Aunque Kate Gordon es hoy una figura casi desconocida en la historiografía filosófica, puede considerársela una de las pioneras de la estética pragmatista. La hipótesis de investigación aquí desarrollada es que la producción estética de Gordon, elaborada en la primera década del siglo XX, debe ser rescatada del olvido, ya que fue la primera filósofa, por un lado, en declarar abiertamente que su teoría estética adoptaba una perspectiva pragmatista y, por otro, en cuestionar qué significaría transponer el método pragmatista al campo de la estética y la filosofía del arte. Este estudio empleó el método bibliográfico para revisar los artículos más relevantes de la autora. Se concluye que la estética de Gordon —tanto por los temas abordados como por los conceptos desarrollados— se anticipa en décadas a las contribuciones más conocidas de la estética pragmatista, como las formuladas posteriormente por John Dewey. Por tanto, debe ser reconocida como una de las precursoras notables de esta tradición.
The aim of this article is to identify the manifestations of speciesism in the history of research into theory of mind in non-human animals and, more importantly, to identify the cognitive biases that contribute to the adoption of incautious and, as we will see in later chapters, often misinterpretations of empirical research. The influence of speciesism is also visible in broadly understood animal studies. The manifestations of species-related chauvinism are present, inter alia, in in considerations on the theory of mind. An analysis of the already classic articles by Premarck and Woodruff (1978) and Calla and Tomasello (2011) reveals an attempt to maintain faith in human uniqueness. Maintaining this belief sometimes involves constructing careless interpretations.
This article is intended to describe the scope of the philosophy of history in historical writing. The birth of the philosophy of history as part of historical studies is closely related to human curiosity about the meaning of historical events. This article tries to discuss the philosophy of history and its scope in historical studies, both descriptively and analytically. From the results of the review, it is known that the philosophy of history contains at least two main scopes. First, history which seeks to ensure a common goal that manages and controls all events and the entire course of history or is known as speculative/contemplative philosophy of history. Second, history which aims to examine and appreciate the methods of historical science as well as the certainty and assessment of the results of the analysis and conclusions of a historical work or known as critical/analytical philosophy of history.
In 1500, speculative philosophy lay at the heart of European intellectual life; by 1700, its role was drastically diminished. The Kingdom of Darkness tells the story of this momentous transformation. Dmitri Levitin explores the structural factors behind this change: the emancipation of natural philosophy from metaphysics; theologians' growing preference for philology over philosophy; and a new conception of the limits of the human mind derived from historical and oriental scholarship, not least concerning China and Japan. In turn, he shows that the ideas of two of Europe's most famous thinkers, Pierre Bayle and Isaac Newton, were both the products of this transformation and catalysts for its success. Drawing on hundreds of sources in many languages, Levitin traces in unprecedented detail Bayle and Newton's conceptions of what Thomas Hobbes called The Kingdom of Darkness: a genealogical vision of how philosophy had corrupted the human mind. Both men sought to remedy this corruption, and their ideas helped lay the foundation for the system of knowledge that emerged in the eighteenth century.
Phylogenetics emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as a speculative storytelling discipline dedicated to providing narrative explanations for the evolution of taxa and their traits. It coincided with lineage thinking, a process that mentally traces character evolution along lineages of hypothetical ancestors. Ancestors in Evolutionary Biology traces the history of narrative phylogenetics and lineage thinking to the present day, drawing on perspectives from the history of science, philosophy of science, and contemporary scientific debates. It shows how the power of phylogenetic hypotheses to explain evolution resides in the precursor traits of hypothetical ancestors. This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the topic of ancestors, which is central to modern biology, and is therefore of interest to graduate students, researchers, and academics in evolutionary biology, palaeontology, philosophy of science, and the history of science.
Multispecies entanglement has been a major research focus in environmental humanities, aiming to rethink ontological and ethical possibilities, especially in urban settings, by attending to speculative other-than-human futures. This article dwells on already existing entanglements of multiple species of animals in Los Angeles, using empirical data (conversations from the social media platform Nextdoor) to describe these entanglements according to a fourfold framework—spatial, emotional, behavioral, and political. Drawing on the political philosophy of nondomination, it argues that existing entanglements are primarily arbitrary in a political sense, and that moving beyond them will require reducing this arbitrariness, even it if it means restricting human freedom or introducing new forms of control over animals, for a more-than-human city to be just.
This paper provides an overview of the empirical literature on cyberethics issues within an academic environment, specifically young adults’ behaviours in using cyber technology. While digital media is a part of the institutional and societal drive for informational inclusion and knowledge development, the ethical practices and behaviours among the users of cyber technology have raised questions on users’ awareness and understanding of the implications of ethical violations in cyberspace. Using technology might provide significant theoretical paradigms in understanding how digital media adoption and diffusion, driven by information technology, can vary globally. The study reviews the literature on the emergence of cyber technology ethics, individual characteristics, awareness level, challenges to undergraduates’ cyberethics behaviour, and the central role policy plays in strengthening or promoting ethical conduct in cyberspace. This paper provides current information for awareness of CE, teaching and research on information ethics and related domains.
Vincenzo Consolo è morto il 21 gennaio 2012, a Milano, prima che vedesse la luce, nell’ambito della prestigiosa collana mondadoriana dei Meridiani, la sua Opera completa. Ciò ha fatto sì ch’essa venisse pubblicata, a nostro avviso, con una certa approssimazione, riguardante, in particolare, alcuni dati biografici, con qualche svarione di troppo, che non è rimasto isolato, riverberandosi su giudizi riguardanti l’opera dello scrittore siciliano quantomeno fuorvianti. Ad ulteriore conferma dell’erroneità di fondo delle tesi strutturaliste, affermatesi in Italia in una versione «estremista», secondo la quale i testi letterari vanno analizzati nella loro «autosufficienza», nella loro «autoreferenzialità», prescindendo completamente dai «contesti» (storico-politico, economicosociale, ideologico, culturale) nell’ambito dei quali sono stati concepiti, l’opera di Consolo è strettamente legata alla realtà siciliana, che ha condizionato fortemente la sua vita, anche allorquando egli si è allontanato dall’isola natia, nonché tutta la sua attività letteraria, assolutamente incomprensibile prescindendo da questo «contesto», visto in tutte le sue sfaccettature, per l’appunto, storico-politiche, economico-sociali, ideologico-culturali e specificatamente letterarie.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
Pese a su uso e importancia, no hay investigaciones semánticas sobre los pseudónimos. Aunque resulta claro que los nombres ficticios son importantes en la definición de la identidad de un artista, no ha habido mayor investigación sobre el rol que desempeñan. Aquí, justamente intento mostrar que son fundamentales en el arte, porque permiten crear la identidad de un personaje, pero ello ocurre principalmente en el mundo social. Dada la escasez de investigaciones sobre los pseudónimos y sobre su conexión con la identidad, este artículo muestra: i) que no pueden ser designadores rígidos kripkeanos; ii) que la identidad que conllevan es puramente artística, y no metafísica. En la primera sección, apoyo parte de la propuesta de Kripke acerca de los designadores rígidos: los nombres propios, como tales designadores, deben analizarse a la luz de los mundos posibles; esto es, en términos de cómo podrían haber resultado las cosas de otra manera. En la segunda sección, examino los antecedentes y las consecuencias de que dichos nombres sean designadores rígidos. En la tercera, en cambio, argumento que los pseudónimos no pueden ser designadores rígidos como los nombres propios. Dicha conclusión es alcanzada a partir de la variación de un experimento mental kripkeano, uno que versa sobre Dios y el esfuerzo de Él para crear objetos. En la sección final muestro que los pseudónimos, en vez de designar rígidamente, crean personajes en el mundo social. Por ello la identidad que conllevan no es interna a los objetos; por el contrario, es un tipo de identidad que solo pertenece al mundo social.
A lo largo de varias décadas, la bibliografía secundaría ha documentado ciertos aspectos del compromiso político de Martin Heidegger. También se ha escrito mucho sobre el proceso de depuración al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial; sin embargo, lo que no ha sido tematizado de forma detallada es la década que siguió a la prohibición docente que se le aplicó. El presente trabajo lleva a cabo un acercamiento a ciertos foros en donde Heidegger no sólo difundió su pensar, sino que obtuvo elementos creativos para su trabajo pensante. Asimismo, estos espacios cumplieron una cierta función terapéutica para Heidegger en esos años complicados. A pesar de que, mediante la prohibición docente se puede ver un cambio de actitud por parte de Heidegger respecto de la apertura a foros y publicaciones, la década que va de 1949 a 1959 será una de las más intensas debido a la importancia de discusiones que se dan, especialmente entre filosofía y ciencia así como filosofía y poesía. El trabajo lleva a cabo una primera aproximación a tales foros, especialmente con base en documentos y epistolarios de archivos inéditos.
El trabajo considera la fundamentación de un deber en relación con una situación moral vivida por Ramón Rodriguez, y destaca la interpretación husserliana de un caso análogo. El análisis presentado en la Segunda Parte de Fenómeno e interpretación sobre el “ser por mor de sí” del Dasein como condición de posibilidad de una personalidad moral tiene el gran mérito de ofrecer una sólida base y una fuerte motivación para esclarecer la relación entre Heidegger y Husserl. Esta posibilidad se presenta en razón de que se ha destacado con mucha claridad la diferencia entre la pregunta por el modo de ser de un ente que es fin por sí mismo y la cuestión del comportamiento moral en que ese modo de ser se manifiesta. La distinción establecida entre los dos problemas ofrece la oportunidad para mostrar una semejanza y una diferencia entre ambos pensadores porque convergen en el primer punto y se separan en el segundo.
El significado emotivo que acompaña a muchos términos políticos ha dado lugar, en el ámbito de la teoría política, a numerosos desacuerdos sobre el uso de los mismos. Para ilustrar esas controversias me referiré a una discusión de Hans Kelsen con Lenin –sobre el concepto de democracia– y a otra con Eric Voegelin, en torno a la noción de representación política. Para identificar de qué tipo de desacuerdos se trata, utilizaré una clasificación de controversias terminológicas que proporciona Genaro Carrió.
This paper is a review of the book: Paul Robinson, The Realist Guide to Religion and Science (Leominster, Herefordshire, UK: Gracewing, 2018). According to the author, Robinson’s book is a double-hearted adventure. On the one hand, Robinson patiently and methodically rebuilds the reader’s capacity for knowing and loving truth by returning to Aristotelian and Thomistic principles and insights, showing how realism is the approach needed for the human mind to look for, know, and delight in what is objectively true. On the other hand, The Realist Guide is a ruthless dismantling of the various false edifices and untenable ideologies that thicket the modern academy.
My aim is to demonstrate the specificities and differences between transcendental deduction of concepts and deduction of the fundamental principles of pure practical reason in Kant’s metaphysics. First of all it is necessary to examine
Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not
only the theoretical world of cognition, but also the practical world of freedom. Accordingly, the fundamental means of proving metaphysics’ claims are the deduction of pure concepts of understanding (deduction of experience) and the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason (deduction of freedom). The underlying premises of the Kantian project
of reviving metaphysics, “the Copernican Turn”, the critical methods and basic principles of transcendental (formal) idealism also provide the methodological basis of transcendental deduction, a new method of proving the claims of metaphysics in various spheres of human being. Proceeding from the above, I analyse the essence, structure and the peculiarities as well as the differences between the deduction of experience and the deduction of freedom. I single out the following features of the two types of deduction. First, theoretical use of reason is aimed at objects while practical reason is aimed at noumena, the foundations of will and freedom. Second, the transcendental deduction of space and time, as well as the deduction of categories, is preceded by transcendental reduction, which is absent in the deduction of freedom. Third, Kant orients the methodological movement of deductions in opposite directions. Theoretical deduction proceeds from pure forms of
sensible intuition to concepts of understanding and thence to fundamental principles. Practical deduction proceeds from a priori principles to the concepts of the metaphysics of morals and thence to moral feelings. Fourth, deduction in the theoretical sphere forbids speculative reason to go beyond experience. Practical deduction has pointed to the intelligible world and
has proved its “legitimacy”.
An analysis of modern trends of Rickettsiae’s detection and laboratory diagnostics for spotted fever group rickettsioses is present. Due to the sharp decline in the range of manufactured products and increase the spectrum of rickettsial species identified in Russia, new approaches required to laboratory verification of diagnoses. IFA and ELISA with antigens of relevant species of Rickettsia can be recommended to detect antibodies to the SFG rickettsiae. PCR-restriction analysis and sequencing of PCR products most appropriate for the detection and identification of SFG Rickettsia, biological methods are necessary for studying of pathogenic species of Rickettsia.
Com a publicação da obra "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature" ("Filosofia e os Espelho da Natureza"), Rorty passa a ser criticado pelos intérpretes do pragmatismo clássico e comentadores de John Dewey. Estes críticos consideram que enquanto o pragmatismo clássico é uma tentativa de entender e criar uma estrutura nova que legitime a investigação científica, o pragmatismo de Rorty se afirma como um abandono da própria tentativa de aprender mais sobre a natureza e sobre as condições de adequação da investigação. Dewey nunca virou totalmente as costas à metafísica, que está presente particularmente em "Experience and Nature". Contudo, Rorty pretende encontrar em Dewey uma antecipação de sua própria visão de filosofia. Dessa maneira, deliberadamente, Rorty separa o Dewey “bom” do “mau” e considera inadequada a publicação de livro de Dewey "Experience and Nature". Nesse artigo, vamos nos concentrar nas críticas formuladas por Thelma Lavine, James Gouinlock e David Hall sobre a pertinência de falarmos em continuidade do pragmatismo no neopragmatismo de Rorty. Esta escolha teve como critério a maneira como esses autores se esforçam para recuperar a originalidade do pensamento do pragmatista pioneiro, não aceitando, sobretudo, uma interpretação que não reconheça na obra dele uma dimensão simultaneamente metafísica e epistêmica. Por fim, apresentamos a nossa interpretação que consiste em considerar que o Dewey de Rorty não é uma boa hipótese porque nega a dimensão cientista do pragmatista clássico e superdimensiona seu historicismo, deixando de considerar que o pragmatismo deweyano tem uma dimensão historicista e cientista ao mesmo tempo e sua metafísica é distinta das metafísicas clássicas, segundo a qual conceituo de metafísica empírica.