed dataset reveals the increased deformation magnitude over time of several points located near the strands of this deck between 12th March 2017 and August 2018.

Farhad Salehi Rad, Vahid Faramarzzadeh, Adel Ferdousi

In this paper Analytical plastic procedures for studying tension fields effects on intermediate beams in steel plate shear walls and estimating the plastic moments of horizontal boundary elements under equal and unequal top and bottom tension fields of SPSWs have been developed and compared with finite element analysis procedure by using ABAQUS software. The results indicate that with developing and increasing of tension fields, axial compression and shear forces are increased specially in unequal mode and subsequently in all models (3,5,7 story),were modeled by strip model (AISC design guide 20) and using von-mises yield criterion in plane-stress condition for finite element analysis, plastic moment capacity of critical selected beams are decreased and results from theoretical plastic analysis were shown to agree well with the results from finite element analysis that is shown that accuracy of classic plastic analysis in estimation of plastic moment of beams and it is noticeable that it is necessary to consider tension fields effects in plastic moment capacity and minimum required moment of inertia because of incresing and developing of tension fields and post-yielding of steel plates and subsequently affect on compress and shear beam stresses values and resistant moment design capacity in positive and negative flexure of horizontal boundary elements for ultimae loads.

Jing Fu, Soultana Tania Kapiki

E-tourism and hospitality represents the development of tourism and hospitality to integrate ICT tools and has significantly changed the industry over the last decade. In order to meet the new needs, knowledge service suppliers (i.e. the university) must meet the requirements and social developments of the tourism industry. The quality of e-tourism and hospitality curriculum depends largely on the education quality and its subsequent implementation. The research reveals that higher education is not currently meeting the needs of the industry, especially in the Greater Mekong Sub-region countries. This article focuses on two major problems, which represent a disparity between the knowledge needs of the tourism and hospitality industry and the knowledge provided by curricula in higher education. The authors leverage a knowledge engineering perspective so as to bridge the gap between knowledge demand and supply as related to e-tourism and hospitality curriculum design.