Bhanu Pratap Singh, Pankaj Varshney, Shikha Chourasiya
et al.
Abstract This study investigated the seasonal fluctuations in physicochemical parameters and heavy metal (HMs) concentrations in the Hindon River water throughout 2023. Water samples were collected from the Atali station in Muzaffarnagar district, India. The analyses of various parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (TUR), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides (Cl−), sulphate (SO4 2c), nitrate (NO3 −), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and measurements of HMs, including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb), were conducted across different seasons. The results demonstrated that DO levels fell below the required limit according to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) water quality standards in all seasons. Conversely, multiple parameters, encompassing EC, TUR, TDS, TH, TA, BOD, COD, Ca2+, and Mg2+, along with HMs Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb, exceeded the permissible thresholds established by category A in BIS (IS 2296:1992) and the standards set out by the World Health Organization (WHO). The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) values exceeded the threshold of 100, indicating that the water is unsuitable for human consumption. The degree of contamination (Cdeg) exceeded the moderate pollution threshold (10–20), reaching 15.307 in the summer and 13.099 in the winter, while the monsoon period maintained a low pollution level (< 10). The Ecological Risk Index (ERI) indicated moderate pollution in the summer (186.034) and winter (143.698) while indicating low pollution in the monsoon (106.951). Both Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) calculations revealed potential risks associated with oral ingestion, particularly for children, as their values exceeded the acceptable limit (HQ > 1). Dermal exposure assessment underscored a higher risk to the health of children and adults. This underlines the pollution of the Hindon River due to the release of untreated effluents in substantial quantities. Consequently, there is a crucial requirement for effective monitoring and control measures to safeguard the sustainability of the river ecosystem.
Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, Environmental sciences
Hossein Abdipour, Ali Azari, Hossein Kamani
et al.
Abstract Increased fluoride and nitrate concentration in water resources can affect consumers' health adversely. The objective of this study is to health risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate in the drinking water of municipal and rural areas of Zahedan using probabilistic approaches. For this purpose, 347 water samples were collected from both urban and rural areas of this province. After the chemical analysis of the samples, a health risk assessment was conducted using the USEPA model, and a sensitivity analysis was performed by Monte Carlo software. The average concentration of nitrate in rural and municipal areas drinking water was 31.89 mg/L and 40.87 mg/L, respectively. Fluoride concentration in rural samples was 2.13 mg/L while municipal samples had 1.28 mg/L. 14.53% and 24.12% of rural and urban areas exceeded NO3 − limits, respectively. Rural samples had higher F- concentrations than WHO standards. CDI values for fluoride and nitrate in municipal areas were 0.04 and 1.15 mg/kg/day, for adults and 0.09 and 2.82 mg/kg/day, for children. The corresponding values for rural areas were 0.06, 0.9, 0.15, and 2.2 mg/kg/day. The HQ for nitrate in children was between 0 and 5.2 in children, with an average of 1.71. These values were registered to be 0–3.85 and 1.26, respectively, in the adult group. Also, the average value of HQ fluoride in children is much higher than that of adults, with values of 2.45 and 1.47 in rural and urban areas, respectively, both exceeding 1. The results indicate a possibility non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate and fluoride, particularly for children in these areas, is significant. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to improving the quality of drinking water in this province.
Abstract Wetlands span 1500 million hectares and contribute 43.5% of overall ecosystem service value globally. With 35% loss globally since 1970, tropical wetlands are considered the most exploited and threatened ecosystem. Therefore, it is vital for identifying and comprehending driving factors contributing to the degradation of wetlands. This review examines wetlands of international significance located in Northeast India. The existing literature on wetlands, specifically Loktak Lake in Manipur, Deepor Beel in Assam, and Rudrasagar Lake in Tripura, has been meticulously examined. The findings indicated that Ramsar sites experienced persistent degradation due to factors including land use change, policy and management issues, and climate change, alongside other anthropogenic activities encompassing the release of domestic sewage, untreated industrial effluents, and with excessive fertilizer application, all of which exacerbate the overexploitation of wetland resources. In principle, water quality is evaluated via physicochemical as well as biological parameters. Consequently, the WQI (Water Quality Index) has been a significant tool for water quality evaluation. Wetlands are lentic water bodies, leading to the deposition of various toxic pollutants over time. The present study provides an overview of different indices including HMI (Heavy Metal Index), EF (Enrichment Factor), I geo (Geoaccumulation Index) used for determining heavy metals contamination in wetland sediments besides nutrient loading effect on water quality. This review on Ramsar sites further suggests the integration of all the aspects of limnology for better sustainable management of wetlands.
Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, Environmental sciences
The study area depends on groundwater as a major source of potable and healthy water supply. However, its occurrence and quality vary with low yield or abortive borehole drilled in some part. Therefore, there is need to properly investigate the geology and groundwater condition of the area using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Dar Zarrouk parameters. The different rock types identified are migmatite-gneiss, granite-gneiss, schist, and charnockite. Forty (40) VES was carried out which revealed five to four geo-electric layers. These are top soil, lateritic clay, confining weathered basement, weathered/fractured basement aquifers and fresh basement. The types of curves identified are HA and KQ. The average depth to groundwater is 55.00m, this indicate that borehole should be drilled within or above the average depth to avoid later drying of wells. The value of aquifer resistivity and thickness was used to calculate longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The longitudinal conductance varies from poor to good in protective capacity class and revealed that the groundwater is easily exposed to contamination. The aquifer resistivity, thickness with transverse resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity were used to classified the groundwater into different zones. The groundwater potential within the study area varies from low to very good with most of the area having moderate potential zones distributed mainly within the migmatite gneiss and the schist. The study area has fractures that can produce water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose and the result can be used for proper management of groundwater resources.
Ayushi Trivedi, M. K. Awasthi, Nirjharnee Nandeha
et al.
Abstract Artificial recharge of groundwater has been recognized as a promising option for sustaining groundwater supplies and ensure water security for the ever rising population. With the aid of geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies, the current study's scope aids in evaluating groundwater potential zones and locating suitable zones and sites for groundwater recharge for the revival of the Kanari River. A pragmatic methodology was suggested in this study for implementing water harvesting structures for river revival and estimation of water demand, pumping, and recharge. The geometric mean and the normalized weight for individual features were specified using the AHP in a GIS environment. All the different features/datasets were overlaid, and possible groundwater zones were revealed using AHP. Integrated maps were used to identify the groundwater recharge zone and locations for establishing artificial recharge structures within the Kanari River system. Ultimately, the domestic water demand, agriculture water use, pumping, and livestock water demand were estimated for water budgeting, and based on this data, the water availability was calculated. Based on the study results, the water demand of the Kanari River watershed was estimated to be 732 MCM. Taking into consideration the supply and demand scenarios, the pumping overdraft of the Kanari River watershed was found to be 423 MCM, and the proposed additional recharge through the planned conservation structures was estimated to be 859 MCM. So, even if pumping overdraft is considered, this additional groundwater recharge can fulfill the local demand, help maintain the river flow, and ensure water availability and security in the region.
Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, Environmental sciences
Wudhichart Sawangphol, Jidapa Kraisangka, Areeya Rittima
et al.
Abstract The modern constraint programming (CP) was adopted to minimize water scarcity and excessive water which are the critical issues in reservoir operation of Bhumibol Dam (BB) to solve consecutive droughts in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPYRB), Thailand. The situations of the severe droughts have been frequently occurred in a broad area of CPYRB due to an extremely low rainfall leading to unusually low water levels and inflow in major reservoirs. Therefore, multi-objective optimization was conducted to characterize the actual operation and physical reservoir system of BB Dam. Two different CP models with seasonal and yearly constraints were manipulated using MiniZinc programming language and the constraint solver IPOPT to find the optimal daily release scheme from 2000 to 2018 of BB Dam. The potential of downstream flow conditions was also considered to partially supply downstream water demand and store savable water in a reservoir for subsequent use during possible future droughts. The results reveal that CP models can diminish some extent of yearly reservoir release, while daily long-term release scheme conforms well with the actual operation particularly during dry and wet seasons in specific drought years. These mean that amount of reservoir water of approximately 47.12–103.83 MCM/year can be saved and stored in reservoir for subsequent use in CPYRB when CP models are deployed. This results in a reservoir storage increase of 7.10–7.94% at the end of the wet season for seasonal and yearly CP models, respectively. When potential side flow is considered, the increase climbs up to 10.49%. This envisages the higher possibility of supplying reservoir water for agricultural water needs over the dry season in the Greater Chao Phraya Irrigation Scheme. As the potential hydraulic head is subject to increased reservoir water storage, therefore, the increase in hydropower production is definitely found of ranging from + 6.10% to + 13.79% by these two sorts of CP models. In addition, handling with huge volumes of flood and drought by CP models is well managed as the specific release constraints during refilled and drawdown periods are used to define the constraint satisfaction problem.
Haoulata Touré, Cyril D. Boateng, Solomon S. R. Gidigasu
et al.
Abstract Groundwater is crucial for Africa’s potable water supply, agriculture, and economic development. However, the continent faces challenges with groundwater scarcity due to factors like population growth, climate change, and over-exploitation. Over the past ten years, machine learning has been increasingly and successfully used in groundwater availability studies across the world. This review paper explores the application of machine learning techniques in groundwater availability studies including groundwater level prediction and groundwater potential mapping studies by focusing on some of the studies conducted in Africa. The methodology involved downloading relevant papers, identifying and categorizing the machine learning algorithms employed, and quantifying their use. Geological and climatic variables were also identified, analyzed, and categorized to measure their usage frequency. The different algorithms and input variables extracted from each paper are graphically represented in this document highlighting the most employed ones. The findings suggest that more research needs to be conducted on the use of machine learning algorithms on this topic in Africa. In the reviewed papers Fuzzy-based algorithms are commonly used. The groundwater level prediction studies primarily focus on input variables related to hydrology/hydrogeology, while for potential mapping, geological aspects are the most investigated variables. In terms of climate, precipitation receives the most attention in the reviewed studies. The study highlights the potential of machine learning in improving water resource management and decision-making in the region.
Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, Environmental sciences
Abstract Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a cost-effective biological nitrogen removal technology, yet its time-consuming start-up and significant environmental sensitivity are major barriers to its widespread use. Nonetheless, nanotechnology could provide an innovative approach to address these challenges, and particularly, graphene-based and iron-based nanomaterials have shown remarkable results. Graphene-based nanomaterials are beneficial due to their vast specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and strong biocompatibility, while iron-based nanomaterials offer valuable redox potential and are readily accessible. Although many studies have investigated the role of nanomaterials in boosting anammox processes, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which nanomaterials promote anammox is essential for practical application. This study provided a comprehensive summary of the latest research on how graphene-based and iron-based nanomaterials improve anammox for nitrogen removal, enhance specific anammox activity (SAA), and increase the growth rate of anammox bacteria. We also discussed their role in enhancing system stability and integrating anammox with other nitrogen removal pathways. The mechanisms by which these nanomaterials enhance anammox are analyzed and compared, focusing on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) formation, electron transfer, functional genes and enzymes, and quorum sensing (QS). Finally, the study outlined several potential directions for future development, including identifying challenges and proposing solutions.
Abstract The design of adsorption processes for pharmaceuticals removal depends not only on the adsorption equilibrium but also on the mass transfer and adsorbate stability, being a problem still not solved the case of degradation products. By selecting different stable (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, carbamazepine and ibuprofen) and labile micropollutants (omeprazole) as case studies emerging pollutants, we have quantitatively analysed these effects on activated carbon. For stable compounds, the experimental data were fitted to equilibrium models to obtain information about the different adsorption mechanism depending on the characteristics of the molecules. Mass transfer effects were analysed for all the adsorbates, observing the control of intraparticle pore diffusion mechanism, since the effective pore diffusion coefficient is in the range from 10–8 to 10–10 cm2 h−1. As far as omeprazole is concerned, a kinetic model is proposed for predicting its degradation, identifying the reversibility of several degradation steps. The overall adsorption of OMP and derivates is calculated, observing the pore diffusion is considered as the rate-limiting step. For the first time, a combined model considering the chemical degradation and the adsorption of the degradation products is proposed and experimentally validated. This represents an important step in the modelling of processes leading to the purification of water from this type of pollutant.
ABSTRACT This study presents a method for analyzing urban water usage patterns using variational modal decomposition (VMD) with K-value optimization, which can improve the understanding of short-term urban water demand fluctuations. This method is compared to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to evaluate its effectiveness in identifying periodic, daily, and weekly water usage patterns. VMD decomposes the original signal into multiple intrinsic mode functions. FFT is applied to analyze and reconstruct the different frequency components of the signal, transforming them back into the time domain. While FFT shows greater computational efficiency and higher reconstruction accuracy, VMD excels in handling nonlinear and non-stationary signals with better decomposition capabilities. However, VMD requires more computation time, and its performance is sensitive to parameter selection, indicating room for further optimization. Both methods successfully detect the main frequencies in short-term urban water usage patterns, particularly identifying cycles of 0.5 and 1 days. VMD demonstrates significant potential for capturing low-frequency fluctuations in urban water usage, making it a valuable tool for future research and prediction of water usage trends, particularly in short-term forecasts.
The study develops an approach to the classification of economy sectors according to the degree of their potential technogenic danger to the population. The article provides a brief analysis of the history of the RF legislation in the field of industrial safety, and a review of current regulatory legal documents. The existing classifications of hazardous facilities were analyzed based on domestic and foreign studies. Industries and types of economic activity were classified according to the degree of their potential danger. The sectors with the highest hazard class include coal mining; production of coke and oil products; chemical products; rubber and plastic products; metallurgical production; provision of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning. The sectors with the middle class of danger are the extraction of oil and natural gas, metal ores; production of foodstuff, drinks, tobacco products; production of paper; production of medicines and materials used for medical purposes; production of other non-metallic mineral products; sub-sectors of mechanical engineering, water supply and sanitation, transport, scientific research, etc. The proposed approach was tested in Moscow and it became clear that there are 635 enterprises operating in the city that have a type of economic activity classified as medium or high hazard class, they employ about 241 thousand people (as in 2020), and most of them (more than 90%) work at enterprises belonging to medium-hazardous industries. According to mobile operators’ data it was find out that up to a quarter of the Moscow population is daily concentrated in the areas of potential technogenic danger, which is significantly higher than indicated in official documents. Increased actual concentration of population in places of greatest danger is a serious problem from the point of view of ensuring the safety of citizens, and organizing rescue and evacuation measures in case of emergencies.
Anna Elis Paz Soares, Suzana Montenegro, Simone Rosa Da Silva
et al.
Objective: This study aims to present an assessment of the potential for reusing effluents from domestic sewage treatment plants in the Hydrographic Basin of the Ipojuca River. Theoretical Framework: In regions facing water scarcity, effluent reuse emerges as an alternative to alleviate pressures and reduce contamination of water sources. In this regard, the choice of the Ipojuca River Watershed is justified due to the susceptibility of its constituent municipalities to water scarcity and pollution, as well as the fact that the Ipojuca River has been classified as the third most polluted in the country. Methodology: The methodology involved basin characterization, data collection from the sanitation services provider to perform quantitative and qualitative evaluation of reclaimed water supply, identification of demands based on consumptive uses (industry and irrigation), existing water use permits, and the provider's customer database. Additionally, georeferenced maps were generated for spatial analysis of the water balance. Results and Conclusion: Twelve Sewage Treatment Plants were identified, four of which are still under construction, with nominal treatment capacities exceeding the identified irrigation and industrial demands, except for two of them. In terms of quality, for the analyzed parameters, the treatment plants demonstrated satisfactory performance, suggesting that the effluent could be utilized for restricted purposes without the need for further treatment. Lastly, geospatially, the demands are located within a radius of 10km from the analyzed plants, in most cases. Research Implications: It can be inferred that the basin holds a significant reuse potential to be explored as an alternative for enhancing water availability and reducing effluent discharge into the Ipojuca River. Originality/Value: The results obtained through this unprecedented analysis in the watershed serve as a reference for policymakers and implementers of water resources management policies, as well as an encouragement for potential producers and consumers of reclaimed water.
Mario Fernando Castro Fernández, Ileana Romea Cárdenas Manosalva, Ramón Fernando Colmenares Quintero
et al.
Currently, one of the main environmental problems that need to be addressed is the pollution inflicted upon different ecosystems by anthropic activities. One example of this problem can be seen in the Bogotá River, a major river in the Cundinamarca department of Columbia and the main water source supplying the Bogotá savannah, which reaches the Colombian capital city. The Bogotá River is highly affected by effluents and wastewater of domestic and industrial origin, among others. These pollutants are generated and accumulated throughout the entire basin, without ever receiving any type of treatment. The pollution levels to which the Bogotá River is subjected can be determined with the calculation of environmental indices, including microbiological contamination indicators such as total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms, which include Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Edwardsiella, and Citrobacter bacteria, living as independent saprophytes. This paper assesses the quality of the water in the Bogotá River, using microbiological indicators and data provided by the Regional Autonomous Corporation (CAR) of Cundinamarca to assess water samples, extracted based on the climatic bimodality exhibited in the basin in dry and wet seasons. The scope of this study was limited to the 35 monitoring Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR) stations located throughout the middle basin. For these purposes, a multitemporal analysis of the TC and Escherichia coli variables was conducted for the 2007–2019 period, which evidenced the contamination levels in this section of the water body. In broad terms, the current state of the middle section of the Bogotá River basin is unacceptable, due to the different activities occurring within its riparian buffer zone, such as uncontrolled domestic, industrial, and/or commercial wastewater discharges. To optimize water treatability, the continuous improvement of existing treatment plants is expected, as well as the implementation of new sustainable treatment alternatives aimed at improving water quality.
This paper documents the food and agricultural policy process in the context of agrarian reforms in Tajikistan. It uses the case study of Tajikistan and applies a recently developed conceptual framework for understanding the drivers of policy change. It undertakes a historical review of agrarian reforms and appraises current policy challenges within the food and agricultural sector. Using specific tools to study power relations, financing, and information flows in the policy process, it maps institutional architecture and key stakeholders in the pre- and post-soviet era. Information gathered through focused group discussions, key informant interviews, and recent field research on food and agricultural policy issues is used to analyze factors that drive different stages of the policy making process. We find that understanding the
political economy and policy process interface in Tajikistan is key for designing and implementing successful policy interventions. While progress has been made, agrarian reforms towards improving land tenure rights, strengthening WUAs, providing crop insurance against drought, are the necessary steps in a larger policy discussion. Ensuring the effectiveness of land reforms, building agricultural extension system, and supporting agricultural research systems are examples of some key initiatives that the government should focus on. Investments in transportation, storage, credit facilities, and markets involving private sector will speed up the reform process.
1. Research background Water is the source of life, the key to production, and the basis of ecology. With the gradual construction of ecological civilization, water ecology, and water environment have been paid more attention. China’s rapid development in recent decades is at the cost of environmental damage and over-exploitation of resources, including over-exploitation and pollution of water resources. Due to China’s large population and rapid industrial and technological development, China has a huge demand for water, therefore, under these prerequisites and backgrounds, water conservation has become an important goal. It is urgent to construct a water-saving evaluation system to evaluate the current water-saving status and put forward suggestions on the future direction and key points of water-saving. 1.1. Research progress Scholars at home and abroad have done research on the water-saving evaluation system. In 1959, the former China National Construction Commission proposed the city’s water-saving slogan for the first time. New water-saving ideas were put forward by General Secretary Xi in 2014 at the Fifth Meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group. During this time, in 1989, Zhu made quantitative evaluations of industrial water-saving levels in 18 cities in North China. Xu and Shan [1] made a brief introduction to water-saving agriculture and its physiological and ecological basis. Kang et al. [2] conducted research on water-saving irrigation in farmland. Feng [3–5] summarized and considered the current water-saving work in China. Chen et al. [6] explained the connotation of 203 X. Zhang, T. Liang / Desalination and Water Treatment 213 (2021) 202–213 water-saving society and conducted a preliminary study on the index system of water-saving society. Liu [7] researched and explained the water-saving evaluation of large-scale irrigation areas. Li [8] established an urban watersaving evaluation system based on the most stringent water resources management methods. In the beginning, foreign water-saving evaluations considered economic costs, and then gradually transformed them into holistic ones [9]. For example, Israel’s drip irrigation technology, which mixes water and nutrients by the drip irrigation center, greatly improves the utilization of irrigation water. Horton first proposed a water quality evaluation index system in 1965, the Howden Water Quality Index. Renato and Fibeiro [10] applied neural networks to construct optimal irrigation schemes to achieve water-saving effects in 1998. Tsadilas and Vakalis [11] proposed a long-term model framework for river basin framework and regional development. These studies are aimed [12], to a certain point to water-saving evaluation models for cities, irrigation districts, watersheds, etc., do not take the environment into account in which the evaluation subjects are located. It should be noted that any subject exchanges material energy with the surrounding environment [13–15]. The interaction of water, the most basic substance of nature, with its surroundings should be considered. The scientific evaluation of water-saving management and capacity in a region is an important basis for formulating water-saving development management and policies. In recent years, the comprehensive evaluation of watersaving capacity has developed from qualitative evaluation to quantitative evaluation and from simple main indicators to build an evaluation system to multiple indicators to build a comprehensive evaluation system. Analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, factor analysis, gray correlation method, etc., have been applied to the comprehensive evaluation of water-saving among them, the analytic hierarchy process is based on the hierarchical structure model and the construction of the judgment matrix to find the eigenvalues to determine the weight of each index factor. The judgment matrix is dominated by the evaluation criteria, and the objectivity of the evaluation criteria is difficult to reflect. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation needs to construct a complicated membership function for a more complicated water-saving capacity evaluation system. When the factor analysis method processes the normal standardization of indicators, information loss and feature extraction decline will occur. The gray correlation method is based on the results of the correlation and comparison of indicators for objective evaluation, but it cannot reflect the interaction between water-saving management and the objective environment. Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is a new method for solving multi-attribute decision-making problems proposed in recent years. The principle is to sort according to the closeness of the evaluation object to the ideal target. The good value and bad value in the actual sample can be introduced into the final result, which can well reflect the objectivity of each indicator. Therefore, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and TOPSIS are combined to construct a water-saving evaluation model, which avoids decision-making errors caused by the one-sidedness of single-factor decisionmaking and differences in human subjective understanding. This can make more scientific and comprehensive judgments, and provide guidance for reality. 1.2. Research purposes The research direction of this article is based on a macro perspective and a large area of human activity, including urban factors, irrigation area factors, and natural environment factors within this area. The main carrier of water conservation assessment is the city. The city and its surrounding water environment are inseparable, interacting, and interdependent. This article explains the concept of the water environment, analyzes the operating mechanism of the water environment to show the interaction between the city and the surrounding environment, and proposes a new concept of the water environment. Through, the coupling of AHP and TOPSIS method, an urban watersaving evaluation model is built for water-saving evaluation of the water environment of Henan Province in the past 10 y. Its water-saving status and future water-saving development trends and priorities are analyzed. 1.3. Water-saving analysis of urban operation The water cycle in nature forms precipitation through evaporation, surface water is then formed, which penetrates into the groundwater and replenishes it. At the same time, during non-rainfall periods, groundwater will replenish surface water. This is the operating mechanism of the water environment in nature. Due to the construction of urban asphalt pavement, and the existence of a large number of concrete buildings. As a result of this, its mechanism is different from the natural water environment operation mechanism. Firstly, urban surface water is dominated by urban water landscape (lakes and rivers in some cities), but water landscapes are generally less, and most water landscapes often have no other water supply except rainwater replenishment. This has caused most water landscapes to consider anti-seepage measures. This has mixed a lot of artificial measures and human factors. At the same time, due to the construction of asphalt pavements and a large number of concrete buildings, the soil surface is hardened, and the water cycle cannot be performed effectively. In normal urban water cycle, surface water (mainly refers to temporary surface water formed by rainfall) is drained underground through the urban pipe network. Therefore, it is often necessary to comprehensively consider the degree of urban pipe network construction and pipe network bearing capacity when a water-saving model is constructed. At the same time, urban operation cannot be separated from economic production, and industrial production. Both of them will consume a lot of water resources. In industrial production, it is measured by the water consumption per unit of output value. So in industrial production, it is often measured by the water consumption level of 10,000 yuan GDP (Gross Domestic Production) in industrial production. 2. Overview of Henan Province Henan Province spans the Yangtze River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, Yellow River Basin, and Haihe River Basin. X. Zhang, T. Liang / Desalination and Water Treatment 213 (2021) 202–213 204 Most of the rivers in the province originate from the mountain areas in the west, northwest, and southeast. There are 493 rivers with a basin area of more than 100 km2. The province’s average water resources totalled 40.5 billion m3, ranking 19th in China, and its per capita water resources were <420 m3. This is equivalent to one-fifth of China’s average. Henan Province is the only province in China that flows through four major river basins. It is also the largest province in China with a long history and has bred Chinese civilization. Currently, under the strategy of the rise of the Central Plains, the water environment in Henan Province is relatively complicated, and so it is particularly important to evaluate urban water conservation. 2.1. Evaluation index selection and system construction The index screening is conducted from the perspective of urban water conservation, including the urban area and the surrounding environment, fully reflecting the urban operation and ecological cycle and the interaction between them. The indicators should fully reflect the state of urban development and the state of the natural environment in a region. The indicators are selected from the aspects of the city’s economic development status, social progress, and surrounding environment status. In terms of urban operation, the selected indicators should reflect the city’s water-saving capacity and efficiency. This is done by selecting indicators from the perspectives of people’s lives, industrial and commercial production, and economic construction. At the same time, the policy of a region is also an indicator of water-saving capacity. In
Strategic planning and management is one of the most important factors of management systems in an organization. The purpose of this study was to plan, develop and prioritize the environmental management strategies of Anzali International Wetland for sustainable development. For this purpose, at the first listing and determining internal and external factors were done using questionnaires and Likert scale. Then SWOT analysis and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) were used. The current strategic position of the environmental management of Anzali Wetland was recognized as defensive. Defensive strategies were prioritized according to the results of the QSPM matrix. The most important defensive strategies were attention to participatory planning, communication and regional cooperation in order to protect the ecological and economic services of the wetland with a score of 5.368 followed by improving and upgrading the integrated system of comprehensive management of the wetland with a score of 5.198. Strategic planning and management in Anzali Wetland can lead to optimal resource management and adoption of appropriate environmental policies in order to protect this wetland.
Environmental sciences, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes