Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the discussion around the liability consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of its reasoning capabilities. Various liability regimes have been discussed so far. Depending on the liability regime, character and severance of the materialized default, point in time and the likes, the liability is being attributed to conceiver, designer, programmer, deployer and operator. None of these conceptual proposals are unquestioned or a priori right. Design/methodology/approach The proposed contribution undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the most pressing issues and theoretical considerations, including the prospects of de lege ferenda proposals. In particular, it is determined and delimited by the known concepts of liabilities for harm in correlation with the field of human rights. The proposed top-down approach provides a trajectory for examining specific issues such as AI personhood. Findings To prevent the evasion of liability transparency is vital as it enables stakeholders to identify and address potential issues before they result in harm. The current landscape of AI liability is characterized by a reluctance to accept responsibility and a lack of clear framework. Stakeholders at all levels must commit to developing a comprehensive liability frameworks that provide clear guidance on the responsibilities. Originality/value Emerging trends, such as the increasing integration of AI into critical infrastructure and the rise of autonomous systems, present new challenges for liability regimes. As AI technologies evolve, the governance must adapt. The principle of respondeat superior must be reinterpreted to address the complexities of AI liability.
Purpose The present manuscript aims to develop and validate a theoretical model capable of explaining that organizational citizenship behavior is influenced by the extent to which employees feel valued, accepted and considered integral to the organizational fabric. To do this, the authors draw on social identity theory, according to which the level of identification of a person with a group or organization is not fixed but situational and context-dependent. Design/methodology/approach To validate the theoretical model, the authors surveyed the employees of eight large-scale distribution companies operating in Italy. Overall, the authors received completed data from 2,010 employees. Findings The authors theorize and demonstrate that the presence of an inclusive corporate climate positively influences employees’ perceptions of work inclusion and that this latter, in turn, positively affects organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, they show that the indirect effect of an inclusive corporate climate on organizational citizenship behavior becomes stronger when inclusive leadership is promoted within an organization. Originality/value Overall, this paper confirms social identity theory in a novel way. Social identity theory suggests that the context can impact an employee’s identification with the organization they work for, without specifying the characteristics that the context must possess. The authors’ contribution reaffirms this theory by proposing that it is specifically the inclusiveness of the context that positively influences the employee’s identification within the organization. By focusing on this aspect of inclusion, this research introduces a novel perspective that enriches the current discourse on OCB and underscores the importance of cultivating inclusive workplace environments. Also, the authors add theoretical nuance to previous literature by suggesting that the way top management exercises leadership over employees can amplify the strength of corporate climate influence on worker inclusion perception.
Brendan E Hickie, Michael CS Kingsley, Peter V Hodson
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Individual- and population-based models are presented that provide quantitative assessments of the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants over the lifetime of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and consider all aspects of its life history. The models are used to examine the history of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation by the endangered St. Lawrence beluga population from 1950 to the present and to predict future trends based on likely contaminant loading scenarios. The hypothesis that migrating American eels (Anguilla rostrata) are a significant source of contaminants to the population is examined. The history of PCB exposure via the diet is reconstructed from existing data and from PCB profiles in dated sediment cores. The models adequately describe the effects of age, growth, sex, and reproductive activity on PCB concentrations in the beluga, and results show good agreement with observed concentrations when eels are included as 3% of the annual diet. PCB levels in the population appear to have peaked between 1967 and 1972. The model agrees with recent studies that have shown that PCB concentrations in the population are declining slowly.
Abstract Type CG-8M is an iron-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy with excellent resistance to corrosion by reducing media; however, it is not suitable for use in nitric acid or other strongly oxidizing environments. Its normal microstructure after heat treatment consists of an austenitic matrix in which 15 to 35% ferrite is distributed in the form of discontinuous pools. This ferrite gives the alloy considerable resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and high strength at room and elevated temperatures. Typical uses are in the nuclear, textile and petrochemical industries. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-369. Producer or source: Various stainless steel casting companies.