Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Tanja Kojić, Maurizio Vergari, Maximilian Warsinke et al.

This study investigates the impact of the Degree of Interactivity on User Experience (UX) and social acceptability (SA) in Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications. As AR technologies become more prevalent, understanding how varying levels of interactivity influence both user perception and social dynamics is crucial for their design and adoption. Two commercially available MAR applications, IKEA and Virtlo, which differ significantly in their interactivity levels, were used to conduct a user study. The study examines how body movements required for interaction with AR content affect both UX and SA, shedding light on users' comfort levels and potential social barriers in public settings. The findings suggest a complex relationship between interactivity, perceived usability, and social considerations, emphasizing the need for a balanced design approach. This research provides valuable insights into the development of future AR applications by addressing not only usability but also the broader social implications of AR interactions. By integrating social acceptability into traditional UX evaluations, this study highlights its significance in ensuring the seamless integration of AR technologies into everyday environments.

Xu Ming

Through the application of the scientometric method, this study visualizes the research literature on cyberspace utilizing the scientific knowledge graph generated by CiteSpace (5.7.R5) and delves into its multi-layered concept. Subsequently, this study outlines the legislative trajectory of cyberspace while concentrating on its current research frontiers and hotspots. The aim is to explore the knowledge bases, current development status and dynamic trends related to cyberspace and its legislation. This study posits that the understanding of what cyberspace is (conceptualization) fundamentally shapes what it ought to be (legislation/regulation). Cyberspace can be conceptualized as a fifth-dimensional strategic domain that is constructed through technology, propelled by data, and imbued with meaning through human activities – comparable to sea, land, air, and outer space – featuring virtuality, interactivity and dynamic evolution. The conceptual deconstruction of cyberspace suggests that its legislation is supposed to be simultaneously built upon a technical infrastructure, a social domain, as well as an economic and political arena. By comprehending both the conceptualization of cyberspace and its legislative evolution, the uncharted and contentious fields that lie ahead can be better equipped by human beings in the future – enabling humanity to foster a harmonious cyberspace environment that is innovative yet just, as well as secure yet free.

Roberto Viganò

The emergency situation linked to ASF outbreaks in Italy, in addition to the problems associated with damage to agriculture, road accidents and biodiversity, has led in recent years to measures being taken at national level to reduce populations and increase numerical containment activities, both through hunting and wildlife control operations pursuant to Article 11(4) of LN 394/91 and Art. 19 of LN 157/92, with the implementation of an “Extraordinary Plan for the Management and Containment of Wildlife” approved in 2023. In this context, in addition to selective culling, the use of capture methods with fixed and mobile facilities consisting of cages, fences, corrals and pig brig is becoming increasingly common. The fate of the captured animals is a critical point of management, not only in terms of the effectiveness of this practice, but above all in terms of animal welfare. In this regard, several issues arise, especially in protected areas and urban centres, concerning the use of firearms in the culling of wild boars, the transport of the animals and their destination. Despite European and national regulations, there are various and different interpretations of the rules across the country, depending on the social context. As a result, in some cases, captured wild boars are removed using methods that are questionable in terms of animal welfare and certainly contrary to European regulations on the management of free-roaming wildlife. For example, particularly within certain oases or protected areas, wild boars are removed from cages and/or capture enclosures through tunnels and then transferred to ZAC (dog training areas) where they are shot, in order to allow these animals to be killed in other contexts by hunters. This aspect is in stark contrast even to the Commissioner's Ordinances on PSA. In other cases, however, animals are transferred to CLS for subsequent culling, creating a regulatory conflict with Reg (EC) 853/2004, which clearly states that “wild game” must not arrive alive at these facilities. This aspect is also implicitly reflected in the 2021 Guidelines, which do not contain any indication of how wild game is to be slaughtered at the CLS, as this is neither provided for nor authorised. Furthermore, if we were to refer to Regulation (EC) 1099/2009 “on the protection of animals at the time of killing”, there is no reference to the slaughter of free-living wild animals. If transport is also to be considered, it is entirely inappropriate to seek in Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 an endorsement or explicit exclusion for the transport of wild animals captured for slaughter. In fact, although this regulation certainly applies to all vertebrates, it cannot be invoked for application to free-living wild animals intended for slaughter because this destination is explicitly excluded. The management of wild boars captured in control operations should therefore be focused on the key objective of animal welfare, avoiding the imposition of handling and any unnecessary and easily avoidable stressful situations on free-living wildlife, using standard procedures based on current legislation and established experience.

Zijian Long, Haopeng Wang, Haiwei Dong et al.

The social metaverse is a growing digital ecosystem that blends virtual and physical worlds. It allows users to interact socially, work, shop, and enjoy entertainment. However, privacy remains a major challenge, as immersive interactions require continuous collection of biometric and behavioral data. At the same time, ensuring high-quality, low-latency streaming is difficult due to the demands of real-time interaction, immersive rendering, and bandwidth optimization. To address these issues, we propose ASMS (Adaptive Social Metaverse Streaming), a novel streaming system based on Federated Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization (F-MAPPO). ASMS leverages F-MAPPO, which integrates federated learning (FL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to dynamically adjust streaming bit rates while preserving user privacy. Experimental results show that ASMS improves user experience by at least 14% compared to existing streaming methods across various network conditions. Therefore, ASMS enhances the social metaverse experience by providing seamless and immersive streaming, even in dynamic and resource-constrained networks, while ensuring that sensitive user data remains on local devices.

Gijs Jan Brandsma, Jens Blom-Hansen, Christiaan Meijer et al.

Identifying regulatory statements in legislation is useful for developing metrics to measure the regulatory density and strictness of legislation. A computational method is valuable for scaling the identification of such statements from a growing body of EU legislation, constituting approximately 180,000 published legal acts between 1952 and 2023. Past work on extraction of these statements varies in the permissiveness of their definitions for what constitutes a regulatory statement. In this work, we provide a specific definition for our purposes based on the institutional grammar tool. We develop and compare two contrasting approaches for automatically identifying such statements in EU legislation, one based on dependency parsing, and the other on a transformer-based machine learning model. We found both approaches performed similarly well with accuracies of 80% and 84% respectively and a K alpha of 0.58. The high accuracies and not exceedingly high agreement suggests potential for combining strengths of both approaches.

Michael D. Ekstrand, Afsaneh Razi, Aleksandra Sarcevic et al.

Recommender systems are usually designed by engineers, researchers, designers, and other members of development teams. These systems are then evaluated based on goals set by the aforementioned teams and other business units of the platforms operating the recommender systems. This design approach emphasizes the designers' vision for how the system can best serve the interests of users, providers, businesses, and other stakeholders. Although designers may be well-informed about user needs through user experience and market research, they are still the arbiters of the system's design and evaluation, with other stakeholders' interests less emphasized in user-centered design and evaluation. When extended to recommender systems for social good, this approach results in systems that reflect the social objectives as envisioned by the designers and evaluated as the designers understand them. Instead, social goals and operationalizations should be developed through participatory and democratic processes that are accountable to their stakeholders. We argue that recommender systems aimed at improving social good should be designed *by* and *with*, not just *for*, the people who will experience their benefits and harms. That is, they should be designed in collaboration with their users, creators, and other stakeholders as full co-designers, not only as user study participants.

Augustinas Jučas, Chirag Raman

Adaptively forecasting human behavior in social settings is an important step toward achieving Artificial General Intelligence. Most existing research in social forecasting has focused either on unfocused interactions, such as pedestrian trajectory prediction, or on monadic and dyadic behavior forecasting. In contrast, social psychology emphasizes the importance of group interactions for understanding complex social dynamics. This creates a gap that we address in this paper: forecasting social interactions at the group (conversation) level. Additionally, it is important for a forecasting model to be able to adapt to groups unseen at train time, as even the same individual behaves differently across different groups. This highlights the need for a forecasting model to explicitly account for each group's unique dynamics. To achieve this, we adopt a meta-learning approach to human behavior forecasting, treating every group as a separate meta-learning task. As a result, our method conditions its predictions on the specific behaviors within the group, leading to generalization to unseen groups. Specifically, we introduce Social Process (SP) models, which predict a distribution over future multimodal cues jointly for all group members based on their preceding low-level multimodal cues, while incorporating other past sequences of the same group's interactions. In this work we also analyze the generalization capabilities of SP models in both their outputs and latent spaces through the use of realistic synthetic datasets.

I.S. Borysova

The Ukrainian system of medical and social expertise needs to revise its conceptual and methodological foundations in accordance with the realities of the current development of social sciences in the world and demand of the state regarding the modern understanding of disability. The purpose of the study was to analyze international experience and legislation on policy towards persons with disabilities and systematic approaches to the criteria of violation of functioning and the possibilities of determining the status of "person with disabilities" using the basic principles of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), Impairment and Health to create optimal approaches to determining the criteria for disability in Ukraine. The study was based on the analysis of available scientific literature and legislative documents of developed countries on the understanding of the concept of "person with a disability". The scientometric databases used were Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MedLine. Data from the official websites of the Political Department of the European Parliament, WHO, the United Nations, UNICEF, the World Bank. According to the results of the study, it is determined that a single state body is responsible for determining the status of a person with a disability in sustainable development countries using a multidisciplinary approach. The author identifies 3 main components that most developed countries assess when determining disability: economic, medical and social. At the same time, the main criterion is decreased performance. It has been established that since 2022, Spain has completely switched to the criteria of the International Classification of Functioning in determining the signs of disability, basing the severity of a person's condition as a degree of disability on a percentage decrease in the person's functioning. Some European countries use selective categories of the ICF.

Chih-Chung Hsu, Chia-Ming Lee, Yu-Fan Lin et al.

Social media popularity (SMP) prediction is a complex task involving multi-modal data integration. While pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP have been widely adopted for this task, their effectiveness in capturing the unique characteristics of social media content remains unexplored. This paper critically examines the applicability of CLIP-based features in SMP prediction, focusing on the overlooked phenomenon of semantic inconsistency between images and text in social media posts. Through extensive analysis, we demonstrate that this inconsistency increases with post popularity, challenging the conventional use of VLM features. We provide a comprehensive investigation of semantic inconsistency across different popularity intervals and analyze the impact of VLM feature adaptation on SMP tasks. Our experiments reveal that incorporating inconsistency measures and adapted text features significantly improves model performance, achieving an SRC of 0.729 and an MAE of 1.227. These findings not only enhance SMP prediction accuracy but also provide crucial insights for developing more targeted approaches in social media analysis.

Juan Carlos Longas

The global pandemic generated a crisis of still unpredictable consequences, further aggravated by the war in Ukraine. In 2008 a broad consensus had emerged on the need for far-reaching reforms, which basically meant doing away with the neoliberal consensus that had prevailed since the 1980s, although the chances of recovery were soon made dependent on the economic cycle. Once again, the current crisis is calling into question the quality and effectiveness of the social protection system and the welfare state itself. The responses seem to indicate a change of direction, towards safeguarding and strengthening the public sector. The Basque Country and Navarre are affected too. Two symptoms of this are the reinforcement of investment in health, which implies reversing previous cuts, and the approval of systems to cover the most disadvantaged groups. These measures require, however, the backing of other structural measures, particularly fiscal ones.

Ayesha Rasheed

The taxi industry plays a significant role in urban transportation systems in commercial and flexible terms. This study aimed to investigate drivers' overall pressures and constraints, such as; physical, psychological, and social pressures. The goal of this study was to provide practical recommendations for the betterment of this industry, such as approved authentic work timings, workload reduction, maximum 8 hours driving, and fixed stops to detect, distinguish and treat physical and mental health related to the job specification, training, and development courses to cope with mental, physical, and occupational stress to promote positive changes. The study consisted of 8 male taxi drivers recruited using a purposive sampling technique. A qualitative research design was used. A series of questions was administered to taxi drivers after taking consent from the participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data after data collection. This article provides an inclusive evaluation of work conditions and factors that impact upon overall well-being of taxi drivers. The result indicates that social pressures, physical health, psychological health, financial pressures and Unhealthy work conditions impact upon overall well-being of the taxi-drivers.

Juliana Maria Bitencourt de Morais Valentim, Tatiane Renata Fagundes, Mariane Okamoto Ferreira et al.

IntroductionPesticides pose a risk for cancer development and progression. People are continuously exposed to such substances by several routes, including daily intake of contaminated food and water, especially in countries that are highly pesticide consumers and have very permissive legislation about pesticide contamination as Brazil. This work investigated the relationship among pesticides, food contamination, and dietary cancer risk.MethodsAnalyzed two social reports from the Brazilian Government: the Program for Analysis of Residues of Pesticides in Food (PARA) and The National Program for Control of Waste and Contaminants (PNCRC).Results and discussionFirst, we characterized the main pesticide residues detected over the maximum limits allowed by legislation or those prohibited for use in food samples analyzed across the country. Based on this list, we estimated the dietary cancer risks for some of the selected pesticides. Finally, we searched for data about dietary cancer risks and carcinogenic mechanisms of each pesticide. We also provided a critical analysis concerning the pesticide scenario in Brazil, aiming to discuss the food contamination levels observed from a geographical, political, and public health perspective. Exposures to pesticides in Brazil violate a range of human rights when food and water for human consumption are contaminated.

E. V. Korolyova, N. N. Pachina

The correct definition of the methodological basis of the study is a prerequisite for its success. The methods of cognition are determined by the object that is selected in the framework of the study. The article pays attention to the issues of determining the method of studying the activities of political parties, which should be understood as a process in which the result is the achievement of goals. In turn, the activities of political parties are realized through the performance of certain functions. The list of functions of political parties can be formulated on the basis of an analysis of the current legislation regulating relations in this area, as well as by identifying the features of the activities of political parties through the prism of political science. The following functions of political parties should be recognized as the most important: ideological, which is expressed in the formation of the political will of the population; articulatory, associated with the expression of the formed political will by fixing it in the party program, sending appeals to state bodies, public organizations, etc.; political, aimed at participating in elections, referendums, etc.; representative, which they are implemented by representing and ensuring compliance with the interests of the electorate in interaction with various institutions of the state. The methodology of scientific research on the activities of political parties should be based on the integrated application of methods of various branches of science. First of all, the methods of political science and legal sciences should be noted. The study of political parties from the point of view of the approaches of political sciences will allow analyzing the concepts of the emergence of political parties, the peculiarities of their functioning in the social and political conditions of various states, as well as other aspects of the activity of this phenomenon of socio-political life. However, the analysis of the functioning of political parties cannot be carried out only within the framework of political sciences, the legal aspects of their activities are also essential. Within the framework of research on the activities of political parties, the political and legal method is one of the basic ones that allows analyzing not only the evaluation criteria of the activities of political parties, but also determining the impact of existing legal norms on the activities of a political party and its practical implementation. Among the legal methods of research, first of all, we apply the comparative legal method, which allows us to analyze the features of the activities of political parties in various historical periods. The application of the comparative legal method is of particular relevance, taking into account the experience of our state in regulating the interaction of the state with political parties, primarily during the existence of the USSR. For the completeness of the analysis of the activities of political parties, it is also necessary to use psychological methods that will reveal the characteristics of the behavior of leaders and their influence on the popularity of a political party, the level of public confidence. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a political party's activities should also be carried out through an analysis of its goals and objectives, their compliance with the objective needs of society, as well as by identifying the level of trust of the electorate in a particular political force.Achieving these tasks is possible through the use of sociological methods, such as statistical method, method of collecting and analyzing information, interviewing. These methods will reveal the attitude of the public towards a political party, its program, put forward tactical installations, etc. Сonclusion, it is concluded that there is a fairly wide list of methods for studying the detail of political parties, while methods of various levels and industry affiliation are applicable. However, it is noted that the application, first of all, of the political and legal method is justified.

Manith Adikari, Angelo Cangelosi, Randy Gomez

A social robot acting as a 'mediator' can enhance interactions between humans, for example, in fields such as education and healthcare. A particularly promising area of research is the use of a social robot mediator in a multiparty setting, which tends to be the most applicable in real-world scenarios. However, research in social robot mediation for multiparty interactions is still emerging and faces numerous challenges. This paper provides an overview of social robotics and mediation research by highlighting relevant literature and some of the ongoing problems. The importance of incorporating relevant psychological principles for developing social robot mediators is also presented. Additionally, the potential of implementing a Theory of Mind in a social robot mediator is explored, given how such a framework could greatly improve mediation by reading the individual and group mental states to interact effectively.

Effrosyni Papanastasiou, Anastasios Giovanidis

Current network inference algorithms fail to generate graphs with edges that can explain whole sequences of node interactions in a given dataset or trace. To quantify how well an inferred graph can explain a trace, we introduce feasibility, a novel quality criterion, and suggest that it is linked to the result's accuracy. In addition, we propose CEM-*, a network inference method that guarantees 100% feasibility given online social media traces, which is a non-trivial extension of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm developed by Newman (2018). We propose a set of linear optimization updates that incorporate a set of auxiliary variables and a set of feasibility constraints; the latter takes into consideration all the hidden paths that are possible between users based on their timestamps of interaction and guide the inference toward feasibility. We provide two CEM-* variations, that assume either an Erdos Renyi (ER) or a Stochastic Block Model (SBM) prior for the underlying graph's unknown distribution. Extensive experiments on one synthetic and one real-world Twitter dataset show that for both priors CEM-* can generate a posterior distribution of graphs that explains the whole trace while being closer to the ground truth. As an additional benefit, the use of the SBM prior infers and clusters users simultaneously during optimization. CEM-* outperforms baseline and state-of-the-art methods in terms of feasibility, run-time, and precision of the inferred graph and communities. Finally, we propose a heuristic to adapt the inference to lower feasibility requirements and show how it can affect the precision of the result.

Weiyin Hong, F. Chan, J. Thong

This paper investigates the drivers and inhibitors of Internet privacy concern. Applying the Multidimensional Development Theory to the online environment, we identify the important factors under four dimensions—i.e., environmental, individual, information management, and interaction management. We tested our model using data from an online survey of 2417 individuals in Hong Kong. The results show that the factors under all four dimensions are significant in the formation of Internet privacy concern. Specifically, familiarity with government legislation, Internet knowledge, benefit of information disclosure, privacy protection, and social presence reduce Internet privacy concern, while individuals’ previous privacy invasion experience, risk avoidance personality, and sensitivity of information requested by websites increase Internet privacy concern. We conducted an analysis of unobserved heterogeneity to confirm the significance of these factors. A follow-up moderation analysis shows that the individual factors (i.e., previous privacy invasion experience, risk avoidance personality, and Internet knowledge) moderate the effects of the information management factor (i.e., information sensitivity) and the interaction management factors (i.e., privacy protection and social presence). The findings provide an integrated understanding of the formation of Internet privacy concern.

Travis J. Bristol, J. Martín-Fernández

A research synthesis points to the added value—benefits to social and emotional development, as well as learning outcomes—for students of color taught by teachers of color. Given ongoing education debates, policymakers can use this evidence base to craft legislation aimed at increasing the ethnoracial diversity of the U.S. educator workforce. To begin, historical research shows how Latinx and Black teachers have supported their Latinx and Black students’ social and emotional development during state-sanctioned school segregation. Contemporary qualitative and quantitative research highlights how teachers of color improve social and emotional development, as well as learning, for their students of color. Implications for Higher Education Act (HEA) are discussed.

R. Duffy, B. Kelly

India's new mental health legislation, the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, was commenced on 29 May 2018 and seeks explicitly to comply with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It grants a legally binding right to mental healthcare to over 1.3 billion people, one sixth of the planet's population. Key measures include (a) new definitions of 'mental illness' and 'mental health establishment'; (b) revised consideration of 'capacity' in relation to mental healthcare (c) 'advance directives' to permit persons with mental illness to direct future care; (d) 'nominated representatives', who need not be family members; (e) the right to mental healthcare and broad social rights for the mentally ill; (f) establishment of governmental authorities to oversee services; (g) Mental Health Review Boards to review admissions and other matters; (h) revised procedures for 'independent admission' (voluntary admission), 'supported admission' (admission and treatment without patient consent), and 'admission of minor'; (i) revised rules governing treatment, restraint and research; and (j) de facto decriminalization of suicide. Key challenges relate to resourcing both mental health services and the new structures proposed in the legislation, the appropriateness of apparently increasingly legalized approaches to care (especially the implications of potentially lengthy judicial proceedings), and possible paradoxical effects resulting in barriers to care (e.g. revised licensing requirements for general hospital psychiatry units). There is ongoing controversy about specific measures (e.g. the ban on electro-convulsive therapy without muscle relaxants and anaesthesia), reflecting a need for continued engagement with stakeholders including patients, families, the Indian Psychiatric Society and non-governmental organisations. Despite these challenges, the new legislation offers substantial potential benefits not only to India but, by example, to other countries that seek to align their laws with the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and improve the position of the mentally ill.

Maria Papageorgiou, Panagiotis E. Simitzis

Nowadays, there is growing interest in positive animal welfare not only from the view of scientists but also from that of society. The consumer demands more sustainable livestock production, and animal welfare is an essential part of sustainability, so there is interest in incorporating positive welfare indicators into welfare assessment schemes and legislation. The aim of this review is to cite all the positive welfare indicators that have been proposed for dairy animals in theory or practice. In total, twenty-four indicators were retrieved. The most promising are exploration, access to pasture, comfort and resting, feeding, and behavioral synchronicity. Qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA), social affiliative behaviors, play, maternal care, ear postures, vocalizations, visible eye white, nasal temperature, anticipation, cognitive bias, laterality, and oxytocin have been also studied in dairy ruminants. QBA is the indicator that is most often used for the on-farm welfare assessment. Among all dairy animals, studies have been performed mostly on cattle, followed by sheep and goats, and finally buffaloes. The research on camel welfare is limited. Therefore, there is a need for further research and official assessment protocols for buffaloes and especially camels.

Alexandros Efstratiou, Emiliano De Cristofaro

Previous work suggests that people's preference for different kinds of information depends on more than just accuracy. This could happen because the messages contained within different pieces of information may either be well-liked or repulsive. Whereas factual information must often convey uncomfortable truths, misinformation can have little regard for veracity and leverage psychological processes which increase its attractiveness and proliferation on social media. In this review, we argue that when misinformation proliferates, this happens because the social media environment enables adherence to misinformation by reducing, rather than increasing, the psychological cost of doing so. We cover how attention may often be shifted away from accuracy and towards other goals, how social and individual cognition is affected by misinformation and the cases under which debunking it is most effective, and how the formation of online groups affects information consumption patterns, often leading to more polarization and radicalization. Throughout, we make the case that polarization and misinformation adherence are closely tied. We identify ways in which the psychological cost of adhering to misinformation can be increased when designing anti-misinformation interventions or resilient affordances, and we outline open research questions that the CSCW community can take up in further understanding this cost.