Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Mariusz Baran

Artykuł zawiera analizę modelu odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej za legalne działanie administracji na przykładzie odpowiedzialności z tytułu ustanowienia obszaru ograniczonego użytkowania (OOU). Rozważania zmierzają do odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy jej zakres obejmuje tylko zmiany wywołane szczegółowymi postanowieniami uchwały o utworzeniu OOU czy też odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą uzasadnia samo włączenie nieruchomości w obręb tego obszaru. Aby ustalić charakter i zakres odpowiedzialności za ograniczenia prawa własności w związku z ustanowieniem OOU i poddać krytycznej ocenie orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego dotyczące tej tematyki, autor omawia specyfikę prawa ochrony środowiska, związki odpowiedzialności w tymże prawie z innymi gałęziami prawa, cel tworzenia obszaru ograniczonego użytkowania jako instytucji ochrony środowiska, a także formy ograniczenia sposobu korzystania z nieruchomości. Następnie analizuje model odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej z tytułu ustanowienia OOU oraz wpływ jego utworzenia na prawo własności nieruchomości położonej na tym obszarze.

Moustapha Diaby

<i>Background:</i> Combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) are central to Logistics and Supply Chain decision making, yet their NP-hardness prevents exact optimal solutions in reasonable time. <i>Methods:</i> This work addresses that limitation by developing a novel ternary network flow linear programming (LP) model of the assignment problem (AP) polytope. The model is very large scale (with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Θ</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>9</mn></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> variables and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Θ</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> constraints, where <i>m</i> is the number of assignments). Although not intended to compete with conventional two-dimensional formulations of the AP with respect to solution procedures, it enables hard COPs to be solved exactly as “strict” (integrality requirements-free) LPs through simple transformations of their cost functions. Illustrations are given for the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) and the traveling salesman problem (TSP). <i>Results:</i> Because the proposed LP model is polynomial-sized and there exist polynomial-time algorithms for solving LPs, it affirms “<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>.” A separable substructure of the model shows promise for practical-scale instances due to its suitability for large-scale optimization techniques such as Dantzig–Wolfe Decomposition, Column Generation, and Lagrangian Relaxation. The formulation also has greater robustness relative to standard network flow models. <i>Conclusions:</i> Overall, the approach provides a systematic, modeling-barrier-free framework for representing NP-complete problems as polynomial-sized LPs, with clear theoretical interest and practical potential for medium to large-scale Logistics and other COP-intensive applications.

Changsoo Ok, Heesu Ahn, SeJoon Park

<i>Background</i>: The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified the need for packaging strategies that reduce logistics costs and environmental impact. Traditional box recommendation methods select the best-fitting box from a fixed set of options, which limits their ability to minimize unused space and total costs. <i>Methods</i>: This study formulates the Shipping Box Configuration Problem (SBCP), which aims to determine an optimal set of box types and dimensions for multi-product orders. To solve this problem, we propose a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based heuristic that dynamically designs box configuration rather than selecting from predefined sizes. <i>Results</i>: The proposed method is evaluated using real order data from two South Korean e-commerce companies with different product characteristics and existing box configurations. Computational results show that the PSO-based approach reduces total packaging and shipping costs and improves space utilization compared to current box configurations. The analysis also indicates that increasing the number of box types and reducing safety ratios generally lead to cost savings, although these effects must be balanced against operational complexity. <i>Conclusions</i>: The results suggest that adaptive box configuration design can improve both economic efficiency and environmental performance, providing practical guidance for e-commerce logistics managers seeking to optimize packaging strategies under operational constraints.

Islam El-Nakib, Sara Elzarka

<i>Background:</i> Amid rising trade, urbanization, and carbon emissions in MENA countries, sustainable logistics faces major constraints. This study develops an enhanced Green Logistics Performance Index (GLPI) using min-max normalization and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to integrate the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and Yale’s Environmental Performance Index (EPI). The study uses fixed-effects panel regression on data from 20 MENA countries (2018–2024), identifies key drivers, and applies ARIMA and LSTM models for 2030 projections. The prior ratio-based GLPI suffered from scale sensitivity and volatility; this refined version provides improved stability and predictive utility for Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). <i>Methods:</i> Panel data from 20 MENA countries (2018–2024) were analyzed. The enhanced GLPI normalizes and weights LPI and EPI scores via PCA. Fixed-effects regression identifies drivers, while ARIMA and LSTM enable scenario-based forecasting (baseline, optimistic, and pessimistic). <i>Results:</i> Renewable energy share positively influences GLPI, while trade openness has a negative effect. Projections indicate the regional GLPI will reach about 0.65 by 2030, with Saudi Arabia potentially achieving 25% higher under optimistic conditions. <i>Conclusions:</i> The refined GLPI advances GSCM theory by operationalizing triple bottom line trade-offs through a robust, predictive metric. It bridges descriptive limitations in prior literature, enabling forward-looking insights into sustainable logistics in emerging economies, with potential applicability beyond MENA.

Rodolphe Sepulchre, Alessandro Cecconi, Michelangelo Bin et al.

This article revisits the importance of the internal model principle in the literature of regulation and synchronization. Trajectory regulation, the task of regulating continuous-time signals generated by differential equations, is contrasted with event regulation, the task of only regulating discrete events associated with the trajectories. In trajectory regulation, the internal model principle requires an exact internal generator of the continuous-time trajectories, which translates into unrealistic calibration requirements. Event regulation is envisioned as a way to relieve calibration of the continuous behavior while ensuring reliability of the discrete events.

Dara Hallinan, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The GDPR contains an accuracy principle, as most data privacy laws in the world do. In principle, data controllers must ensure that personal data they use are accurate. Some have argued that the accuracy principle does not apply to personal data in the form of opinions about data subjects. We argue, however, from a positive law perspective, that the accuracy principle does apply to opinions. We further argue, from a normative perspective, that the accuracy principle should apply to opinions.

Shangkun Liu, Lei Wang, Bowen Yi

This paper investigates the linear output regulation problem with both the exosystem and the plant fully unknown. A data-driven regulator is proposed to achieve asymptotic regulation and closed-loop stability without performing model identification. The method constructs a nominal approximate internal model and filters of input and outputs, thereby yielding a stabilizable cascaded nominal system whose states are available. For this nominal system, a stabilizing law is derived from an offline dataset that has been acquired from the plant during experiments, such that the system states exponentially converge to a subspace. An identifier in discrete-time is, then, implemented to correct the internal model and update the stabilizing law; as a result, the regulation error can be steered to zero asymptotically under some persistent excitation conditions.

Borin Keo, Bin Li, Waqas Younis

High trade costs pose substantial barriers to the process of trade liberalization. This study aims to measure trade costs and explore the driving forces behind the growth of bilateral trade between Cambodia and its top 30 trading partners from 1993 to 2019. Using a micro-founded measure of trade costs derived from the gravity model, we find that Cambodia's average trade costs decreased by 35.43 percent between 1993 and 2019. Fluctuations in average trade costs persisted until 2014, despite Cambodia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004. Since then, these costs have declined more rapidly. Cambodia's bilateral trade costs are lower with its major trading partners in Southeast Asia and East Asia than with those in South Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North America. Cambodia's average trade costs with developing and emerging economies are lower than those with developed economies. Between 2014 and 2019, Cambodia experienced a notable decline in average trade costs with trading partners along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) corridors by 34.78 percent, twice as fast as with non-BRI trading partners. Regarding the decomposition of trade growth, we find that the expansion of Cambodian trade over the period from 1993 to 2019 was driven by three factors: the rise in income (59.65 percent), the decline in trade costs (56.69 percent), and the decline in multilateral resistance (minus 16.34 percent). The findings of this study have significant implications for a better understanding of Cambodia's development process toward global trade integration over the past two decades. Our results suggest that Cambodia can optimize its trade expansion potential by focusing on its relations with trading partners exhibiting high economic growth potential and those showing substantial reductions in trade costs.

ahmad yosefzadeh

Stablecoins, or digital currencies with stable value, constitute a significant and important part of the cryptocurrency market. Many users trust them not only as a fixed-price payment tool but also as a means of storing assets. Nevertheless, stablecoins face numerous challenges, including unclear and variable conditions for providing services, which often do not adequately protect the rights of the holders of these cryptocurrencies. There is also a lack of transparency in decision-making, the unclear status of backing assets, and the way these assets are used and how losses are compensated. Therefore, the main challenge in this study is to examine the service conditions of the main stablecoins in the market and to define the applicable legal framework. In the end, it will be shown that these companies do not provide the terms of service adequately to users, the terms of service can be changed without prior notice, the procurement of backing assets is often not done properly, and there is insufficient transparency in the dissemination of decisions. The appropriate solution is to apply commercial company laws to stablecoin issuers or to draft specific legislation in this area that organizes the activities of stablecoin issuers as commercial companies and ensures that the country's monetary and banking regulations are applicable to them. Keywords: Regulation, Stablecoin, Algorithm, Fiat Currency 1. Introduction Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies whose value is stabilized by being backed by real assets such as fiat currencies, gold, or commodities (Bullmann et al., 2019, p. 3). These cryptocurrencies contrast with other digital currencies whose market value fluctuates based on supply, demand, and other economic factors. The first stablecoins emerged in 2014, with Tether being one of the earliest examples. Launched in October 2014 by Tether Limited, Tether is pegged to the U.S. dollar and backed by physical currency reserves (Bruce et al., 2023, p. 2). In the following years, other stablecoins were introduced, including TUSD in 2017, which is pegged to the U.S. dollar and backed by physical currency reserves. In 2018, USD Coin (USDC) was launched by Circle, and in 2019, Binance USD (BUSD) was introduced by Binance. These stablecoins have garnered significant attention from investors due to their price stability and convertibility into fiat currencies. The stablecoin market has grown substantially in recent years, with reports indicating that the total market capitalization of stablecoins exceeded $170 billion in 2022 (Lee, 2023, p. 2). However, several instances of stablecoin crashes, leading to a complete devaluation, have occurred. One notable example is the collapse of Terra-Luna, which resulted in over $15 billion being wiped out from the market, causing severe financial losses for token holders. Similar incidents have happened multiple times before, demonstrating the potential for such occurrences in the future (Clements, 2021, p. 135). This underscores the critical need for a legal framework to regulate stablecoins and manage their liquidation processes. The primary challenge in this area—common to both comparative law and Iranian law—is identifying appropriate mechanisms to protect stablecoin holders' rights. The importance of this issue is evident, as stablecoins are primarily used for long-term value preservation and investment. If they fail to maintain stability, holders may suffer irreparable losses. These risks are further exacerbated by the fact that stablecoins are issued by private companies, which determine all aspects of reserve asset storage, investment risks, redemption conditions, and other related matters. This highlights the necessity of regulatory measures to oversee the issuance and management of stablecoins. The central hypothesis of this paper is that Iranian law lacks adequate regulations concerning the bankruptcy of stablecoin issuers. Therefore, it is imperative for Iranian legislators to adopt legal frameworks to safeguard the interests of Iranian citizens in this regard. To achieve this, lessons can be drawn from legislative experiences in comparative legal systems. In the subsequent sections, we will examine the concept of stablecoins and attempt to outline the applicable legal framework governing them. 2. Methodology This study employs a comparative legal research method to analyze the regulatory framework governing stablecoins in Iran, the United States, and the European Union. The comparative approach is particularly suitable for this research as it enables an in-depth examination of different legal frameworks, their similarities and differences, and their effectiveness in addressing the unique challenges posed by stablecoins. 3. Results and Discussion Stablecoins serve diverse functions and may fail for various reasons. A critical issue in this regard is the absence of a contractual counterparty for decentralized stablecoins. If these software protocols fail, token holders have no legal recourse since there is no counterparty to fulfill any obligations. The key concern lies in their decentralized nature, which implies the absence of a central organization or company accountable for potential losses. Although some decentralized tokens are managed by a group or organization composed of selected users, such entities merely oversee asset management and bear no responsibility for project failure. For instance, DAI is a decentralized stablecoin developed by the MakerDAO project. Launched in 2017, it has since become one of the most popular decentralized stablecoins. This token is issued through an algorithmic supply control mechanism that operates based on supply and demand. When demand for DAI increases, the algorithm reduces its supply to maintain price stability. According to the DAI whitepaper, no entity is responsible for compensating losses in the event of a value collapse. This means that if DAI falls below one U.S. dollar, token holders may lose part or all of their investment. MakerDAO strives to maintain the token’s value by adjusting its supply through algorithmic controls. However, there is no guarantee that these measures will succeed, as price volatility and the value of collateral assets are external factors beyond MakerDAO's control. On the other hand, dual-model stablecoins may involve a counterparty, yet they, too, offer no protection to token holders in case of failure. For example, the stablecoin Neutrino USD is governed by a computer protocol known as the Neutrino Protocol. This protocol regulates the supply of Neutrino USD via an algorithmic control mechanism to stabilize its value. When demand for Neutrino USD rises, the algorithm decreases its supply to sustain price stability. The supply control mechanism for Neutrino USD is executed through a smart contract managed by the Neutrino Protocol. This protocol autonomously regulates the value of Neutrino USD by adjusting its supply and ensuring that a sufficient amount of collateral is always available to support the circulating tokens. However, the whitepaper of Neutrino USD explicitly states that no guarantee is provided against the token’s failure. 4. Conclusions and Future Research The present study demonstrated that stablecoins are widely used across the globe, prompting various countries to recognize the necessity of regulatory frameworks for their governance. The analysis revealed that applying existing monetary, banking, and commercial company laws to stablecoins only addresses certain legal aspects, necessitating the adoption of a specific and comprehensive legal framework for them. Such a comprehensive law should include the following provisions: Definition: The law should provide a precise definition of stablecoins to prevent multiple interpretations. This definition must encompass the core characteristics of stablecoins, such as price stability, backing by real assets, and convertibility into physical currency. Issuance and Transactions: The law should specify the conditions for issuing and trading stablecoins. These conditions should include requirements such as obtaining a license, compliance with anti-money laundering regulations, and ensuring transparency in stablecoin-related information. Given the nature of stablecoins, it appears that the licensing authority would be either the central bank or the securities and exchange organization. Supervision: A regulatory body must oversee all aspects of stablecoins, including issuance, transactions, and storage. This authority should also be responsible for addressing violations. Considering the function of stablecoins as a means of payment or securities, their oversight would likely fall under the jurisdiction of the central bank and the securities and exchange organization, respectively. Consumer Protection: The law should safeguard consumers against fraud and misuse of stablecoins. This protection may include requirements such as full disclosure of information related to stablecoins and mechanisms for compensating consumers in cases of financial loss. Compensation for Losses: The law must establish appropriate mechanisms for compensating stablecoin holders in case of losses. If stablecoin operations fall within the scope of corporate law, existing legal remedies—such as criminal regulations, compensation mechanisms, and bankruptcy laws under commercial law—may be sufficient to address these issues.

Andre Portes, Andrea Drumond de Meireles, Humberto Wilke et al.

O presente artigo investiga os paradigmas tecnológicos e suas contribuições para o fomento da propriedade intelectual, utilizando o estudo de caso dos veículos elétricos da Tesla Motors. Nesse contexto, ao caracterizar e contextualizar a concepção do paradigma tecnológico no desenvolvimento tecnológico quando dos veículos/carros elétricos busca-se estudar as vantagens e desvantagens na aplicabilidade de paradigmas tecnológicos por meio da análise da matriz SWOT sobre o caso dos veículos elétricos da TESLA. Para posteriormente realizar ume estudo patentário comparativo entre Estados Unidos e Brasil sobre o tema. Desta forma é possível permitir ao leitor compreender como os paradigmas tecnológicos fomentam a propriedade intelectual ao ser questionar como a tecnologia veículo elétrico (VE) na proposta apresentada pela Tesla pode influenciar o desenvolvimento econômico nacional.   Palavras-chaves: Inovação. Propriedade Intelectual. Veículos elétricos. Paradigmas Tecnológicos. Tesla Motors.

Fatemeh Abbasnia, Mostafa Zandieh, Farzad Bahrami et al.

<i>Background</i>: This study develops a decision-making framework for the identification and performance preservation of strategic products using a non-parametric analysis of items within the product portfolio. <i>Methods</i>: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the sensitivity analysis of Inverted Data Envelopment Analysis (IDEA) are adapted to explore a new application area in growth product management. A field study from the retail sector of a developing economy is conducted to evaluate the method’s practicality. <i>Results</i>: This study suggests that the power of suppliers, product shelf life, and the ratio of sales to inventory are important supply chain considerations in identifying strategic products accommodated in Slow-Moving Consumer Goods (SMCG) supply chains. <i>Conclusions</i>: The field study shows that sensitivity analysis, in the new application area, provides insights for the identification and performance preservation of strategic items in a product portfolio. Data-driven solutions tailored to the operational needs of the case company and its different product categories conclude this article..

María Fernanda Carnero Quispe, Lucciana Débora Chambilla Mamani, Hugo Tsugunobu Yoshida Yoshizaki et al.

<i>Background:</i> Facility location is a key challenge in humanitarian logistics, particularly in disaster response, where rapid and efficient resource deployment is crucial. Temporary facilities offer a cost-effective solution due to their rapid deployment and flexibility in addressing increased demand and the dynamic conditions of post-disaster environments. <i>Methods:</i> This study conducts a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines to analyze facility location problems involving temporary or modular facilities in humanitarian logistics. A total of 65 articles from Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed. <i>Results:</i> Most studies focus on temporary facilities like shelters and medical centers in earthquake-affected areas, with most applications in Asia. Despite being temporary, only 6% of the studies consider closure decisions. Recent research explores modular facilities that enhance adaptability through module relocation and capacity adjustments. <i>Conclusions:</i> Temporary facilities after sudden-onset disasters require advanced modeling approaches that include multi-period planning, modular design, and complex decision-making, requiring solutions through heuristics or relaxations. However, there is a lack of research on their application in slow-onset and human-induced disasters. Moreover, considering geographical, cultural, and political factors is essential to ensure effective solutions. Further studies are also needed on facilities functioning as collection and processing centers, given their critical role in the humanitarian supply chain.

Fatemeh Kasaei Najafi , Afsaneh Vahedian, Hassan Yeganeh

Nowadays, regulating the digital economy is becoming one of the most important priorities of most countries. In this regard, governments and legislators play a key role in encouraging digital innovation and motivating the development of digital technologies for the benefit of society. They can promote broad public and consumer interests and limit any potential unintended negative consequences of these developments by providing general rules that reflect societal values and priorities.The purpose of this qualitative research is to analyze the macro-regulation strategies of the digital economy of the European Union and the selected countries of China, and Saudi Arabia , and presenting macro components of digital economy regulation for the country using thematic analysis method. Considering that the European Union and these countries are seeking to formulate and implement a comprehensive program with the participation of others to regulate and control the digital economy and try to accept technological advances in all sectors of social and economic life and its regulation should take steps to protect the rights of users, as a result of this research, it is suggested that a comprehensive and executive strategy should be explained in Iran by all departments and stakeholders. 1. Introduction The widespread impacts of digital transformations and the subsequent digital economy have presented challenges for policymakers. This has necessitated the development and implementation of strategies to effectively address these challenges. Digital economy policies and strategies are interconnected across various areas and require a comprehensive and coordinated approach. Typically, digital strategies are given the highest priority and objectives in a country’s digital policy, with the goal of shaping the digital transformation of the economy and society within that country (OECD, 2022). However, the significant development and rapid growth of the digital economy have raised concerns. Technologies and large platforms have become so powerful that they have had a negative impact on some businesses and consumers. This has led to calls for increased regulatory oversight of major technology platforms, focusing on their market power, use of personal data, and responsibility for the growing harm caused by online activities. While regulators around the world are seeking to address similar concerns, their approaches differ in major economies such as the European Union, China, and Saudi Arabia. Understanding how and where regulators should intervene to develop a coherent digital strategy in markets is crucial (Murray, 2021, p.2). Given that in recent years the European Union, Saudi Arabia, and China have been recognized as leaders in the digital economy, this paper examines the regulatory strategies for the digital economy in these countries. The selection of these countries and the European Union has been made with consideration of their regulatory approaches. A review of the regulatory approaches in these countries (Section 1) reveals that China, with its government-centered approach, has many similarities to our country. On the other hand, the European Union’s regulations, due to their global impact, significantly influence the performance of countries in the digital economy, particularly regarding digital platforms. Saudi Arabia also shares similarities with our country in terms of its Islamic civil law structure and as a neighboring country. Therefore, examining the regulatory frameworks of these three regions and analyzing their strategies in the digital economy will be valuable for formulating and adopting regulatory strategies for the digital economy in our country. Thus, this paper aims to identify the key elements of digital economy regulation for Iran by reviewing the regulatory strategies of these countries and understanding their priorities in regulating this field. The first section of this article examines and reviews the macro-regulatory approaches to the digital economy in the European Union and selected countries. The second section presents the digital economy, its dimensions, and the regulatory components associated with it. The third section focuses on the digital economy strategies of the European Union, China, and Saudi Arabia, while also highlighting the most important laws related to the digital economy in these regions. The fourth section explores the state of digital economy regulation in Iran. Finally, the fifth section analyzes the regulatory strategies of the studied countries using the thematic analysis method, leveraging the results to propose macro-regulatory components for Iran. 2. Research background The rapid growth of the digital economy and, consequently, digital platforms has created numerous challenges worldwide, particularly in Iran. One of the major challenges in developing the digital economy in Iran is the lack of a clear vision and well-defined strategies within the framework of a comprehensive digital economy document. Such a document is needed to address various dimensions, including legal and regulatory frameworks, privacy and data security, workforce development and employment creation, social impacts, infrastructure provision, and enhancing technical capabilities, thereby clarifying governance policies and programs. Since the Fourth Development Plan, a knowledge-based economy and innovation have been top priorities for policymakers. In 2019, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology launched the "Digital Iran" project on a small scale. However, a comprehensive and widely accepted document for the development of the digital economy has not yet been created. A comparison of the efforts of numerous developed and developing countries reveals that over the past decade, these countries have established national digital transformation documents and digital economy strategies. These strategies outline roadmaps to help them achieve their long-term goals. Given the major challenge and other barriers to the development of the digital economy, along with the increasing relevance of digital economy issues across societies and their multifaceted impact on citizens' lives, this article aims to address pre-defined research questions to align the content with the article's objectives. The research questions are as follows: What is the significance of regulating the digital economy? What macro-strategies have selected countries adopted for regulating the digital economy? What themes can be inferred from the comparative studies of selected countries, based on which domains (components)? What type of orientations do these domains suggest for regulating the digital economy in Iran? 3. Methodology The purpose of this research is to compare digital economy regulation in selected countries and propose macro-regulatory components for Iran’s digital economy. The methodology of this study involves a comparative analysis with a descriptive-explanatory approach based on current content. A qualitative strategy has been used, with thematic analysis (Alvani et al., 2023) selected for comparing strategies across countries. The main source of information for studying the selected countries is official documents published by their legal institutions in the field of the digital economy. The studies focused on topics, dimensions, and strategies related to the digital economy based on these documents. The thematic analysis approach connects the findings from studying countries’ digital economy regulations with existing topics and dimensions in the digital economy. The thematic analysis process involved the following steps: Studying and examining selected countries. Extracting the digital economy strategies of these countries from their official documents. Deriving initial summaries and themes for each strategy. Reviewing, consolidating, and regrouping these initial themes to form broader secondary themes. Combining secondary themes to develop macro-regulatory components for Iran's digital economy. The countries studied in this article include the European Union, China, and Saudi Arabia. These countries were selected based on their macro-regulatory approaches to the digital economy and criteria such as developmental status, legal similarities (in ICT regulations), and regional proximity to Iran, as elaborated in subsequent sections. 4. Results and Discussion Technological advancements and the rapid growth of the digital economy have brought about significant changes in how countries regulate this sector. Many nations are struggling to quickly adopt the digital economy, which hinders them from implementing advanced regulatory measures. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze and examine the macro-regulatory strategies of selected countries and subsequently, develop strategies for regulating the digital economy in Iran in order to keep up with its rapid development. In general, most countries have developed structured, integrated, and measurable strategies to achieve a secure and sustainable digital economy and promote its development across all sectors. The key to their success has been the comprehensive involvement of all national stakeholders in their programs. Based on the findings of this study, achieving a digital economy aligned with Iran's development goals requires a comprehensive plan. This plan should include objectives, policies, strategies, and principles of the digital economy based on the 10 proposed macro-components, as well as regulations developed with the participation and cooperation of all sectors and stakeholders, especially the private sector and civil society. A program must be designed to ensure feasibility across all sectors and evaluability through specific indicators. Additionally, the strategies must align with the country’s development vision as outlined in its development plans. Currently, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology has been assigned the responsibility for developing this strategy within the framework of the Seventh Development Plan. 5. Conclusions and Future Research The study highlights the increasing need for strategies and robust regulatory frameworks to tackle the challenges presented by the rapid growth of the digital economy. Future research should be concentrated on the following: Developing a detailed roadmap for implementing the proposed macro-regulatory components in Iran. Establishing evaluation mechanisms with clear indicators to monitor the effectiveness of digital economy policies. Investigating the role of emerging technologies (e.g., AI, blockchain) in shaping regulatory strategies. 4. Conducting comparative studies with other countries to further refine Iran’s digital economy strategies. This approach ensures that Iran’s regulatory framework remains adaptive, inclusive, and in line with global best practices, paving the way for sustainable digital transformation

Jnaneshwar Baslingker, Riddhipratim Basu, Sudeshna Bhattacharjee et al.

It is well-known that the largest eigenvalue of an $n\times n$ GUE matrix and the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a uniform random permutation of length $n$, both converge weakly to the GUE Tracy-Widom distribution as $n\to \infty$. We consider the sequences of the largest eigenvalues of the $n\times n$ principal minor of an infinite GUE matrix, and the the lengths of longest increasing subsequences of a growing sequence of random permutations (which, by the RSK bijection corresponds to the top row of the Young diagrams growing according to the Plancherel growth process), and establish laws of fractional logarithms for these. That is, we show that, under a further scaling of $(\log n)^{2/3}$ and $(\log n)^{1/3}$, the $\limsup$ and $\liminf$ respectively of these scaled quantities converge almost surely to explicit non-zero and finite constants. Our results provide complete solutions to two questions raised by Kalai in 2013. We affirm a conjecture of Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), and give a new proof of $\limsup$, due to Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), who provided a partial solution in the case of GUE minor process.

Tuhin Subhra De, Pranjal Singh, Alok Patel

In the context of developing nations like India, traditional business to business (B2B) commerce heavily relies on the establishment of robust relationships, trust, and credit arrangements between buyers and sellers. Consequently, ecommerce enterprises frequently. Established in 2016 with a vision to revolutionize trade in India through technology, Udaan is the countrys largest business to business ecommerce platform. Udaan operates across diverse product categories, including lifestyle, electronics, home and employ telecallers to cultivate buyer relationships, streamline order placement procedures, and promote special promotions. The accurate anticipation of buyer order placement behavior emerges as a pivotal factor for attaining sustainable growth, heightening competitiveness, and optimizing the efficiency of these telecallers. To address this challenge, we have employed an ensemble approach comprising XGBoost and a modified version of Poisson Gamma model to predict customer order patterns with precision. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the strategic fusion of machine learning and an empirical Bayesian approach, bolstered by the judicious selection of pertinent features. This innovative approach has yielded a remarkable 3 times increase in customer order rates, show casing its potential for transformative impact in the ecommerce industry.

Georges-André Silber

We present preliminary results about Legistix, a tool we are developing to automatically consolidate the French and European law. Legistix is based both on regular expressions used in several compound grammars, similar to the successive passes of a compiler, and on a new specialized language of functional type, allowing to describe the changes applied to the texts. Instead of creating manually a full consolidated version of a text at each modification date, Legistix generates automatically programs from legal documents written in natural language to automatically create the consolidated versions.

Dariusz Buraczewski, Alexander Iksanov, Valeriya Kotelnikova

We prove a law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for an infinite sum of independent indicators parameterized by $t$ as $t\to\infty$. It is shown that if the expectation $b$ and the variance $a$ of the sum are comparable, then the normalization in the LIL includes the iterated logarithm of $a$. If the expectation grows faster than the variance, while the ratio $\log b/\log a$ remains bounded, then the normalization in the LIL includes the single logarithm of $a$ (so that the LIL becomes a law of the single logarithm). Applications of our result are given to the number of points of the infinite Ginibre point process in a disk and the number of occupied boxes and related quantities in Karlin's occupancy scheme.

Claire Barale

Our project aims at helping and supporting stakeholders in refugee status adjudications, such as lawyers, judges, governing bodies, and claimants, in order to make better decisions through data-driven intelligence and increase the understanding and transparency of the refugee application process for all involved parties. This PhD project has two primary objectives: (1) to retrieve past cases, and (2) to analyze legal decision-making processes on a dataset of Canadian cases. In this paper, we present the current state of our work, which includes a completed experiment on part (1) and ongoing efforts related to part (2). We believe that NLP-based solutions are well-suited to address these challenges, and we investigate the feasibility of automating all steps involved. In addition, we introduce a novel benchmark for future NLP research in refugee law. Our methodology aims to be inclusive to all end-users and stakeholders, with expected benefits including reduced time-to-decision, fairer and more transparent outcomes, and improved decision quality.

Daniel Masini Espíndola, Márcio Lopes Pimenta, Cláudio Heleno Pinto da Silva et al.

<i>Background</i>: With global changes in markets and government regulations, most organizations, which previously opted for offshore production, began to return to their country of origin—a process called reshoring. The new strategies for locating units and business models, which involve decisions to outsource production and organizational capacity, now face a new context of Industry 4.0, a market for technologies with the potential to transform entire supply chains in addition to directly influencing organizational aspects with innovative solutions and resource efficiency. <i>Methods</i>: This systematic literature review (SLR) found 43 articles relating to reshoring and Industry 4.0; there was an increase in publications in the last few years. We divided the studies according to 9 aspects: market uncertainties and labor supply; support for managerial decision making; competitive priorities analysis (costs and efficiency); business strategies; information knowledge and collaboration management; political, social and economic changes; risk security and privacy management; supply chain management; and investment market and private equity funds. <i>Results</i>: This article presents a content analysis of articles in the field of administration, focusing on location strategies, technology adoption, and organizational changes. The study identifies key aspects such as research quality, publication trends, regional focus, and strategy topics. The findings emphasize the importance of research objectives and problem-solving for managerial decision-making and highlight the need for further exploration in the literature. <i>Conclusions</i>: Reshoring, Industry 4.0, and location strategies are relevant topics for global management. The supply chain plays a role in decision-making for location and technology adoption, suggesting the need for more research in supply chain management.

Fang Li, Oliver Kunze

<i>Background</i>: UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and SUGVs (Sidewalk Unmanned Ground Vehicles) are two prominent options to revolutionize last mile home delivery. However, there is no literature yet addressing a comprehensive assessment of them. To bridge this research gap, this paper aimed to compare UAVs to SUGVs in the context of urban parcel delivery from a practical, conceptual, technological, commercial, and environmental perspective. <i>Methodology</i>: Based on structured literature and web research, this paper provided a comparative status quo review of these two delivery concepts. We introduced a parameter-based cost calculus model to estimate the costs per shipment for each technology. To detect the key cost drivers, we applied a one-way sensitivity analysis, as well as a “full factorial design of experiment” approach. <i>Results</i>: These key cost drivers for both operations are the “number of vehicles per operator” and the “average beeline service radius”. From today’s commercial point of view, our model indicated better profitability of SUGVs. However, technical and regulatory developments may render different results in the future. As SUGVs emit significantly less noise than UAVs, we assume that SUGVs have an additional advantage for usage in autonomous urban last mile delivery from a resident’s perspective. <i>Conclusions</i>: Both key cost drivers will significantly influence the commercial viability of unmanned home delivery services. Safety and security aspects will determine regulatory rules on “number of vehicles per operator”. To increase the “average beeline service radius”, UAVs could profit from mothership delivery concepts while SUGV delivery may co-use existing public transport infrastructure.