Hasil untuk "American literature"

M. Hammond, Daniel F. Hayes, M. Dowsett et al.

Jeffrey R. Garber, R. Cobin, H. Gharib et al.

T. Lowi

M. Y. B. Brave Heart, L. Debruyn

C. Compton, L. Fielding, L. Burgart et al.

E. Giuliani, C. Pietrobelli, Roberta Rabellotti

R. Bonow, B. Carabello, A. C. D. Leon et al.

Chris J. Park

H. Vilstrup, P. Amodio, J. Bajaj et al.

These recommendations provide a data-supported approach. They are based on the following: (1) formal review and analysis of the recently published world literature on the topic; (2) guideline policies covered by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/European Association for the Study of the Liver (AASLD/EASL) Policy on the Joint Development and Use of Practice Guidelines; and (3) the experience of the authors in the specified topic. Intended for use by physicians, these recommendations suggest preferred approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of care. They are intended to be flexible, in contrast to standards of care, which are inflexible policies to be

R. Schwartz, D. M. Blankenship

Psychotic disorder diagnoses are common in the United States and internationally. However, racial disparities in rates of psychotic disorder diagnoses have been reported across time and mental health professions. This literature review provides an updated and comprehensive summary of empirical research on race and diagnosis of psychotic disorders spanning a 24-year period. Findings reveal a clear and pervasive pattern wherein African American/Black consumers show a rate of on average three to four higher than Euro-American/White consumers. Latino American/Hispanic consumers were also disproportionately diagnosed with psychotic disorders on average approximately three times higher compared to Euro-American/White consumers. In addition, a trend among international studies suggests that immigrant racial minority consumers receiving mental health services may be assigned a psychotic disorder diagnosis more frequently than native consumers sharing a majority racial background. Potential explanations for this phenomenon are discussed, including possible clinical bias and sociological causes such as differential access to healthcare and willingness to participate in mental health services. Directions for future research should include the exploration of disproportionate diagnoses according to race through qualitative interviewing as well as empirical investigation.

A. M. Korzhenyak

INTRODUCTION. In the process of adapting to the changing realities of geopolitics and international law, collective legitimation has become one of the main political functions of the UN as a means of politically significant approval (or disapproval) of the behaviour and positions of states as consistent with international law and at the same time meeting the needs of the present, a means of recognising them as legitimate (or illegitimate). Awareness of the dynamic nature of such a phenomenon of contemporary international law as “international legal legitimation”, competent mastery of international legal argumentation skills, their constant improvement and updating, innovative approach to the formulation of international legal positions that could really claim to be dominant and progressive, development of an optimal mechanism for their articulation and legitimation will allow to ensure the competitiveness of Russia’s international legal policy among such rigid, wilful, but, it should be admitted, calculating and shrewd strategies of legitimation, which are applied primarily by the United States of America. Against the background of Washington’s generally successful and effective international legal legitimation of its interventions, as a result of which not a single resolution was adopted either by the UN Security Council or the UN General Assembly (UNGA) that would have qualified the American invasions of Iraq, Libya or Syria as “aggression”, the international legal support for the Russian Federation’s special military operation in the Ukraine (SVO) needs to be improved, since precisely this qualification was given to it by the UNGA. The relevance and significance of the issue increases in view of the need to enhance the quality of the international legal justification of the SVO, which should be aimed at the recognition, approval and acceptance by the majority of members of the international community of Russia’s international legal position on this issue, i. e. at its international legal legitimation, capable of reversing the currently prevailing pro-Western international legal consciousness. Therefore, this phenomenon encapsulates a tremendous applied value in the context of the increasing number of hybrid threats to the national security of our country and the emergence of new sources of such threats.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The theoretical and empirical basis of the research is constituted by domestic and mainly foreign international legal literature with an emphasis on the latest scientific developments and also with reference to the relevant to the topic law enforcement practice (practice of the International Court of Justice) and material of specialised dictionaries. On the basis of integrative (multidimensional) approach to scientific legal research, taking into account such principles of scientific cognition as theoretical novelty and scientific relevance, the study was guided, in particular, by hermeneutic, formal-legal, formallogical, structural-functional and systematic methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, legal modelling, legal construction and strategic planning.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article reviews relevant studies on the term “legitimation” in international law, outlines various approaches to the definition and interpretation of this notion, reveals the content and structural elements of the process of international legal legitimation aimed at achieving, recognising or confirming the legitimacy of an international legal position of a state. Forming her own vision of the notion of “international legal legitimation”, the author has devised a number of classifications (structural schemes): a typology of approaches to the definition of the term “legitimation” (nihilistic, idealistic and compromise), the structure of the process of international legal legitimation, the types of international legal legitimation according to the time and will criteria.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Amid the large-scale and powerful “legal aggression” of the West against Russia, the phenomenon of international legal legitimation of the state’s actions often raises the question of the need to be bold, inventive and even creative in formulating international legal positions in a particular area. Our hypothesis is that in the real world, in which international law is a “product of a game of powers and interests”, the direct and active involvement of the Russian Federation in the process of constructing a common model of international legal legitimation of states’ positions would help to increase the effectiveness of the protection of Russian interests. The first step on this path could be the development and approbation of an international legal mechanism of legitimation of Russia’s international legal position on the SVO. Besides, it is important to analyse the international legal legitimation practices of particular states not only in order to study and potentially absorb their experience, but also to learn how to predict and anticipate further international legal manoeuvres of a certain country so as to be able to respond to them in a timely and appropriate manner.

Livian Isabel Medeiros Carvalho, Eduarda Gomes Onofre de Araújo, Breno Estevam Silva de Souza et al.

Introduction Cleft lip and/or palate (CL+/-P) is a congenital malformation affecting the lip and palate, requiring long-term treatment due to potential associated complications. For this reason, it is important for the patient to be continuously monitored and followed for health promotion and prevention, as well as improving the quality of life. The aim of this scoping review protocol is to identify and map the available evidence regarding the application of digital resources and technologies in the monitoring and follow-up of patients with CL+/-P.Methods and analysis This scoping review protocol follows the guidelines recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual, employing the PCC acronym (Patient/Concept/Context). Searches will be conducted, in May 2024, of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, ScienceDirect, as well as grey literature indexed in ProQuest Open Access Dissertations & Theses and Google Scholar. The review will consider all types of published studies, including grey literature, in English, Portuguese and Spanish languages, and will consider studies regardless of publication date. Exclusions will apply to studies that do not address the use of digital resources and technologies in CL+/-P monitoring and follow-up.Ethics and dissemination As this is a scoping review, no ethics committee approval is required. After completion, the plan is to publish results in scientific journals on craniofacial malformations.Study registration Open Science Framework, DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/Y6AG8.

Edited by Justin Parks

Ali Shabanzadeh, Mohammadbagher hasanvand

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on the symptoms of Anxiety Disorder in mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder children in Quds city. This research was conducted as a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test, also featuring a control group. The statistical population of this research included all mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder Children residing in Quds city attending the academic year of 2022-2023, from which 30 participants were selected through convenience sampling and subsequently divided randomly into 2 groups consisting of 15 individuals: experimental and control. To assess anxiety levels, both groups initially completed the Beck's Anxiety Inventory (1998) as a pre-test. The experimental group subsequently received 12 sessions of schema therapy, while the control group followed their regular daily routine. Following both group's completion of the post-test, inferential (covariance analysis) and descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion indices) were employed to analyze the research data. The findings revealed a significant and positive effect of schema therapy on reducing Anxiety Disorder symptoms (η=0/290,P<0/005). The results clearly indicate that implementing schema therapy as an effective treatment option can significantly reduce the symptoms of Anxiety Disorder in mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder children, thereby enhancing their overall mental status and daily functioning. Keywords: Anxiety Disorder, Intellectual Developmental Disorder, Mothers, Schema Therapy.       Extended Abstract Introduction Intellectual Developmental Disorder, which affects around 2-3% of the general population, has a significant societal impact (Jansen et al., 2023). This developmental disorder, recognized by a defect in the development of intelligence, reflects deficits that arise during a person's formative years. To clarify, the term "Intellectual Developmental Disorder" has a specific meaning in the field of mental health. It refers to a condition that affects an individual's ability to adapt to different situations, understand and use various concepts, engage in effective social communication, and perform practical and practical tasks. This condition, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association (2023), reduces a person's capacity to communicate and benefit from life resources. The birth of a child with Intellectual Developmental Disorder can be a sudden and overwhelming experience for families. It often triggers strong reactions and a sense of shock among family members. This shock can lead to deep worries and stress, as well as the emergence of unexpected challenges. The presence of a child with Intellectual Developmental Disorder can significantly impact the daily life of the family and disrupt their routines. This situation may involve significant changes in the family's daily routines and necessitates appropriate support for the child. (Qasemipour & Roshan, 2019; Bahadori Khosroshahi, 2017). Mothers often fulfill the traditional role of primary caregiver, taking on the responsibility of providing care and nurturing to their children. This role extends beyond just fulfilling their physical needs and encompasses their psychological and social development as well. Therefore, due to their crucial role, mothers encounter the challenges and psychological problems of their children head-on. As the primary caregivers, they play a critical role in influencing and shaping the development of their children's personalities(Halstead, Ekas, et al., 2018; Kraaij et al., 2010; Ogston et al., 2011). Proven effective, Schema therapy addresses chronic psychopathology(Voshaar et al., 2024). This type of treatment aims to improve individuals' performance and mental wellbeing through the combination of cognitive and behavioral concepts, resulting in reduced mental and behavioral issues (Cox & Root, 2020). Schema therapy is a combination of therapies used to alleviate challenging symptoms. It effectively addresses moderate to severe manifestations of personality disorders and complex trauma (Bernstein et al., 2023; Edwards, 2022; Simpson & Smith, 2019; Yakın et al., 2020). Over recent years, this treatment approach has gained popularity and become a prominent diagnostic method (Salicru, 2024). This study found that approximately 61% of mothers with children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder experienced anxiety, while around half dealt with depression. These findings indicate that this population of women face a high level of mental pressure. Indeed, this situation has detrimental effects on individuals' personal lives, but also imposes social and financial costs on families and society as a whole (Sharma et al., 2023). This highlights the significance of conducting research in this area, as it can contribute to enhancing the mental health and overall well-being of mothers affected by IDD. Research Question Does schema therapy have an effect on symptoms of Anxiety Disorder in mothers with children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder? Literature Review Based on extant research, there is evidence suggesting that schema therapy can effectively reduce psychological issues in mothers with children with special needs. For example, Hasanvand et al (2023) found that schema therapy significantly reduced initial maladaptive schemas. Utilizing schema therapy as an effective treatment approach can contribute to reducing and reconciling the initial maladaptive schemas of mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder children, ultimately leading to an improvement in their mental well-being and daily functioning. The research conducted by Rahat Dehmardeh et al (2021) suggests that schema therapy can be an effective method to enhance distress tolerance and resilience in mothers with children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder. Similarly, Kivanlu et al (2022) highlight the effectiveness of group therapy based on Emotional Schema Therapy in addressing difficulties with emotional regulation faced by mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder children. These findings highlight the potential benefits of schema therapy-based interventions on mothers' emotional well-being.The study by Choubforush Zadeh and Mohammad Panah Ardakan (2018) revealed that schema therapy can be an effective intervention for improving mental health in mothers. The findings demonstrated that schema therapy can indeed have positive effects on maternal well-being. The study conducted by Ghale Nui (2018) examined the efficacy of schema therapy in minimizing marital conflicts and anxiety among mothers with children with down syndrome. Notably, the findings indicated that schema therapy effectively reduced both marital conflicts and anxiety levels in this specific group of mothers. In line with the findings of Shaham et al (2021), this research aligns with the notion that schema therapy training can significantly reduce parenting stress, enhance psychological toughness, and improve overall mental health in mothers with children with special needs. Methodology The objective of this study is clear, and its methodology employs a semi-experimental approach, specifically a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The primary focus is to assess the effectiveness of schema therapy in alleviating symptoms of Anxiety Disorder in mothers who have children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder. The research subject pool consisted of all the mothers with children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder who attended one of the special education schools in Qods city during the academic year 2022-2023. Utilizing the available sampling method, a total of 30 participants were included in the study out of the overall number of intellectually impaired children. A random allocation process was implemented to divide the chosen sample of 30 participants into two groups consisting of 15 individuals each. The selection of the sample size was based on Cohen's (1986) sample size determination table, with a significance level of 0.05 and an effect size of 0.5, resulting in the required sample size of 30 individuals. The initial procedures undertaken involved obtaining the necessary approvals and permissions from the appropriate educational authorities. Communication with school administrators was also carried out, and the significance and necessity of the research were emphasized to the members of the Association of Teachers' Parents and Students' Parents. The participants in this study were mothers who were chosen based on the presence of symptoms of Anxiety Disorder and having at least one child diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder (mild to moderate levels) in all special education schools in the city. A total of 75 women met these criteria and were included in the research. As the study required participant compliance, 45 mothers from two exceptional schools voluntarily expressed their willingness to participate. Utilizing the available sampling technique, 30 participants were chosen, who were then randomly divided into two groups of equal size, an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 15 individuals. In the initial stage, all participants completed the Beck Anxiety questionnaire. Their pre-test scores were then recorded. Subsequently, the entire group was randomly divided into two groups of 15 participants each, resulting in an experimental and control group. In the following phase of the study, the experimental group underwent a series of 12 group schema therapy sessions held at the Quds exceptional school (Room 1). Conversely, the control group did not receive any training or treatment during this time period. Following the completion of the group therapy sessions, both groups of mothers (experimental and control) were asked to fill out the Beck Anxiety questionnaire for a second time, representing the post-test scores which were subsequently analyzed and recorded for comparison. Results The primary goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of schema therapy in alleviating the signs of Anxiety Disorder among mothers with children diagnosed with Intellectual Developmental Disorder. The findings indicated that schema therapy demonstrated a significant and positive impact on reducing anxiety disorder symptoms. Implementing schema therapy as a treatment approach can contribute to reducing anxiety disorder symptoms in mothers with intellectually impaired children and contribute to improved mental well-being and daily functioning. Discussion  When examining the significant effect of schema-based therapy on the response to Anxiety Disorder in mothers with Intellectual Developmental Disorder children, the findings illustrate that individuals experiencing widespread anxiety often have a belief that their inability to control their thoughts stems solely from their own false beliefs about managing and regulating emotions. According to Qaseminezhad and Tabatabai (2023), individuals perceive their issues as inherent and beyond their ability to control, attributing their lack of emotional control to their own mental illness rather than external factors. According to the findings, these individuals find themselves trapped in a maladaptive cycle due to ineffective ways of managing emotions. However, schema therapy aims to address this issue by employing various techniques to break the cycle and create healthier coping mechanisms (Erfan et al., 2018). The study highlights the impact of anxiety symptoms and complications on individuals’ quality of life, leading to various disabilities. Therapeutic schemas help identify cognitive errors about the disease by teaching individuals to identify and address self-defeating thoughts, focusing on the relationship between behavioral responses and incorrect or ineffective beliefs about the disease and its treatment. By learning to respond differently, individuals can improve their quality of life (Mahmoudpour et al., 2020). Conclusion The findings of the study indicate that schema-based treatment effectively reduces the perception of illness in individuals with widespread anxiety. This is because Anxiety Disorders are developed over time, and this treatment method is fundamentally based on addressing fundamental beliefs and has the ability to alter deep-seated patterns formed over time. As a result, it is proposed to utilize this approach in psychiatric and psychological centers to treat patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Acknowledgments We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all the respected and highly valued mothers who took part in this research, for their support and participation. We acknowledge and appreciate their contribution to this study.

Elena Resta, Elena Resta, Molly Ellenberg et al.

Ambitious people are characterized by strong motivation toward great and valuable objectives, with the superordinate goal to gain respect and recognition from others. Recent literature regarding ambition demonstrated that it leads individuals to engage in extreme behavior. However, no previous research has investigated under which conditions the relation between ambition and extremism is enhanced. Across two studies, we tested the hypothesis that ambitious individuals are more prone to engage in extreme behavior in the face of relative deprivation (i.e., justice sensitivity), than their less ambitious counterparts. We confirmed our predictions employing a cross-sectional design with an American sample (Study 1) and an experimental design with an Italian sample (Study 2). The present research adds theoretical knowledge and empirical support to the existing literature on ambition, extreme behavior, and relative deprivation, and provides fruitful insight into strategies for preventing extremism.

Salvatore Proietti

Both written in the late 1970s, Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Stephen King’s The Stand participated in the contemporary revision of the notion of utopia highlighted by critics such as Fredric Jameson, Tom Moylan, and Darko Suvin. I argue that in both novels this revision occurs because they stage, in different ways, a refusal of solutions akin to Schmitt’s and Agamben’s state of exception, shown as inadequate to the task of rebuilding a sense of community in the aftermath of radical crises. Silko’s 1977 landmark in Native American fiction is the story of WW2 veteran Tayo who turns to the ceremonies of his people’s oral culture in his search for healing, a way out of his post-traumatic stress, presented as a personal analogue to the drought affecting his Laguna Pueblo reservation. In the shadow of white people’s wars, including nuclear experiments, the native tradition must meet forms of renewal, capable of rejecting the threat of downward spirals of individual and collective counter-violence. King’s 1978 post-apocalyptic novel juxtaposes genres, from realism to science fiction and religious fantasy. In the aftermath of disasters that include deindustrialization, a global pandemic spawned by military research, and the Bomb, The Stand gathers a polyphony of viewpoints, with a sophisticated encyclopedia of cultural allusions, from literature to rock music, to approach and challenge many facets of US national self-confidence, from expansionist rhetoric to racial conflicts, self-consciously aimed at contesting survivalist rhetorics of emergency. Both novels include a pars construens, in which survivors to literal and cultural world-shattering catastrophes try to imagine their future as novum, in contrast to scenarios of extraordinary measures breaching rules of law and human dignity, a reconstruction presented as inseparable from the ecosphere’s healing, and above all as provisional – its self-doubt the evidence of a lasting awareness, grounds for utopian hope.

Elisa Bolchi

This study investigates the representation of two literary dogs: Flush, the cocker spaniel protagonist of Virginia Woolf’s Flush. A Biography, and Argo, the protagonist and narrator of Italo Svevo’s novella Argo e il suo padrone. With the rise of the phenomenon of language skepticism around 1900, the topos of narrating dogs became of particular interest and both these works can be placed in the fashion of dog novels, but while Svevo, although with reversed roles, draws from the literary fashion of the philosopher dog, in which “canine narrators eloquently master the human language” (Driscoll and Hoffmann 2018), Woolf plays with the very British, and Victorian, tradition of ‘illustrious biographies’ and writes the biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s cocker spaniel. By means of a zooanthropological reading of the two works, the article enquires whether the two writers try to resist anthropomorphic constructedness in the narration of their nonhuman characters and what kind of narrative device they enact to underline similarities and differences between humans and dogs. It will also try to understand if the underlying presumption of the two writers is that language is only ‘linguistic’ language, or if diverse and alternative, but equally valid, forms of communication and reciprocal understanding exist.

Terrance Dean

Reading works on Baldwin from 2017 to 2019, the author tracks the significance of Baldwin within the Black Lives Matter movement and our growing need for police reform in conjunction with a revaluation of the lives of racial and ethnic minorities within the oppressive systemic biases of American social and political life.

Michael HandelsMan

En este ensayo se analiza la respuesta literaria de Juan Montaño Escobar del Ecuador al movimiento de Black Lives Matter y la trágica muerte de George F. Floyd, Jr. del 25 de mayo de 2020. Más que una protesta o denuncia, Montaño Escobar presenta una declaración de apropiación colectiva de esos 8 minutos 46 segundos robados para, así, retomarlos como un acto de (re)existencia y (re)significación precisamente porque Black Lives Matter y porque el movimiento trasciende su lugar y tiempo ya que resalta el racismo sistémico que define la historia de las Américas.

Binita Patel, Cara Doughty, Melissa Sydow Chladek et al.

Background and objectives Despite the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for standardised handoffs in the emergency department (ED), few EDs have an established tool. Our aim was to improve the quality of handoffs in the ED by establishing compliance with the I-PASS handoff tool.Methods This is a quality improvement (QI) initiative to standardise handoffs in a large academic paediatric ED. Following review of the literature and focus groups with key stakeholders, I-PASS was selected and modified to fit departmental needs. Implementation throughPlan–Do–Study–Act cycles included the development of educational materials, reminders and real-time feedback. Required use of I-PASS during designated team sign-out began in June 2016. Compliance with the handoff tool and handoff deficiencies was measured through observations by faculty trained in I-PASS. As a balancing measure, time to complete handoff was monitored and compared with preintervention data.Results Compliance with I-PASS reached 80% within 6 months, 100% within 7 months and sustained at 100% during the remainder of the study period. The average percent of omissions of crucial information per handoff declined to 8.3%, which was a 53% decrease. Average percentage of tangential information and miscommunications per handoff did not show a decline. The average handoff took 20 min, which did not differ from the preintervention time. Survey results demonstrated a perceived improvement in patient safety through closed-loop communication, clear action lists and contingency planning and proper patient acuity identification.Conclusions I-PASS is applicable in the ED and can be successfully implemented through QI methodology contributing to an overall culture of safety.