Adeela Bashir, Zia Ush Shamszaman, Zhao Song
et al.
In the evolving digital landscape, it is crucial to study the dynamics of cyberattacks and defences. This study uses an Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) framework to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of attacks and defences in cyberspace. We develop a two-population asymmetric game between attacker and defender to capture the essential factors of costs, potential benefits, and the probability of successful defences. Through mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, we find that systems with high defence intensities show stability with minimal attack frequencies, whereas low-defence environments show instability, and are vulnerable to attacks. Furthermore, we find five equilibria, where the strategy pair always defend and attack emerged as the most likely stable state as cyber domain is characterised by a continuous battle between defenders and attackers. Our theoretical findings align with real-world data from past cyber incidents, demonstrating the interdisciplinary impact, such as fraud detection, risk management and cybersecurity decision-making. Overall, our analysis suggests that adaptive cybersecurity strategies based on EGT can improve resource allocation, enhance system resilience, and reduce the overall risk of cyberattacks. By incorporating real-world data, this study demonstrates the applicability of EGT in addressing the evolving nature of cyber threats and the need for secure digital ecosystems through strategic planning and proactive defence measures.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fundamental breakthrough in contemporary science. At its innovative core is the quest to simulate human intelligence processes using machines and computer systems. A topical moral discussion lies in the development of sexual robots that can perform conjugal functions. However, the Bible presents the concept of sexuality as a privilege exercised within the precincts of the same species in heterosexual relationships. Hence, according to the Scriptures, human beings can only have a sexual relationship with fellow human beings of the opposite biological gender. However, the rise in robotic technology that includes sexuality raises fundamental questions. What are the ethical implications of AI sexual innovation for marriage covenants? Towards what cause should contemporary theology and ethics relate to this innovation within AI? What is the place of sexuality in humans? Can sexuality with a human-like robot be understood as a biblical and legitimate alternative in the face of rising sexually transmitted diseases? This theoretical paper seeks to interrogate this line of AI innovation from an ethical and theological assessment.
O artigo apresenta a etnografia da experiência religiosa de cinco jovens moradores de uma favela localizada em Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), com ênfase na escatologia ativa como categoria analítica central. O território pesquisado é marcado pelo domínio do tráfico de drogas — especialmente pela facção Terceiro Comando Puro (TCP) — e por transformações nas composições religiosas, com o crescimento do pentecostalismo e a repressão às religiões de matriz africana. A análise se concentra na trajetória de jovens que, diante de contextos de violência, se aproximam da igreja Águas Divinas e, por meio da adesão, reordenam suas vidas a partir de uma ética cristã mobilizadora. Argumenta-se que a esperança escatológica desses sujeitos não se limita à promessa de salvação futura, mas se expressa como uma prática concreta de reestruturação do cotidiano. Por meio de jejuns, vigílias, cruzadas e participação em cultos, esses jovens elaboram um ethos heroico e agonístico, no qual se veem como “agentes do Reino".
In this paper, we study the Cauchy problem to the linear damped $σ$-evolution equation with time-dependent damping in the effective cases \begin{equation*} u_{t t}+(-Δ)^σu+b(t)(-Δ)^δu_t=0, \end{equation*} and investigate the decay rates of the solution and its derivatives that are expressed in terms of the decay character of the initial data $u_0(x)=u(0, x)$ and $u_1(x)=u_t(0, x)$. We are interested also in the existence and decay rate of the global in time solution with small data for the corresponding semi-linear problem with the nonlinear term of power type $||D|^γu|^p$. The blow-up results for solutions to the semi-linear problem in the case $γ=0$ are presented to show the sharpness of the exponent $p$.
Karen S Auestad, The Tien Mai, Mina Spremic
et al.
Stochastic reservoir characterization, a critical aspect of subsurface exploration for oil and gas reservoirs, relies on stochastic methods to model and understand subsurface properties using seismic data. This paper addresses the computational challenges associated with Bayesian reservoir inversion methods, focusing on two key obstacles: the demanding forward model and the high dimensionality of Gaussian random fields. Leveraging the generalized Bayesian approach, we replace the intricate forward function with a computationally efficient multivariate adaptive regression splines method, resulting in a 34 acceleration in computational efficiency. For handling high-dimensional Gaussian random fields, we employ a fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. Additionally, we explore the preconditioned Crank-Nicolson method for sampling, providing a more efficient exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces. The practicality and efficacy of our approach are tested extensively in simulations and its validity is demonstrated in application to the Alvheim field data.
Understanding the emergence of prosocial behaviours among self-interested individuals is an important problem in many scientific disciplines. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the evolution of such behaviours, primarily seeking the conditions under which a given mechanism can induce highest levels of cooperation. As these mechanisms usually involve costs that alter individual payoffs, it is however possible that aiming for highest levels of cooperation might be detrimental for social welfare -- the later broadly defined as the total population payoff, taking into account all costs involved for inducing increased prosocial behaviours. Herein, by comparatively analysing the social welfare and cooperation levels obtained from stochastic evolutionary models of two well-established mechanisms of prosocial behaviour, namely, peer and institutional incentives, we demonstrate exactly that. We show that the objectives of maximising cooperation levels and the objectives of maximising social welfare are often misaligned. We argue for the need of adopting social welfare as the main optimisation objective when designing and implementing evolutionary mechanisms for social and collective goods.
Son The Nguyen, Theja Tulabandhula, Mary Beth Watson-Manheim
While there is significant interest in using generative AI tools as general-purpose models for specific ML applications, discriminative models are much more widely deployed currently. One of the key shortcomings of these discriminative AI tools that have been already deployed is that they are not adaptable and user-friendly compared to generative AI tools (e.g., GPT4, Stable Diffusion, Bard, etc.), where a non-expert user can iteratively refine model inputs and give real-time feedback that can be accounted for immediately, allowing users to build trust from the start. Inspired by this emerging collaborative workflow, we develop a new system architecture that enables users to work with discriminative models (such as for object detection, sentiment classification, etc.) in a fashion similar to generative AI tools, where they can easily provide immediate feedback as well as adapt the deployed models as desired. Our approach has implications on improving trust, user-friendliness, and adaptability of these versatile but traditional prediction models.
Kevin Vanhoozer observes that the loss of imagination that is discipled and disciplined by the Bible leads many Christians to experience a disconnect between the world they live in and the world of the biblical texts they believe in. There is a gulf between known truth and lived practice. The daily lives of Christians do not bring out the resultant Christian character. This article attempts to explain the importance of meditating on the threefold lordship attributes proposed by John Frame—authority, control, and presence—in one’s daily meditation. It argues that one’s theological understanding is crucial in worldview formation and that, through intense meditation, those truths need to be internalized in the heart and mind so that they can be integrated into the practice of everyday life. This article also shows that the three inseparable lordship attributes need to be experienced in the relationship between spiritual leaders and the congregation, for true spirituality is formed not only in personal experience but also in the community. Such a pattern is then offered as a solution to answer challenges related to worship and fellowship during the pandemic and beyond. Through this article, it is hoped that the people of God can better understand the dynamics of their spiritual life, either through personal meditation or fellowship with other believers, either face-to-face or virtual meetings, including the role of a spiritual mentor whom first experiences and thus embodies God’s authority, control, and presence in their relationship with God’s congregation.
Gender equality is something that the human race has been struggling with since time immemorial. No country has achieved gender equality despite the legislative, social, and economic gains for women. Therefore, modern society likes to blame certain groups, such as religion for the gender inequalities which are faced, more than others. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the role of religious leaders in promoting gender equality through the legislation and religious texts in Zimbabwe. The study further explores how certain religious norms and practices can be modified through religious texts to accommodate women in achieving gender equality. The paper acknowledges that religious leaders have a greater responsibility to standup, speak and act with and on behalf of those with less power, such as the marginalized and discriminated against, including exploited planet Earth. The paper seeks to foreground how certain traditional religious practices and norms have exacerbated gender inequality in Zimbabwe, despite the laws that have been enacted by the government of Zimbabwe to promote gender equality. The data for the paper was gathered through observations and semi-structured interviews conducted with both religious leaders and women to establish how religious norms and practices directly or indirectly affect women and how they can be modified to achieve gender equality in Zimbabwe. The data gathered was analysed through descriptive data analysis. The paper concludes by recommending that religious leaders should be thoroughly trained on how to promote gender equality through religious texts and legislation.
Contribution: The article evaluated the role of religious leaders in promoting gender equality through legislation and religious texts in Zimbabwe. It argued that religious leaders have a higher need to support, advocate and act on behalf of individuals who are marginalised and subjected to discrimination on planet Earth. Hence, its contribution was in promoting gender equality through religious texts and legislation in Zimbabwe for sustainable development.
Theodor Cimpeanu, Alessandro Di Stefano, Cedric Perret
et al.
Institutions and investors are constantly faced with the challenge of appropriately distributing endowments. No budget is limitless and optimising overall spending without sacrificing positive outcomes has been approached and resolved using several heuristics. To date, prior works have failed to consider how to encourage fairness in a population where social diversity is ubiquitous, and in which investors can only partially observe the population. Herein, by incorporating social diversity in the Ultimatum game through heterogeneous graphs, we investigate the effects of several interference mechanisms which assume incomplete information and flexible standards of fairness. We quantify the role of diversity and show how it reduces the need for information gathering, allowing us to relax a strict, costly interference process. Furthermore, we find that the influence of certain individuals, expressed by different network centrality measures, can be exploited to further reduce spending if minimal fairness requirements are lowered. Our results indicate that diversity changes and opens up novel mechanisms available to institutions wishing to promote fairness. Overall, our analysis provides novel insights to guide institutional policies in socially diverse complex systems.
Trung Hoa Dinh, Cong Trinh Le, The Van Nguyen
et al.
For positive definite matrices $A$ and $B$, the Kubo-Ando matrix power mean is defined as $$ P_μ(p, A, B) = A^{1/2}\left(\frac{1+(A^{-1/2}BA^{-1/2})^p}{2}\right )^{1/p} A^{1/2}\quad (p \ge 0). $$ In this paper, for $0\le p \le 1 \le q$, we show that if one of the following inequalities \begin{align*} f(P_μ(p, A, B)) \le f(P_μ(1, A, B)) \le f(P_μ(q, A, B))\nonumber \end{align*} holds for any positive definite matrices $A$ and $B$, then the function $f$ is operator monotone on $(0, \infty).$ We also study the inverse problem for non-Kubo-Ando matrix power means with the powers $1/2$ and $2$. As a consequence, we establish new charaterizations of operator monotone functions with the non-Kubo-Ando matrix power means.
Henrike Fleischhack, the HAWC collaboration, the Fermi-LAT collaboration
Shock acceleration by the shells of supernova remnants (SNRs) has been hypothesized to be the mechanism that produces the bulk of Galactic Cosmic Rays, possibly up to PeV energies. Some SNRs have been shown to accelerate cosmic rays to TeV energies and above. But which SNRs are indeed efficient accelerators of protons and nuclei? And what is the maximum energy up to which they can efficiently accelerate particles? Measurements of non-thermal emission, especially in the gamma-ray regime, are essential to answer these questions. The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory, surveying the northern TeV gamma-ray sky, is currently the most sensitive wide field-of-view survey instrument in the VHE (very-high-energy, >100 GeV) range and has recorded more than five years of data. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard the Fermi satellite has been surveying the GeV gamma-ray sky for more than ten years. Combining measurements from both instruments allows the study of gamma-ray emission from SNRs over many orders of magnitude in energy. In this presentation, I will show measurements of VHE gamma-ray emission from Fermi-LAT-detected SNRs with the HAWC Observatory.
The Anh Han, Tom Lenaerts, Francisco C. Santos
et al.
With the introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies in our daily lives, fear and anxiety about their misuse as well as the hidden biases in their creation have led to a demand for regulation to address such issues. Yet blindly regulating an innovation process that is not well understood, may stifle this process and reduce benefits that society may gain from the generated technology, even under the best intentions. In this paper, starting from a baseline model that captures the fundamental dynamics of a race for domain supremacy using AI technology, we demonstrate how socially unwanted outcomes may be produced when sanctioning is applied unconditionally to risk-taking, i.e. potentially unsafe, behaviours. As an alternative to resolve the detrimental effect of over-regulation, we propose a voluntary commitment approach wherein technologists have the freedom of choice between independently pursuing their course of actions or establishing binding agreements to act safely, with sanctioning of those that do not abide to what they pledged. Overall, this work reveals for the first time how voluntary commitments, with sanctions either by peers or an institution, leads to socially beneficial outcomes in all scenarios envisageable in a short-term race towards domain supremacy through AI technology. These results are directly relevant for the design of governance and regulatory policies that aim to ensure an ethical and responsible AI technology development process.
Introduction: Literature brings us to the brink of existence. Its imaginary landscapes invite the reader to be a voyager filled with wonder, but the prospect of the marvelous that dazzles the eye may also open on to the dark world of terror and despair. Literature, like dreams, cannot be controlled. It disrupts the hold we have on our habitual experience. When we read or write, we inevitably follow the traveler’s impulses and steer across unknown countries with the help of a map. Yet, literary language most especially creates its own ephemeral universe resistant to all that is familiar. Something in this shifting landscape escapes and alienates our travelling eyes. The most intense forms of estrangement experienced by the subject, according to Julia Kristeva, are those produced by poetic language. For, while its origins are implicated in the origins of subjectivity, poetic language is a fire of tongues. It has an infinite, ecstatic quality that eludes the mastery of human consciousness. The landscape of the literature, then, is inhabited by a foreignness that deflects the traveler and isolates us from ourselves. We become, in other words, exiles.Julia Kristeva: Julia Kristeva (born on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist and, most recently, novelist who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She is now a professor emeritus at Diderot University of Paris. As the author of more than 30 books, such as Powers of Horror, Tales of Love, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, Proust and the Sense of Time, and the trilogy Female Genius, she has been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, Holberg International Memorial Prize, Hannah Arendt Prize, and Vision 97 Foundation Prize. She was also awarded by the Havel Foundation.“Strangers to Ourselves” by Julia Kristeva: This book is concerned with the notion of the “stranger”, the foreigner, outsider, or alien in a country and society not their own as well as the notion of strangeness within the self, a person’s deep sense of being, as distinct from their outside appearance and conscious idea of self. Kristeva begins with the personal and moves outward by examining the world literature and philosophy. She discusses the foreigner in the Greek tragedy, in the Bible, and in the literature of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Enlightenment, and the twentieth century. She discusses the legal status of foreigners throughout history, gaining perspective on our own civilization. Her insights into the problems of nationality, particularly in France, are more timely and relevant in an increasingly integrated and fractious world.In the framework of the theory of strangers to ourselves, Julia Kristeva explains the life of the stranger within us. This stranger is a hidden force and an explanation for our internal contradictions, differences, and isolations that are formed under compelling environmental conditions and push the host towards the risk of social exclusion and alienation, especially if the host is an immigrant.Alia Mamdouh: This Iraqi writer was born in Baghdad in 1944 and finished her primary and secondary studies there. Then, she joined Al-Mustansiriya University and graduated in psychology in 1971. She left Iraq in 1982 and did not return there. She haunted among capitals and cities, among Beirut and Morocco, Brighton, Cardiff, and Montreal, and temporarily settled in Paris.The present study is the analysis of the contextual features of “Al-Mahbubat” according to the principles of the theory of Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves, and the characters of this novel in order to lay the grounds for proposing themes of alienation with oneself.Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The analysis helps to describe, show and summarize the data in a constructive way such that the patterns that emerge can fulfill every condition of the data.Results and Discussion: “Al-Mahbubat” by Alia Mamdouh: The novel “Al-Mahbubat” presents its own artistic reality. This reality is based on the experience and alienation of Iraqi immigrants in Western society, the novelist looks at the world from their perspective and gives them the opportunity to reflect and talk about their suffering inside and outside Iraq. Thus, the novelist explains the lives of Iraqis living inside and outside Iraq based on the theory of strangers to ourselves.Conclusion: Iraqis who live in Iraq or migrate to a foreign land can possibly be classified as strangers because they are ready for it. This alienation arises in two ways, by their will or by force from the environment. The severity of this alienation among the immigrants is more than the other Iraqis because they are forced to live in a foreign environment and must be prepared to separate from the mother tongue and their national culture.
Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
The Anh Han, Luis Moniz Pereira, Tom Lenaerts
et al.
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going through a period of great expectations, introducing a certain level of anxiety in research, business and also policy. This anxiety is further energised by an AI race narrative that makes people believe they might be missing out. Whether real or not, a belief in this narrative may be detrimental as some stake-holders will feel obliged to cut corners on safety precautions, or ignore societal consequences just to "win". Starting from a baseline model that describes a broad class of technology races where winners draw a significant benefit compared to others (such as AI advances, patent race, pharmaceutical technologies), we investigate here how positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) incentives may beneficially influence the outcomes. We uncover conditions in which punishment is either capable of reducing the development speed of unsafe participants or has the capacity to reduce innovation through over-regulation. Alternatively, we show that, in several scenarios, rewarding those that follow safety measures may increase the development speed while ensuring safe choices. Moreover, in {the latter} regimes, rewards do not suffer from the issue of over-regulation as is the case for punishment. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the nature and kinds of regulatory actions most suitable to improve safety compliance in the contexts of both smooth and sudden technological shifts.
El presente artículo presenta una semblanza histórica de la revista Cuestiones Teológicas de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana por la conmemoración de sus cien números publicados a lo largo de cuarenta y dos años de vigencia académica. Partiendo de la de la revisión y análisis de los 99 ejemplares de la revista, en el marco de los planteamientos de la historia intelectual, se expondrán tres variables que identifican la transformación de esta publicación, desde sus primeros números hasta los más recientes, advirtiendo la riqueza y el carácter de los debates teológicos desplegados en sus diferentes ediciones. Estas variables son: su tránsito de herramienta de divulgación académica e institucional hasta consolidarse en plataforma de debate intelectual a nivel internacional; la conmemoración de efemérides - como el Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de América, la promulgación de encíclicas o la celebración de concilios - que avivaron la reflexión en sus autores; y, por último, la relevancia de las perspectivas temáticas de algunos pensadores de la Facultad de Teología. Se pudo constatar que las distintas transformaciones de la revista en el tiempo favorecieron su consolidación académica e intelectual en el debate teológico dentro y fuera de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
Existe una estrecha relación entre la teología y el proyecto evangelizador de la Iglesia, como es evidente. Pero ¿qué tipo de relación es ésta? No se puede decir propiamente que el objetivo específico de la teología sea el de la evangelización, sino más bien que la teología es una actividad que, en último término, tiene que realizarse en función de la misión evangelizadora de la Iglesia, del cristianismo.(...).
Some parts of the Complete Chronographic Palaea contain fragments of an Old Slavonic translation of the Bible, which was intended for personal home or monastic reading (chetij in Old Slavonic). The origin of this translation has not received much scholarly attention so far. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the version of the Book of Genesis used in the Palaea by comparing the textual traditions of the Slavonic Pentateuch, Octateuch and chronographs. The Complete Сhronographic Palaea is one of the Old Russian compilations containing both the Old Testament translations and chronographic sources. Its biblical part is built on the material of the Palaea Interpretata, as well as on the Slavonic “chetij” biblical translation, while the chronographic part has excerpts from the translated Byzantine chronicles after the version of the so-called Chronograph po velikomu izlozheniju with additions. Overall, the manuscript tradition of the Slavonic Octateuch includes three families. While interpolations from the Genesis in the Complete Palaea reveal little resemblance to two of them, namely, Russian and South Slavic recensions, we see dozens overlaps with the group of the Trinity Pentateuchs (Russian State Library, f.304. I, No.1 and No.45). The text of this group belongs to the third, Chronographic recension of the “chetij” Octateuch with specific features covering dozens of examples of identical innovations. However, some discrepancies with the Trinity Pentateuchs and convergence with the original readings preserved in two other recensions show that the compiler of the Complete Palaea was dealing with an earlier common protographe. The Chronographic recension itself was divided into two groups (Trinity Pentateuchs and Iudejsky Chronograph) approximately in the late 1100s or early 1200s and is now represented by only five manuscripts. Therefore, the evidence of the Complete Chronographic Palaea is important both for the textual analysis of the Old Slavonic biblical translations and for the history of the Old Russian chronographs as well.
DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.5
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Ehsaneddin Asgari, Fabienne Braune, Benjamin Roth
et al.
In this paper, we introduce UniSent universal sentiment lexica for $1000+$ languages. Sentiment lexica are vital for sentiment analysis in absence of document-level annotations, a very common scenario for low-resource languages. To the best of our knowledge, UniSent is the largest sentiment resource to date in terms of the number of covered languages, including many low resource ones. In this work, we use a massively parallel Bible corpus to project sentiment information from English to other languages for sentiment analysis on Twitter data. We introduce a method called DomDrift to mitigate the huge domain mismatch between Bible and Twitter by a confidence weighting scheme that uses domain-specific embeddings to compare the nearest neighbors for a candidate sentiment word in the source (Bible) and target (Twitter) domain. We evaluate the quality of UniSent in a subset of languages for which manually created ground truth was available, Macedonian, Czech, German, Spanish, and French. We show that the quality of UniSent is comparable to manually created sentiment resources when it is used as the sentiment seed for the task of word sentiment prediction on top of embedding representations. In addition, we show that emoticon sentiments could be reliably predicted in the Twitter domain using only UniSent and monolingual embeddings in German, Spanish, French, and Italian. With the publication of this paper, we release the UniSent sentiment lexica.