Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Jakub Growiec, Klaus Prettner, Maciej Szkróbka

We characterize the optimal tax policy in an economy with human manual and cognitive labor, physical capital, and artificial intelligence (AI). Extending the dynamic taxation setup of Slavik and Yazici (2014), we find that it is optimal to start taxing AI when cognitive workers start to consider switching to manual jobs. This threshold may be crossed once AI becomes sufficiently capable in substituting humans across cognitive tasks.

Theodor Hagström, Lars Herre

Decarbonisation, decentralisation, and intermittency are driving the development of flexibility markets towards shorter market time units (MTU). Shorter MTUs and shorter gate closures lower the entrance barriers of demand side aggregators that face significant uncertainty on longer time scales. We study the business case for aggregated EV fleets participating in the Nordic 15-minute mFRR Energy Activation Market (EAM). Motivated by increasing system granularity and rapid EV uptake, we represent fleet flexibility as a virtual battery with time-varying power and energy envelopes and formulate a risk-aware stochastic optimisation that co-ordinates day-ahead scheduling with quarter-hour mFRR bidding. Using synthetic residential charging cohorts and observed day-ahead prices on two stylised days, we compare an independent day-ahead baseline to a co-optimised strategy under conservative availability and a CVaR-augmented objective. Across both price cases, co-optimisation increases expected profit and lowers downside risk: the model buys less energy day-ahead and shifts procurement toward mFRR down while flattening the charging plan to retain eligibility for mFRR up. Profit decomposition shows that the uplift is driven by higher mFRR down revenues and reduced reliance on unwinding day-ahead positions. We discuss operational implications for bidding and outline two extensions: rolling 45-minute re-optimisation and a V2G framework.

Dan Bogdanov, Eduardo Brito, Annika Jaakson et al.

This paper introduces a new set of privacy-preserving mechanisms for verifying compliance with location-based policies for vehicle taxation, or for (electric) vehicle (EV) subsidies, using Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). We present the design and evaluation of a Zero-Knowledge Proof-of-Location (ZK-PoL) system that ensures a vehicle's adherence to territorial driving requirements without disclosing specific location data, hence maintaining user privacy. Our findings suggest a promising approach to apply ZK-PoL protocols in large-scale governmental subsidy or taxation programs.

Biman Barua, M. Shamim Kaiser

This research investigates the implementation of a real-time, microservices-oriented dynamic pricing system for the travel sector. The system is designed to address factors such as demand, competitor pricing, and other external circumstances in real-time. Both controlled simulation and real-life application showed a respectable gain of 22% in revenue generation and a 17% improvement in pricing response time which concern the issues of scaling and flexibility of classical pricing mechanisms. Demand forecasting, competitor pricing strategies, and event-based pricing were implemented as separate microservices to enhance their scalability and reduce resource consumption by 30% during peak loads. Customers were also more content as depicted by a 15% increase in satisfaction score post-implementation given the appreciation of more appropriate pricing. This research enhances the existing literature with practical illustrations of the possible application of microservices technology in developing dynamic pricing solutions in a complex and data-driven context. There exist however areas for improvement for instance inter-service latency and the need for extensive real-time data pipelines. The present research goes on to suggest combining these with direct data capture from customer behavior at the same time as machine learning capacity developments in pricing algorithms to assist in more accurate real time pricing. It is determined that the use of microservices is a reasonable and efficient model for dynamic pricing, allowing the tourism sector to employ evidence-based and customer centric pricing techniques, which ensures that their profits are not jeopardized because of the need for customers.

Rui Prezado, Fernando Lucatelli Nunes

We give sufficient conditions for effective descent in categories of (generalized) internal multicategories. Two approaches to study effective descent morphisms are pursued. The first one relies on establishing the category of internal multicategories as an equalizer of categories of diagrams. The second approach extends the techniques developed by Ivan Le Creurer in his study of descent for internal essentially algebraic structures.

Fredrik Dahlqvist, Renato Neves

Programs with a continuous state space or that interact with physical processes often require notions of equivalence going beyond the standard binary setting in which equivalence either holds or does not hold. In this paper we explore the idea of equivalence taking values in a quantale V, which covers the cases of (in)equations and (ultra)metric equations among others. Our main result is the introduction of a V-equational deductive system for linear λ-calculus together with a proof that it is sound and complete (in fact, an internal language) for a class of enriched autonomous categories. In the case of inequations, we get an internal language for autonomous categories enriched over partial orders. In the case of (ultra)metric equations, we get an internal language for autonomous categories enriched over (ultra)metric spaces. We use our results to obtain examples of inequational and metric equational systems for higher-order programs that contain real-time and probabilistic behaviour

Muhammad Junaid Farooq, Quanyan Zhu

Fog computing is becoming a vital component for Internet of things (IoT) applications, acting as its computational engine. Mission-critical IoT applications are highly sensitive to latency, which depends on the physical location of the cloud server. Fog nodes of varying response rates are available to the cloud service provider (CSP) and it is faced with a challenge of forwarding the sequentially received IoT data to one of the fog nodes for processing. Since the arrival times and nature of requests is random, it is important to optimally classify the requests in real-time and allocate available virtual machine instances (VMIs) at the fog nodes to provide a high QoE to the users and consequently generate higher revenues for the CSP. In this paper, we use a pricing policy based on the QoE of the applications as a result of the allocation and obtain an optimal dynamic allocation rule based on the statistical information of the computational requests. The developed solution is statistically optimal, dynamic, and implementable in real-time as opposed to other static matching schemes in the literature. The performance of the proposed framework has been evaluated using simulations and the results show significant improvement as compared with benchmark schemes.

Andrew Stanton, Akhila Ananthram, Congzhe Su et al.

Two-sided marketplaces such as eBay, Etsy and Taobao have two distinct groups of customers: buyers who use the platform to seek the most relevant and interesting item to purchase and sellers who view the same platform as a tool to reach out to their audience and grow their business. Additionally, platforms have their own objectives ranging from growing both buyer and seller user bases to revenue maximization. It is not difficult to see that it would be challenging to obtain a globally favorable outcome for all parties. Taking the search experience as an example, any interventions are likely to impact either buyers or sellers unfairly to course correct for a greater perceived need. In this paper, we address how a company-aligned search experience can be provided with competing business metrics that E-commerce companies typically tackle. As far as we know, this is a pioneering work to consider multiple different aspects of business indicators in two-sided marketplaces to optimize a search experience. We demonstrate that many problems are difficult or impossible to decompose down to credit assigned scores on individual documents, rendering traditional methods inadequate. Instead, we express market-level metrics as constraints and discuss to what degree multiple potentially conflicting metrics can be tuned to business needs. We further explore the use of policy learners in the form of Evolutionary Strategies to jointly optimize both group-level and market-level metrics simultaneously, side-stepping traditional cascading methods and manual interventions. We empirically evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method on Etsy data and demonstrate its potential with insights.

Boyan Durankev

The link between taxation and justice is a classic debate issue, while also being very relevant at a time of changing environmental factors and conditions of the social and economic system. Technologically speaking, there are three types of taxes: progressive, proportional and regressive. Although justice, like freedom, is an element and manifestation of the imagined reality in citizens minds, the state must comply with it. In particular, the tax system has to adapt to the mass imagined reality in order for it to appear fairer and more acceptable.

Andrea Molent

Modeling taxation of Variable Annuities has been frequently neglected but accounting for it can significantly improve the explanation of the withdrawal dynamics and lead to a better modeling of the financial cost of these insurance products. The importance of including a model for taxation has first been observed by Moenig and Bauer (2016) while considering a GMWB Variable Annuity. In particular, they consider the simple Black-Scholes dynamics to describe the underlying security. Nevertheless, GMWB are long term products and thus accounting for stochastic interest rate has relevant effects on both the financial evaluation and the policy holder behavior, as observed by Goudenège et al. (2018). In this paper we investigate the outcomes of these two elements together on GMWB evaluation. To this aim, we develop a numerical framework which allows one to efficiently compute the fair value of a policy. Numerical results show that accounting for both taxation and stochastic interest rate has a determinant impact on the withdrawal strategy and on the cost of GMWB contracts. In addition, it can explain why these products are so popular with people looking for a protected form of investment for retirement.

Okanlawon B. Funmilola, R. Sadiq, Bojuwon Mustapha et al.

N. Francisco, Ray Wiacek, V. Suri

Rüştü Yayar, Emin Barlas, Gökhan Güney

Tax compliance has become the main issue for all taxation authorities. Tax sensitivity, tax consciousness and tax awareness plays very important role in increasing tax revenues by increasing the level of tax compliance. Understanding and measuring of those factors is very important to generate more tax revenue and serving more public services. Tax sensitivity and tax consciousness of citizens are not only related to external variables such as tax rate, income and probability of audits and severity of fines, but also related to internal variables, such as citizens' knowledge of tax law, their attitudes towards the government and taxation, personal norms, perceived social norms. This study aimed to understand the perspective of university students for tax sensitivity.  For this purpose, tax sensitivity levels of senior students of Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences were investigated. A total of 290 students’ tax sensitivity level was surveyed using questionnaire survey. Factor analysis, One-way ANOVA and independent sample t tests were used in the study.

Jorge Luis Garcia Bacuilima, Verónica Natalia Espinoza Farfán

Taxation is one of the main sources of income of a country. When the government wants to increase the economic and social development of its country, it is necessary to raise tax rates on the tax base. However, it becomes complicated when the informality of the economically active population has remained at around 45%, as is the case of Ecuador, and the people who are forced to pay these taxes mostly have questions or unaware of it. For this reason, the Politecnica Salesiana University decided to sign an agreement with the Internal Revenue Service so that accounting students could provide tax advice in solidarity to taxpayers who have questions in their tax return forms. This article analyses the development of the office of voluntary taxpayer assistance implemented in the university, and how service learning influenced students and 250 taxpayers in the sector. Also, suggestions to other universities to implement a similar programme are provided.

Samuel Morales Castro, F. Sánchez

The Ecuadorian tax system has tried to guarantee its normative excellence by promulgating, reforming and improving the legislation of the matter in order to optimize taxation; in such a way that, the present work with seat in the constitutional legislation, investigates, through a practical case, the efficiency of the tributary legal relation, when confronting in diametrically opposed poles, the Internal Revenue Service, as owner of the relation legal entity and the company as a legal entity and subject obliged to make the corresponding payments of income tax. In this channel, the work focuses on the tax expiration, as an institution of law that prescribes the passage of time before the inaction of the owner, until its total decline and loss, leading consequently to the impossibility of collection or what is equal to the exemption of the taxpayer's payment, by virtue of the principle of legal security. These courses generate an analysis based on expiration, both in legislation and in Ecuadorian jurisprudence, when applied to business dynamics in everyday legal transactions.

Kristian Agung Prasetyo

Monika Martynkiewicz-Frank

Summary: Following the technology development, consumer habits change. Traders of goods seek new channels to reach the end customer, and online trading becomes more and more attractive. The European Union has already realised that harmonisation of VAT tax law is the key issue to reduce fraud on intra-community transactions, and simplifying the regulations for traders dealing on the internal market, would bring positive impact for the whole economy. Nevertheless, existing regulations, based on traditional commercial transaction models, make administrative taxation related to them very expensive and may provide the traders with a large tax risk in every country in which the trader handles the transaction. In the paper the authoress describes the common problems with covering sales margin due to changes in the reported revenue due to VAT regulations, as well as the obligation to provide to the end customer the gross price including VAT.

Devi Purnama Sari

This research is performed to analyze if Tax Objection process has fulfilled the equity principle, to find obstacles in fulfilling the equity principle in the Objection process and also to find the ideal model of Tax Objection Process so that equity principle can obtained by the tax payers. The research is performed using qualitative method through observation, documentation study and interviewing 10 experienced informants in taxation. According to the research known that the equity principle has not been fulfilled in the Objection process, these happens because of some obstacles for instance the psychological matter met by the tax authority whom have to fulfill revenue target from tax payers, lack of understanding from both Tax payers and fiscus regarding tax regulations, the DGT internal policy to “Decline” any of Tax Objection request from Tax payers and also traumatic problem of fiscus for having GT-like case and/or criminalization case of tax authority by the DGT. Finally, the ideal model proposal concerning Tax Objection Institution is to shifted from DGT to be directly under the Ministry of Finance or upgraded the institution to be a pure court in the environment of justice power by establishing Tax Court Level I and the existing Tax Court to be a Higher Tax Court.

Dimaz Ankaa Wijaya, Dony Ariadi Suwarsono

Blockchain has emerged into one of the most promising technologies for the future. Its most successful implementation in the form of cryptocurrency has shifted many existing paradigms where financial instruments were limited by locations or jurisdictions. While blockchain is touted to offer many significant and promising features on the other hand it also increases the difficulty level in the taxation area as well as digital forensics. We investigated the issues and explores the real-world situation and how taxation and digital forensics can cope with these technology challenges.