Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Inderpal Grewal, Caren Kaplan

M. Alexander, Chandra Talpade Mohanty

Maravillas Moreno Amor

La creación de proyectos que permitieran el diálogo entre intelectuales y artistas del exilio y del interior se hizo necesaria para lograr la supervivencia y el desarrollo de la cultura catalana reprimida por el régimen franquista. En este artículo partimos de un acercamiento a la revista Pont Blau para mostrar que en sus páginas se constituyó una verdadera red dialógica entre escritoras que se encontraban en muy diferente coyuntura. Bien desde la península o bien desde sus países de acogida en el exilio, las contribuciones de estas mujeres, pertenecientes tanto a la primera como a la segunda generación del exilio, muestran que sus preocupaciones respondían a la misma voluntad de resistencia. Para ejemplificarlo, se examinan dos aportaciones paradigmáticas de este puente interexílico e intergeneracional: “Lluita”, de la escritora catalana insiliada Maria Dolors Orriols y “Diferència”, de la exiliada de segunda generación en México Maruxa Vilalta.

Kamran Abbasi, Parveen Ali, Virginia Barbour et al.

Lydia DeAngelo‐Lewis, Justin Moore, Meng Yao et al.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify foetal growth restriction (FGR) based on estimated foetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile, abdominal circumference (AC) < 10th percentile or both EFW and AC < 10th percentile. To determine which group(s) is associated with a higher risk for adverse neonatal outcomes in singleton FGR pregnancies. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of singleton deliveries with prenatal FGR diagnosis at a single tertiary hospital system 1/1/2021–12/31/2021. FGR was defined as: EFW < 10th percentile only (EFW group), AC < 10th percentile only (AC group), or both EFW/AC < 10th percentile at initial diagnosis (EFW/AC group). The primary composite neonatal outcome includes urgent caesarean section delivery, APGAR < 6 at 1 or 5 min, NICU admission, stillbirth, or neonatal death. Results A total of 647 patients met inclusion criteria (EFW: 168, AC: 139, EFW/AC: 340) and no differences were observed in maternal demographics between groups. The composite neonatal outcome occurred at a higher frequency in EFW (36.3%) and EFW/AC (37.8%) groups compared to AC group alone (22.3%) (p = 0.004). Gestational age at delivery in days was earlier in EFW/AC group (264 [258, 273]) compared to EFW (267 [259, 273]) and AC (269 [264, 274]) groups (p < 0.001). Although not reaching statistical significance, there was higher rate of preeclampsia with severe features in the EFW/AC group (20%) compared to the EFW (13.1%) or AC groups (13.7%) (p = 0.078). Conclusions EFW and EFW/AC groups were associated with a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes compared to the AC group. Delivery occurred earlier in pregnancies diagnosed with FGR based on EFW and EFW/AC compared to the AC group. These findings can inform risk counselling in pregnancies diagnosed with FGR.

Sian Brooke

In open-source software design, the inclusion of women is often highlighted simply to remind programmers that women exist. Yet, little attention is given to how greater gender diversity, specifically women's participation, could fundamentally alter development patterns. To understand the potential impact of gender inclusion, this study investigates React, a widely used JavaScript library for building user interfaces with an active contributor community. I examine gender differences in metrics of robustness and innovation, as well as shifts in contribution patterns leading up to major version releases over 11 years of the React project. My results show that the exclusion of women is detrimental to software as women contribute significantly more to feature enhancement and dependency management. By exploring how gender influences innovation and robustness in the development of React, the study offers critical insights into how increasing gender diversity could lead to more inclusive, innovative, and robust software.

Xi Hong, Xiang Zheng, Haimiao Yuan et al.

Despite progress toward gender parity, women remain underrepresented in academia, particularly in senior research positions. This study investigates the role of parenthood in shaping gender disparities in academic careers, focusing on the complex interplay between gender, childcare responsibilities, gender role beliefs, institutional support, and scientists' career achievements. Using a large-scale survey of 5,670 U.S. and Canadian academics, supplemented with bibliometric data from Web of Science, it reveals that childcare responsibilities significantly mediate gender disparities in both subjective and objective academic achievements, with women assuming a disproportionate share of childcare duties. In particular, women shoulder a greater caregiving load when their partners are employed full-time outside academia. However, egalitarian gender role beliefs have been playing an important role in shifting this structure by transforming women academics' behaviors. As women's egalitarian gender role beliefs strengthen, their childcare responsibilities tend to diminish-an effect not mirrored in men. Institutional parental support policies show mixed effects. While flexible work schedules and childcare support can mitigate the negative association between childcare responsibilities and career outcomes of women academics, policies such as tenure clock extensions and paternity leave may inadvertently intensify it. Addressing these disparities necessitates a comprehensive approach that integrates shifts in individual attitudes, broader sociocultural changes, and policy improvements.

Eden J. Hennessey, Amanda Desnoyers, Margaret Christ et al.

Canada is internationally recognized for its leadership in science and its commitment to equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) fields. Despite this leadership, limited research has examined gender disparities in scientific publishing within the Canadian context. This study analyzes over 67,000 articles published in 24 Canadian Science Publishing (CSP) journals between 2010 and 2021 to better understand patterns of gender representation. Findings show that women accounted for less than one-third of published authors across CSP journals. Representation varied by discipline, with higher proportions of women in biomedical sciences and lower proportions of women in engineering - trends that mirror broader national and global patterns. Notably, the proportion of women submitting manuscripts closely matched those published, suggesting that broader workforce disparities may play a larger role than publication bias. Women were less likely to be solo authors or to hold prominent authorship positions, such as first or last author - roles typically associated with research leadership and career advancement. These findings point to the need for a two-fold response: continued efforts to address systemic barriers to women's participation in science, and a review of publishing practices to ensure equitable access, recognition, and inclusion for all researchers.

Sana Khalil

This paper examines the role of cousin marriage in shaping women's autonomy, household status, and labor supply in Pakistan. Existing research offers contradictory claims: some suggest that cousin marriage improves women's position within the household, while others argue it limits their freedoms and economic opportunities. Using data from 15,068 married women in the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18, this study provides new quantitative evidence. Results indicate a modest negative association between cousin marriage and women's participation in paid work, alongside a stronger link to home-based and unpaid labor. Women in cousin marriages do not appear to gain household status relative to those in non-cousin marriages and are more likely to justify spousal violence, reflecting entrenched patriarchal norms. These findings suggest that cousin marriage may reinforce traditional gender roles and constrain women's economic and social autonomy.

G. Sen, C. Grown

Alebachew Ferede Zegeye, Tadesse Tarik Tamir, Enyew Getaneh Mekonen et al.

BackgroundTermination of pregnancy is one of the biggest five causes of maternal mortality in countries with low and middle incomes. Although termination of pregnancy is hazardous, its prevalence and determinates are not well studied in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and determinants of termination of pregnancy among reproductive-age women who had a short preceding birth interval in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsData from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys, which covered 21 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2015 to 2022, were used for secondary data analysis. The study used a total of 283,785 women. Stata 14 was used to analyze the data. The determinants of termination of pregnancy were determined using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model. Significant factors associated with termination of pregnancy were declared significant at p-values &lt; 0.05. The result was interpreted using the confidence interval and adjusted odds ratio. The best-fit model was determined to be the one with the highest log likelihood ratio and the lowest deviance.ResultsIn Sub-Saharan Africa, one in ten women with short birth intervals experienced pregnancy termination. Individual factors, including the sex of the preceding birth (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.40), maternal age (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.95), pregnancy complications (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.49), No ANC visits (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.14), previous cesarean section delivery (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.30), &lt;6 months of breastfeeding (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.81), traditional contraception usage (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.46), poor wealth status (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.85), and community-level factors such as urban residence (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.62) had higher odds of pregnancy termination.ConclusionsThis study concludes that termination of pregnancy rates among women with short preceding birth interval is high. The study identified that both individual and community-level variables were determinants of termination of pregnancy. Therefore, the ministries of health in Sub-Saharan African countries should give attention to those women who underutilize antenatal care services and to women from urban areas while designing policies and strategies targeting reducing termination of pregnancy rates.

Lisabeth Marie Santana, Chandralekha Singh

This research focuses on the experiences of seven undergraduate women who were majoring in physics in a medium-size physics department at a small liberal arts college. In the semi-structured, empathetic interviews we conducted, the women discussed how they decided to major in physics, their interactions with their peers and instructors, who supported them during their physics trajectory, and suggestions that would improve their experiences in physics. We used Standpoint theory and focused on the experiences of undergraduate women to get a holistic perspective of how they became interested in physics, how they have been supported in their physics journey as well as identify any challenges that they faced in their undergraduate physics program due to their identity. Using synergistic frameworks such as the Domains of Power and the Holistic Ecosystem for Learning Physics in an Inclusive and Equitable Environment (HELPIEE), we analyzed how those in the position of power, e.g., instructors, can play important roles in establishing and maintaining safe, equitable, and inclusive environments for students, which is especially important for historically marginalized students such as women and ethnic and racial minority students in physics. We also discuss the suggestions provided by the undergraduate women to implement in the future to support current and future undergraduate women in physics and astronomy. Their suggestions are separated as personal advice for peers and suggestions for physics instructors.

Manuela Andreea Petrescu, Dan Mircea Suciu

The purpose of the paper is to examine the perceptions of entrepreneurship of graduate students enrolled in a digital-oriented entrepreneurship course, focusing on the challenges and opportunities related to starting a business. In today's digital era, businesses heavily depend on tailored software solutions to facilitate their operational processes, foster expansion, and enhance their competitive edge, thus assuming, to a certain degree, the characteristics of software companies. For data gathering, we used online exploratory surveys. The findings indicated that although entrepreneurship was considered an attractive option by students, very few of them declared that they intended to start a business soon. The main issues raised by the students were internal traits and external obstacles, such as lack of resources and support. Gender discrimination and cultural biases persist, limiting opportunities and equality for women. In terms of gender, women face limited representation in leadership roles, are expected to do more unpaid 'family work', are perceived as less capable in ding business, and need to prove their skills. Even if women are less discriminated now, both genders agree that women still face discrimination in business domain. In terms of percentages, women mentioned gender discrimination in higher percentages. Addressing these issues requires awareness, education, and policy changes to ensure fair treatment and opportunities for women.

Florence E. Enock, Francesca Stevens, Tvesha Sippy et al.

Online harms, such as hate speech, trolling and self-harm promotion, continue to be widespread. There are growing concerns that these harms may disproportionately affect women, reflecting and reproducing existing structural inequalities within digital spaces. Using a nationally representative survey of UK adults (N=1992), we examine how gender shapes exposure to a variety of online harms, fears surrounding being targeted, the psychological impact of online experiences, the use of safety tools, and comfort with various forms of online participation. We find that while men and women report roughly similar levels of absolute exposure to harmful content online, women are more often targeted by contact-based harms including image-based abuse, cyberstalking and cyberflashing. Women report heightened fears about being targeted by online harms, more negative psychological impact in response to online experiences, and increased use of safety tools, reflecting more engagement with personal safety work. Importantly, women also say they are significantly less comfortable with several forms of online participation, for example just 23% of women are comfortable expressing political views online compared to 40% of men. Explanatory models show direct associations between fears surrounding harms and comfort with particular online behaviours. Our findings show how online harms reinforce gender inequality by placing disproportionate psychological burden and participation constraints on women. These results are important because with much public discourse happening online, we must ensure all members of society feel safe and able to participate in online spaces.

Florence E. Enock, Francesca Stevens, Jonathan Bright et al.

Online harms, such as hate speech, misinformation, harassment and self-harm promotion, continue to be widespread. While some work suggests that women are disproportionately affected by such harms, other studies find little evidence for gender differences in overall exposure. Here, we present preliminary results from a large, nationally representative survey of UK adults (N = 2000). We asked about exposure to 15 specific harms, along with fears surrounding exposure and comfort engaging in certain online behaviours. While men and women report seeing online harms to a roughly equal extent overall, we find that women are significantly more fearful of experiencing every type of harm that we asked about, and are significantly less comfortable partaking in several online behaviours. Strikingly, just 24% of women report being comfortable expressing political opinions online compared with almost 40% of men, with similar overall proportions for challenging certain content. Our work suggests that women may suffer an additional psychological burden in response to the proliferation of harmful online content, doing more 'safety work' to protect themselves. With much public discourse happening online, gender inequality in public voice is likely to be perpetuated if women feel too fearful to participate. Our results are important because to establish greater equality in society, we must take measures to ensure all members feel safe and able to participate in the online space.

Shriya Karam, Lauren Shanos, Jessica Ford et al.

After the repeal of Roe vs. Wade in June 2022, women face long-distance travel across state lines to access abortion care. For women who also face socioeconomic hardship, travel for abortion care is a significant burden. To ease this burden, abortion access nonprofits are funding and/or supplying transportation to abortion clinics. However, due to the uneven distribution of demand and supply for abortions, these nonprofits do not have efficient logistical operations. As a result, low-income, underserved women may not have access to adequate reproductive healthcare, thus widening healthcare inequity gaps. Nonprofits may also risk not serving the needs of vulnerable women without access to adequate reproductive healthcare, and in doing so, waste resources, money, and volunteer hours. To address these challenges, we create an interactive, web-based planning tool, the Reproductive Healthcare Equity Algorithm (RHEA), to guide nonprofits in strategically allocating resources and serving demand. RHEA leverages an optimization model to determine the maximum flow and minimum transportation cost to route women across a network of counties and abortion clinics, subject to transportation supply, budget, and time constraints for one day of operations for a nonprofit. In doing so, we collaborate with abortion access nonprofits to cater our model design and interface development to their needs and considerations. Ultimately, we seek to optimize resource allocation for nonprofits providing abortion care logistics and improve abortion access for low-income, underserved women.

Zuleika Ferre, Patricia Triunfo, José-Ignacio Antón

This paper examines the determinants of fertility among women at different stages of their reproductive lives in Uruguay. To this end, we employ time series analysis methods based on data from 1968 to 2021 and panel data techniques based on department-level statistical information from 1984 to 2019. The results of our first econometric exercise indicate a cointegration relationship between fertility and economic performance, education and infant mortality, with differences observed by reproductive stage. We find a negative relationship between income and fertility for women aged 20-29 that persists for women aged 30 and over. This result suggests that having children is perceived as an opportunity cost for women in this age group. We also observe a negative relationship between education and adolescent fertility, which has implications for the design of public policies. A panel data analysis with econometric techniques allowing us to control for unobserved heterogeneity confirms that income is a relevant factor for all groups of women and reinforces the crucial role of education in reducing teenage fertility. We also identify a negative correlation between fertility and employment rates for women aged 30 and above. We outline some possible explanations for these findings in the context of work-life balance issues and argue for the importance of implementing social policies to address them.

Hector Galindo-Silva, Paula Herrera-Idárraga

This study investigates the impact of integrating gender equality into the Colombian constitution of 1991 on attitudes towards gender equality, experiences of gender-based discrimination, and labor market participation. Using a difference-in-discontinuities framework, we compare individuals exposed to mandatory high school courses on the Constitution with those who were not exposed. Our findings show a significant increase in labor market participation, primarily driven by women. Exposure to these courses also shapes attitudes towards gender equality, with men demonstrating greater support. Women report experiencing less gender-based discrimination. Importantly, our results suggest that women's increased labor market participation is unlikely due to reduced barriers from male partners. A disparity in opinions regarding traditional gender norms concerning household domains is observed between men and women, highlighting an ongoing power struggle within the home. However, the presence of a younger woman in the household appears to influence men's more positive view of gender equality, potentially indicating a desire to empower younger women in their future lives. These findings highlight the crucial role of cultural shocks and the constitutional inclusion of women's rights in shaping labor market dynamics.

Huda Abdullah Abdulateef Al-Hassani

Many cinematic adaptations were produced for the Grimms’ “Little Snow-White” (1812) including Mirror Mirror movie (2012), the contemporary version adapted by Taresm Singh. Singh’s version was able to depict the modern reality of women and went against patriarchy by embracing feminist ideologies of the fourth-wave feminism. Therefore, he challenged the ideologies of the mainstream cinema dominated by the patriarchal élite’s capitalist mode of production that still adhere to the stereotyped patriarchal image of women’s ‘victimization,’ ‘objectification’ and ‘marginalization,’ which did not represent women’s modern reality anymore. This paper, however, is a qualitative study aimed to prove that the feminist ideologies could only be retained after a cultural transformation process from the patriarchal élite culture to the popular culture of mass media after the World War II, which noticeably affected women’s image in the cinema. And thus, this paper is an analytical study of Mirror Mirror that used the analytical textual and production approaches to popular culture along with the Marxist and feminist film theories to unfold the feminist ideologies prevailed in the movie. The study has concluded that the cultural transformation from the patriarchy into the popular culture of mass media led to the emergence of counter-cinema or cinefeminism that encouraged the reversing of the traditional gender roles in cinema. It has also shown that class conflict and economic power caused by the cultural transformation helped in redefining women’s role and place in society. Thereby maintaining the feminist ideologies of the fourth-wave’s ‘women’s empowerment’ positively affected women and girls to reflect their modern reality

Jeff Yan, Dearbhla McCabe

For the first time, we report gender bias in people's choice and use of password managers, through a semi-structured interview ($n=18$) and a questionnaire-based survey ($n=200$, conducted `in the wild'). Not only do women and men prefer different types of password managers, but software features that women and men frequently use also differ. These differences are statistically significant. The factors that women and men consider the most important or influential in choosing their password managers differ, too. Choice of convenience and brand are on the top of the women's consideration, whereas security and the number of features top the list for men. This difference is statistically significant.