Hasil untuk "math-ph"

Irina Rukavitsina, Almagul Kushugulova, Nadezhda Filippova et al.

Single-season legume green manuring is widely promoted for soil fertility restoration in degraded agricultural lands, yet its effectiveness in alkaline semi-arid soils remains poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of first-year sweet clover (<i>Melilotus officinalis</i> (L.)) green manuring on soil microbiome structure and agrochemical properties in southern carbonate chernozem soils of Northern Kazakhstan. Using shotgun metagenomics, we analyzed microbial communities from sweet clover-amended soils, clean fallow, and virgin steppe reference sites. Contrary to expectations, sweet clover green manuring did not enhance soil nitrogen availability, with nitrate-N content (9.1 mg/kg) remaining lower than clean fallow (10.5 mg/kg), likely due to temporary immobilization during initial decomposition. While sweet clover significantly increased archaeal diversity (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and enriched nitrogen-cycling taxa, including <i>Nitrospirae</i> and <i>Thaumarchaeota,</i> overall microbial richness remained unchanged (ACE index, <i>p</i> > 0.05). Surprisingly, functional analysis revealed only five significant metabolic differences between sweet clover and fallow systems, indicating functional convergence of agricultural microbiomes regardless of management practice. Correlation analysis identified phosphorus as the master regulator of microbial metabolism (r = 1.0, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), while elevated pH (9.0), K₂O (>1000 mg/kg), and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">N</mo><msubsup><mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">O</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> showed strong negative correlations with essential metabolic pathways, revealing previously unrecognized nutrient toxicity thresholds. Virgin steppe maintained 69 unique metabolic pathways lost in agricultural systems, highlighting the ecological cost of cultivation. These findings demonstrate that sweet clover green manuring in alkaline steppe soils induces selective rather than comprehensive microbiome restructuring, with limited immediate benefits for soil fertility. This study provides critical insights for developing sustainable agricultural practices in the world’s extensive semi-arid regions facing similar edaphic constraints.

X. Wang, N. Chen, N. Chen et al.

<p>Gas–particle partitioning governs the fate of oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) and the formation of organic aerosols. We employed a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer equipped with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsol (FIGAERO-CIMS) to measure the gas–particle distribution of OOMs in a winter campaign in the urban atmosphere. The observed gas–particle (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7f37efa4c6351e6ac36244d5c8977f16"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00001.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) ratios show a narrower range than the equilibrium <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="404ed04d9f5f98b5ad69044c8ac2befc"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00002.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios predicted from saturation mass concentration <span class="inline-formula"><i>C</i>^*</span> and organic aerosol content. The difference between observed and equilibrium <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cdc7eb4a9b39794ffca46e4e87345259"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00003.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios could be up to 10 orders of magnitude, depending on the <span class="inline-formula"><i>C</i>^*</span> parameterization selection. Our random forest models identified relative humidity (RH), aerosol liquid water content (LWC), temperature, and ozone as four influential factors driving the deviations of partitioning from the equilibrium state. Random forest models with satisfactory performance were developed to predict the observed <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="98737caae05f7a105cc818a9e204b0a8"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00004.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. Intrinsic molecule features far outweigh meteorological and chemical composition features in the model's predictions. For a given OOM species, particle chemical composition features, including pH, RH, LWC, organic carbon, potassium, and sulfate, dominate over meteorological and gaseous chemical composition features in predicting the <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="26ce69c41bf84e740a9ba5db56516dc1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00005.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. We identified the positive or negative effects as well as the sensitive ranges of these influential features using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis and curve fitting with a generalized additive model (GAM). Our models found that temperature does not emerge as a significant factor influencing the observed <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="be91662a34371b29d0e2554cf6a31b03"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00006.svg" width="24pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-9601-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios, suggesting that other factors, most likely associated with particle composition, inhibit the gas–particle partitioning of OOMs in response to temperature change.</p>

Ata Chizari, Jan L. van der Hoek, Anne R. D. Rook et al.

Objective: Advancing microcirculatory perfusion assessment methods is crucial for evaluating organ status during ex-vivo organ preservation and expanding the donor pool. This study demonstrates the feasibility of microcirculatory perfusion imaging in an ex-vivo liver model under normothermic machine perfusion, using two non-contact imaging techniques: laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).Methods and procedures: An ex-vivo porcine liver was perfused with oxygenated blood for 3 hours. Blood samples were collected every 30 minutes from the hepatic artery and portal vein to evaluate the liver&#x2019;s overall status. Each of the five liver lobes was imaged every 15 minutes using both the in-house developed LDPI and wireless LSCI devices. Temporally averaged perfusion maps were analyzed to assess spatiotemporal blood flow. Then, correlations between LDPI and LSCI perfusion indices were evaluated.Results: Spatiotemporal perfusion images showed detailed superficial microcirculatory perfusion across five imaged lobes. High correlations between LDPI and LSCI indices were observed in lobes <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3-5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{2}=0.81$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), which were well-perfused. Blood lactate levels increased over time, indicating a shift in metabolic activity due to ischemia. Also, correlation of LSCI perfusion indices with pH (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{2}_{\max .}=0.95$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) was observed.Conclusion: The ex-vivo liver model mimics in-vivo perfusion under controlled experimental conditions. LDPI and LSCI provide rapid, independent assessments of local microcirculatory blood flow, demonstrate a high inter-technique correlation, and reflect the overall deterioration of liver status, as evidenced by blood gas parameters.Significance: A compact, wireless LSCI system&#x2014;validated against LDPI&#x2014;enables non-invasive evaluation of microcirculatory status and serves as a complementary tool for assessing deep tissue viability. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement&#x2014;We introduce a wireless, compact, and non-contact LSCI system (validated by LDPI) enabling microcirculatory assessment during machine perfusion, complementing deep tissue medical imaging methods and blood gas analysis to enhance organ viability evaluation and support pre-transplantation treatment decisions (Category: Pre-Clinical Research).

Suwei Liu, Zihao Foo, John H. Lienhard et al.

Polyamide membranes, such as nanofiltration (NF) membranes, are widely used for water purification. However, the mechanisms of solute transport and solute rejection due to solute charge interactions with the membrane remain unclear at the molecular level. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to examine the transport of single-solute feeds through charged nanofiltration membranes with different membrane charge concentrations of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and NH<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mmultiscripts><mspace width="-0.166667em"></mspace><none></none><mo>+</mo><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>2</mn><none></none></mmultiscripts></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> resulting from the deprotonation or protonation of polymeric end groups according to the pH level that the membrane experiences. The results show that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>Na</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> solute ions are better rejected when the membrane has a higher concentration of negatively charged groups, corresponding to a higher pH, whereas <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>CaCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is well rejected at all pH levels studied. These results are consistent with those of experiments performed at the same pH conditions as the simulation setup. Moreover, solute transport behavior depends on the membrane functional group distribution. When <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> functional groups are concentrated at membrane feed surface, ion permeation into the membrane is reduced. Counter-ions tend to associate with charged functional groups while co-ions seem to pass by the charged groups more easily. In addition, steric effects play a role when ions of opposite charge cluster in pores of the membrane. This study reveals solute transport and rejection mechanisms related to membrane charge and provides insights into how membranes might be designed to achieve specific desired solute rejection.

Manu Aggarwal, Owen Lewis, Angela Jarrett et al.

Ali Muhammad, Donghui Shangguan, Ghulam Rasool et al.

Surface water quality in Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, is of immense importance because of the city’s dependence on these resources for domestic uses, agriculture, and drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) was integrated with the Geographic Information System (GIS) to spatially envision and examine water quality data to facilitate the identification of pollution hotspots, trend analysis, and knowledge-based decision-making for effective water resource management. This study aims to evaluate the physiochemical and bacteriological parameters of the Satpara watershed and to provide the spatial distribution of these parameters. This study endeavors to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) by identifying localities with excellent and unfit water for drinking, sanitation, and hygiene. A total of fifty-one surface water samples were collected from various parts of the Satpara watershed during the fall season of 2023. Well-established laboratory techniques were used to investigate water for parameters like Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDSs), major cations (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>Na</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>Mg</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>Ca</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), major anions (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>Cl</mi></mrow><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>HCO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and bacteriological contaminants (<i>E. coli</i>). Spatial distribution maps of all these parameters were created using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique in a GIS environment. A significant variation in the quality of water was observed along the study area. The level of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) contamination is above the permissible limit at various locations along the watershed, making water unsafe for direct human consumption in these areas. Some regions showed low TDS values, which could adversely affect human health and agricultural yield. From the WQI valuation, 58.82% of the collected samples were “Poor”, 31.8% were “Very poor” and 9.8% were found to be “Unfit for drinking”. The research findings emphasize the pressing need for consistent monitoring and adoption of water management strategies in Skardu City to warrant sustainable soil and water use. The spatial maps generated for various parameters and the water quality index WQI offer critical insights for targeted intercessions.

Stefano Buzzaccaro, Vincenzo Ruzzi, Fabrizio Gelain et al.

Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have been increasingly studied as hydrogel–former gelators because they can create biocompatible environments. A common strategy to trigger gelation, is to use a pH variation, but most methods result in a change in pH that is too rapid, leading to gels with hardly reproducible properties. Here, we use the urea–urease reaction to tune gel properties, by a slow and uniform pH increase. We were able to produce very homogeneous and transparent gels at several SAP concentrations, ranging from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. In addition, by exploiting such a pH control strategy, and combining photon correlation imaging with dynamic light scattering measurements, we managed to unravel the mechanism by which gelation occurs in solutions of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>LDLK</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>-based SAPs. We found that, in diluted and concentrated solutions, gelation follows different pathways. This leads to gels with different microscopic dynamics and capability of trapping nanoparticles. At high concentrations, a strong gel is formed, made of relatively thick and rigid branches that firmly entrap nanoparticles. By contrast, the gel formed in dilute conditions is weaker, characterized by entanglements and crosslinks of very thin and flexible filaments. The gel is still able to entrap nanoparticles, but their motion is not completely arrested. These different gel morphologies can potentially be exploited for controlled multiple drug release.

Florin Avram, Rim Adenane, Lasko Basnarkov et al.

In this work, we first introduce a class of deterministic epidemic models with varying populations inspired by Arino et al. (2007), the parameterization of two matrices, demography, the waning of immunity, and vaccination parameters. Similar models have been focused on by Julien Arino, Fred Brauer, Odo Diekmann, and their coauthors, but mostly in the case of “closed populations” (models with varying populations have been studied in the past only in particular cases, due to the difficulty of this endeavor). Our Arino–Brauer models contain SIR–PH models of Riano (2020), which are characterized by the phase-type distribution <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>α</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, modeling transitions in “disease/infectious compartments”. The <i>A</i> matrix is simply the Metzler/sub-generator matrix intervening in the linear system obtained by making all new infectious terms 0. The simplest way to define the probability row vector <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mover accent="true"><mi>α</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></semantics></math></inline-formula> is to restrict it to the case where there is only one susceptible class <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">s</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and when matrix <i>B</i> (given by the part of the new infection matrix, with respect to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">s</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) is of rank one, with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>α</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. For this case, the first result we obtained was an explicit formula (12) for the replacement number (not surprisingly, accounting for varying demography, waning immunity and vaccinations led to several nontrivial modifications of the Arino et al. (2007) formula). The analysis of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Arino–Brauer models is very challenging. As obtaining further general results seems very hard, we propose studying them at three levels: (A) the exact model, where only a few results are available—see Proposition 2; and (B) a “first approximation” (FA) of our model, which is related to the usually closed population model often studied in the literature. Notably, for this approximation, an associated renewal function is obtained in (7); this is related to the previous works of Breda, Diekmann, Graaf, Pugliese, Vermiglio, Champredon, Dushoff, and Earn. (C) Finally, we propose studying a second heuristic “intermediate approximation” (IA). Perhaps our main contribution is to draw attention to the importance of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Arino–Brauer models and that the FA approximation is not the only way to tackle them. As for the practical importance of our results, this is evident, once we observe that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Arino–Brauer models include a large number of epidemic models (COVID, ILI, influenza, illnesses, etc.).

Harshvardhan Kumar, Chu-Hsuan Lin

In this work, we propose the lateral metal-germanium-metal photodetectors (PDs) structure on the silicon-on-insulator platform for short-wave infrared (SWIR) applications. The proposed device utilizes the highly <italic>n</italic>-doped amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) interlayer between metallic contact and low <italic>n</italic>-doped germanium active region to achieve a low dark current. Additionally, the tuning of Schottky barrier height (SBH) by the selection of various metallic contacts (Cr&#x002F;W&#x002F;Mo) has been investigated in order to achieve a large reduction in dark current. With a-Si:H interlayer and Mo metallic contacts at both anode and cathode terminals, the simulated energy band diagram shows that an effective increase in SBH of 0.17 eV and 0.766 eV for electrons and holes, respectively, and thus acts as barriers for electron and hole dark currents. The result shows that the Mo metallic contact device manifests the least dark current (dark current density) of 0.27 pA (0.027 mA&#x002F;cm²) at V_bias of 0.25 V and compared to Cr contact, it has been significantly decreased by two orders of magnitude. In addition, with Mo contact, the proposed device achieves the photogenerated-to-dark current <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$( {{I}_{ph}/{I}_{dark}} )$</tex-math></inline-formula> ratio and the responsivity of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 1.7 \times {10}^6$</tex-math></inline-formula> and 0.96 A&#x002F;W, respectively at &#x03BB; &#x003D; 1.55 &#x03BC;m with V_bias of 0.25 V. Furthermore, the proposed Mo-Ge-Mo PD shows high detectivity (NEP) of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9 \times {10}^{11}$</tex-math></inline-formula> cmHz^1&#x002F;2W^&#x2212;1 (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 3 \times {10}^{ - 16}$</tex-math></inline-formula>WHz^&#x2212;0.5), which is nearly 15 (one order lower) times higher than those of Cr-Ge-Cr PD. The results hold great potential for optoelectronic applications requiring low-power Ge-based PD.

Fátima Borja-Maldonado, Miguel Ángel López Zavala

In this study, graphite, graphene, and hydrophilic-treated graphene electrodes were evaluated in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (DC-MFC). Free-oxygen conditions were promoted in anodic and cathodic chambers. Hydrochloric acid at 0.1 M and pH 1.1 was used as a catholyte, in addition to deionized water in the cathodic chamber. Domestic wastewater was used as a substrate, and a DuPontTM Nafion 117 membrane was used as a proton exchange membrane. The maximum power density of 32.07 mW·m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> was obtained using hydrophilic-treated graphene electrodes and hydrochloric acid as catholyte. This power density was 1.4-fold and 32-fold greater than that of graphene (22.15 mW·m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and graphite (1.02 mW·m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>), respectively, under the same operational conditions. In addition, the maximum organic matter removal efficiencies of 69.8% and 75.5% were obtained using hydrophilic-treated graphene electrodes, for hydrochloric acid catholyte and deionized water, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that the use of hydrophilic-treated graphene functioning as electrodes in DC-MFCs, and hydrochloric acid as a catholyte, favored power density when domestic wastewater is degraded. This opens up new possibilities for improving DC-MFC performance through the selection of suitable new electrode materials and catholytes.

Wu Zhou, Li Zhao, Yueming Hu et al.

Cultivated land quality (CLQ) is associated with national food security, benign economic development, social harmony, and stability. The scientific evaluation of CLQ provides the basis for achieving the “trinity” protection of cultivated land quantity, and quality, as well as ecology. However, the current research on CLQ evaluation has some limitations, mainly the poor consideration of evaluation indicators, time-consuming and labor-intensive data acquisition, and low precision of evaluation at the regional scale. Therefore, this study introduced multisource data to evaluate CLQ and proposed a new method for CLQ evaluation (natural grade evaluation, utilization grade evaluation, and economic grade evaluation), combining multisource data and the recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithm. Initially, optimal indicators were determined by correlation analysis and generalized linear regression coefficient methods based on factors related to CLQ acquired from multisource data. Then, CLQ evaluation models were constructed with the RNN algorithm on the basis of the aforementioned optimal indicators. Finally, the models were adopted to map CLQ. The present study was carried out in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. According to the results: (1) CLQ showed close relationship to pH, effective soil layer thickness (EST), chemical fertilizer application rate (CHFE), organic matter content (OMC), annual accumulated temperature (TEMA), 5–15 cm soil depth soil cation exchange capacity (CEC515), 0–5 cm soil depth soil cation exchange capacity (CEC05), 5–15 cm soil depth soil organic carbon content (SOC515), 0–5 cm soil depth soil organic carbon content (SOC05), field slope (FS), groundwater level (GWL), and terrain slope (TS). (2) All modeling accuracies (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) were greater than 0.80 for the CLQ evaluation models constructed based on the RNN algorithm. The area and spatial distribution of each grade of CLQ evaluation were consistent with the actual situation. The best and the worst quality cultivated land occupied a small area, and the area without a gap with the actual CLQ was as high as 76%, indicating that the model results were reliable. The study shows the suitability of the method for evaluating CLQ at the regional scale, offering a scientific foundation for the rational utilization and management of cultivated land resources, as well as a reference for evaluating CLQ in the future.

Liang Jia, Huili Liang, Min Fan et al.

In this study, the contents and associated soil properties of 6 metal elements (Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr) were measured in 63 topsoil samples in the affected areas of a typical non-ferrous metal slag field in Huili City, Sichuan Province, China. The associated soil properties of the 6 metals include Ammonium Nitrogen (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N), Nitrate (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N), Available Phosphorus (AP), Available Potassium (AK), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Soil Water Content (SWC), and pH. Multivariate statistics-spatial analysis-soil pollution comprehensive evaluation method was used to quantify the environmental pollution degree of heavy metals in the topsoil and divided (zone) the slag field based on the degree of pollution. Pearson correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to identify and quantitatively analyze pollution sources and their contributions. The results show that the average contents of Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were 13.27, 19.87, 6.91, 50.55, 25.06, and 77.71 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. Nemerow comprehensive evaluation results showed that the sites with Slight Pollution and Mild Pollution accounted for 26.98% and 3.17% of the total sampling sites, respectively. Approximately 70% of the sampling sites in the study area had no heavy metal pollution in the soil. Sites with No Pollution or Slight Pollution were mainly distributed in the forest areas with vegetation coverage, while sites with Moderate Pollution or Heavy Pollution were mainly distributed in crop planting areas and areas near slag fields. PMF model revealed four pollution sources: natural sources, mixed industrial and transportation sources, agricultural sources, and industrial river water. These results will provide theoretical references for the utilization and treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soil around the slag field in the dry-hot valley.

Lalita Chopra, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan, Shubham Sharma et al.

The hydrogel materials are getting attention from the research due to their multidimensional usage in various fields. Chitosan is one of the most important hydrogels used in this regard. In this paper multifunctional binary graft copolymeric matrices of chitosan with monomer AA and various comonomers AAm and AN were prepared by performing free radical graft copolymerization in the presence of an initiator KPS. The binary grafting can be done at five different molar concentrations of binary comonomers at already optimized concentration of AA, KPS and other reaction conditions such as time, temperature, solvent amount, etc. Various optimum reaction conditions were investigated and presented in this work; the backbone as well as binary grafts Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) and Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AN) were characterized via various physio-chemical techniques of analysis such as SEM analysis, Xray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA and FTIR. In the batch experiments, the binary grafts were investigated for the percent swelling with respect to pH (pH of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>7.0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>7.4</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>9.4</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and time (contact time 1 to 24 h). Uploading and controllable in vitro release of the drug DS (anti-inflammatory) was examined with reverence to gastrointestinal pH and time. The binary grafts showed significantly better-controlled drug diffusion than the unmodified backbone. The kinetic study revealed that the diffusion of the drug occurred by the non-Fickian way. In the case of separation technologies, experiments (batch tests) were executed for the toxic bivalent metal ions Fe (II) and Pb (II) sorption from the aqueous media with respect to the parameters such as interaction period, concentration of fed metal ions in solution, pH and temperature. The binary grafted matrices showed superior results compared to chitosan. The kinetics study revealed that the matrices show pseudo-second order adsorption. The graft copolymer Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) provided superior results in sustainable drug release as well as metal ion uptake. The study explored the potential of chitosan-based materials in the industry as well in the biomedical field. The results proved these to be excellent materials with a lot of potential as adsorbents.

Vahideh Abdolazimi, Adam Fontecchio

Determination of hydrogen ion concentration is important in many metabolic interactions and physiological pathways. Nanotechnology has offered novel materials for pH sensing with applications in medical, biological, and pharmacological studies and in real-time monitoring of several biological interactions. A pH sensor platform can be used as an analytical tool for monitoring or diagnostic purposes, a drug delivery module for point-of-care therapy, or a combination of these modalities depending on the sensor's design and range of sensitivity. Lyotropic Liquid Crystal (LLC) nanostructures made of doped Monolinolein, a commercial food grade monoglyceride, with Linoleic Acid in aqueous conditions have shown exceptional properties as a pH dependent drug delivery system for therapeutic applications. This study aims to investigate the Raman pH dependent characteristics of these LLCs to demonstrate the capability of the matrices as dual-modality platforms for drug delivery and pH sensing at cellular interfaces. The study also explores release and load profiles of the LLCs per use of fluorescent dyes, as model guest drugs, to demonstrate the feasibility of these host systems in target delivery of fluorescent agents at biological sites. This approach can facilitate contrast enhanced imaging of biological interfaces which represent a pH gradient to their surroundings such as tumors.

N. Čobanović, S. Novaković, I. Tomašević et al.

<p>This study investigated the interactive effects of weather conditions, transportation time and loading density on carcass damages and meat quality traits of market-weight pigs under commercial conditions. The following pork quality parameters were measured: pH and temperature; colour; drip, thawing and cooking loss; and textural traits. Pigs were assigned to one of eight groups arranged in a 2 <span class="inline-formula">×</span> 2 <span class="inline-formula">×</span> 2 factorial design according to the weather conditions (hot and cold), transportation time (short and long) and loading density (high and low). A three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (multiple comparisons) were performed to assess the differences between groups in examined pork quality traits. Pigs exposed to short transportation (<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 20 <span class="inline-formula">min</span>) at high loading density (0.29 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="659273f6c967f8ec2d2894a6f36578d4"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="aab-64-425-2021-ie00001.svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" src="aab-64-425-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) during hot weather conditions produced meat with the lowest initial and ultimate meat pH value and sensory colour scores, and the highest initial temperature and the occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork. The occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork was reduced 5-fold during hot weather conditions when pigs were exposed to longer transportation (<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 210 <span class="inline-formula">min</span>) and low loading density (0.53 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="11a63e91496b7b27afc2181f58cda9ca"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="aab-64-425-2021-ie00002.svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" src="aab-64-425-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>). Pigs exposed to short transportation (<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 20 <span class="inline-formula">min</span>) at high loading density (0.41 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="174684e17d297d0b3385a65e4b39b3b5"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="aab-64-425-2021-ie00003.svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" src="aab-64-425-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) during cold weather conditions produced the highest quality pork (the highest percentage of red, firm and non-exudative pork) characterised by lowest drip loss and <span class="inline-formula"><i>b</i>^∗</span> value and the highest sensory colour scores. The highest percentages of carcass damages were recorded in pigs exposed to both low (0.50 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="204857a60ed9c2ad4977e99a1bf26400"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="aab-64-425-2021-ie00004.svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" src="aab-64-425-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) and high (0.33 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="307973714e70ddce7cba649f80ac9c68"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="aab-64-425-2021-ie00005.svg" width="53pt" height="15pt" src="aab-64-425-2021-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) loading density during long transportation (<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 210 <span class="inline-formula">min</span>) in cold weather conditions. In conclusion, weather conditions and loading density are of greater importance for the occurrence of carcass damages and pork quality variation than transportation time.</p>

Peien Ni, Lei Wang, Bohan Deng et al.

<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> (Psa) is a phytopathogen that causes canker in kiwifruit. Few conventional control methods are effective against this bacterium. Therefore, alternative approaches, such as phage therapy are warranted. In this study, a lytic bacteriophage (PN09) of Psa was isolated from surface water collected from a river in Hangzhou, China in 2019. Morphologically, PN09 was classified into the <i>Myoviridae</i> family, and could lyse all 29 Psa biovar 3 strains. The optimal temperature and pH ranges for PN09 activity were determined as 25 to 35 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C and 6.0 to 9.0, respectively. The complete genome of PN09 was found to be composed of a linear 99,229 bp double-stranded DNA genome with a GC content of 48.16%. The PN09 endolysin (LysPN09) was expressed in vitro and characterized. LysPN09 was predicted to belong to the Muraidase superfamily domain and showed lytic activity against the outer-membrane-permeabilized Psa strains. The lytic activity of LysPN09 was optimal over temperature and pH ranges of 25 to 40 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C and 6.0 to 8.0, respectively. When recombinant endolysin LysPN09 was combined with EDTA, Psa strains were effectively damaged. All these characteristics demonstrate that the phage PN09 and its endolysin, LysPN09, are potential candidates for biocontrol of Psa in the kiwifruit industry.

Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, M. Yuan et al.

<p>To explore the effects of data and method on emission estimation, two inventories of <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> emissions of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in eastern China were developed for 2014 based on constant emission factors (E1) and those characterizing agricultural processes (E2). The latter derived the monthly emission factors and activity data integrating the local information of soil, meteorology, and agricultural processes. The total emissions were calculated to be 1765 and 1067&thinsp;Gg with E1 and E2, respectively, and clear differences existed in seasonal and spatial distributions. Elevated emissions were found in March and September in E2, attributed largely to the increased top dressing fertilization and to the enhanced <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> volatilization under high temperature, respectively. A relatively large discrepancy between the inventories existed in the northern YRD with abundant croplands. With the estimated emissions 38&thinsp;% smaller in E2, the average of simulated <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> concentrations with an air quality model using E2 was 27&thinsp;% smaller than that using E1 at two ground sites in the YRD. At the suburban site in Pudong, Shanghai (SHPD), the simulated <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> concentrations with E1 were generally larger than observations, and the modeling performance was improved, indicated by the smaller normalized mean errors (NMEs) when E2 was applied. In contrast, very limited improvement was found at the urban site JSPAES, as E2 failed to improve the emission estimation of transportation and residential activities. Compared to <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span>, the modeling performance for inorganic aerosols was better for most cases, and the differences between the simulated concentrations with E1 and E2 were clearly smaller, at 7&thinsp;%, 3&thinsp;%, and 12&thinsp;% (relative to E1) for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NH</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="6ca56caa63735c5009fe6b299c1a126b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00001.svg" width="24pt" height="15pt" src="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="70c2dca1cdebf0791ac6d03f5c421763"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00002.svg" width="29pt" height="17pt" src="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8a872e45f44a0fc3c08e466e371cfb3a"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00003.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="acp-20-4275-2020-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, respectively. Compared to the satellite-derived <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> column, application of E2 significantly corrected the overestimation in vertical column density for January and October with E1, but it did not improve the model performance for July. The <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> emissions might be underestimated with the assumption of linear correlation between <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> volatilization and soil pH for acidic soil, particularly in warm seasons. Three additional cases, i.e., 40&thinsp;% abatement of <span class="inline-formula">SO₂</span>, 40&thinsp;% abatement of <span class="inline-formula">NO_<i>x</i></span>, and 40&thinsp;% abatement of both species, were applied to test the sensitivity of <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> and inorganic aerosol concentrations to precursor emissions. Under an <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span>-rich condition, estimation of <span class="inline-formula">SO₂</span> emissions was detected to be more effective on simulation of secondary inorganic aerosols compared to <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span>. Reduced <span class="inline-formula">SO₂</span> would restrain the formation of (<span class="inline-formula">NH₄</span>)<span class="inline-formula">₂</span><span class="inline-formula">SO₄</span> and thereby enhance the <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> concentrations. To improve the air quality more effectively and efficiently, <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span> emissions should be substantially controlled along with <span class="inline-formula">SO₂</span> and <span class="inline-formula">NO_<i>x</i></span> in the future.</p>

Meei-Ju Yang, Shwu-Yuan Lee, Chieh-I Liu et al.

Tea is rich in catechins and aluminum. In this study, the process of catechin photolysis was applied as a model for examining the effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) on the structural changes of catechin and the alteration of aluminum complexes under blue light irradiation (BLI) at pH 8 using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Additionally, the effects of anions on catechin upon the addition of AlCl₃ and treatment with BLI were also studied. In this study, when 1 mM catechin was treated with BLI, a superoxide anion radical (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) was generated in an air-saturated aqueous solution, in addition to forming a dimeric catechin (proanthocyanidin) via a photon-induced redox reaction. The relative percentage of catechin was found to be 59.0 and 95.7 for catechin treated with BLI and catechin upon the addition of 1 mM AlCl₃ treated with BLI, respectively. It suggested that catechin treated with BLI could be suppressed by AlCl₃, while AlCl₃ did not form a complex with catechin in the photolytic system. However, under the same conditions, it was also found that the addition of AlCl₃ inhibited the photolytic formation of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>,</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and reduced the generation of proanthocyanidin, suggesting that the disconnection of proanthocyanidin was achieved by AlCl₃ acting as a catalyst under treatment with BLI. The influence of 1 mM fluoride (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and 1 mM oxalate (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) ions on the photolysis of 1 mM catechin upon the addition of 1 mM AlCl₃ and treatment with BLI was found to be insignificant, implying that, during the photolysis of catechin, the Al species were either neutral or negatively charged and the aluminum species did not form a complex with anions in the photolytic system. Therefore, aluminum, which is an amphoteric species, has an inherent potential to stabilize the photolysis of catechin in an alkaline conditions, while suppressing the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and proanthocyanidin generation via aluminum ion catalysis in the catechin/Al system under treatment with BLI.

Arik Pujiyanti, Sulhadi Sulhadi, Mahardika Prasetya Aji

The use of chemical fertilizers that are not balanced with the provision of organic fertilizers can damage the soil. Chemical fertilizers can also damage the balance of nutrients in the soil and lower soil pH. Therefore, organic fertilizers are needed to help restore soil fertility and LRB as a medium for composting organic fertilizers. The biopore infiltration hole (LRB) is "activated" by providing organic waste. This waste will be used as a source of energy for soil organisms to carry out their activities through the decomposition process. This decomposed waste is known as compost. Compost is a term for man-made organic fertilizer made from the decomposition process of the remains of living things (plants or animals). The investigation of this study was to determine the quality of compost based on light intensity and acidity (pH) from the results of biopore infiltration holes (LRB) as well as good physical properties of compost. This type of research is an experimental research. Good quality compost has low resistance. The pH value of the compost in samples A,B,D,E is 6.5-7.5 so it is neutral, while the pH of the compost sample C is 8.5 is alkaline. The intensity of the light is high. The results of the lowest light intensity in the compost from this study were leaf compost + sawdust + EM4 of 990 lux, fermented in LRB for 2 weeks. Meanwhile, the highest light intensity value was found in the compost of raw material leaves which were fermented for 1 month at 1017 lux. So the greater the value of light intensity in the compost, the better quality it has, because it can improve soil fertility. ©2019 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.