Hasil untuk "Political science"

A. Sen

This book is concerned with the study of collective preference, in particular with the relationship between the objectives of social action and the preferences and aspirations of society's members. Professor Sen's approach is based on the assumption that the problem of collective choice cannot be satisfactorily discussed within the confines of economics. While collective choice forms a crucial aspect of economics, the subject pertains also to political science, the theory of the state, and to the theory of decision procedures. The author has therefore used material from these disciplines, plus philosophical aspects from ethics and the theory of justice.

T. Piketty

I am most grateful to the editors of the British Journal of Sociology for putting together such an impressive set of review papers about my book. I am very honoured by the very thoughtful essays written by such a distinguished group of scholars coming from sociology, political science, anthropology, history, geography and economics. I warmly thank all participants for their time and attention to my work. I would like to view my book more as work of social science than one of economics or history. It seems to me that we often loose a lot of time in the social sciences because of little disputes about disciplinary boundaries. I could not dream of a better recognition for my work than the stimulating collection of interdisciplinary essays that the British Journal of Sociology is now publishing. I am very fortunate to have so many great readers. There is no way I can do justice to the richness of each review and address the many stimulating points that they raise. I would like however to take this opportunity to briefly clarify a number of issues.

Adam J. Berinsky, G. Huber, Gabriel S. Lenz

E. Stuart

When estimating causal effects using observational data, it is desirable to replicate a randomized experiment as closely as possible by obtaining treated and control groups with similar covariate distributions. This goal can often be achieved by choosing well-matched samples of the original treated and control groups, thereby reducing bias due to the covariates. Since the 1970's, work on matching methods has examined how to best choose treated and control subjects for comparison. Matching methods are gaining popularity in fields such as economics, epidemiology, medicine, and political science. However, until now the literature and related advice has been scattered across disciplines. Researchers who are interested in using matching methods-or developing methods related to matching-do not have a single place to turn to learn about past and current research. This paper provides a structure for thinking about matching methods and guidance on their use, coalescing the existing research (both old and new) and providing a summary of where the literature on matching methods is now and where it should be headed.

Jose M. Cortina

W. Jevons

D. Sarewitz

F. Weil, R. Putnam

K. Arrow

B. Latour

D. Hinkle, W. Wiersma, S. Jurs

Thomas Brambor, W. Clark, Matt Golder

J. Habermas, T. Burger, Frederick P. Lawrence

R. Alford, Gary King, R. Keohane et al.

Raquel Araújo de Jesus

Abstract This article aims to analyse the strategic actions of the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC) in defence of ancestral territory in Colombia’s Pacific region, which has experienced an intensification of the armed conflict following the signing of the Peace Agreement between the Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) in 2016. It is argued that the CRIC, established in the 1970s, acts to protect its communities from forced displacement, preventing their uprooting and thereby ensuring the pervivencia –both physical and cultural – of its peoples. To this end, the following theoretical and methodological steps are undertaken: first, a dialogue is established between the fields of forced migration and resistance studies, through the articulation of the analytical frameworks of crisis migration and non-violent civil resistance; next, primary data collected through a digital platform, alongside secondary data regarding CRIC’s actions in the department of Cauca, are analysed. The outcome is the development of the concept of ‘self-confinement’ as an act of non-violent civil resistance, collectively organised through the political agency of these subjects, as well as the creation of a short comic strip that seeks to articulate the argument above through a different language, in order to contribute to the democratisation of scientific knowledge.

Eva Febria, Ibnu Phonna Nurdin, Khairulyadi Khairulyadi et al.

Abstrak Resiliensi merupakan kemampuan individu, komunitas, atau kelompok dalam beradaptasi terhadap guncangan atau bencana, menyesuaikan diri, serta bangkit kembali setelah mengalami dampak tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat ketahanan masyarakat Desa Teluk Rumbia, Kabupaten Aceh Singkil terhadap bencana banjir yang kerap terjadi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori resiliensi yang dikemukakan Susan L. Cutter, menekankan pentingnya interaksi antara kapasitas sosial, ekonomi, dan fisik dalam menentukan kemampuan komunitas menghadapi bencana. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Teluk Rumbia telah mengembangkan berbagai strategi adaptasi seperti :  Membangun rumah panggung, memanfaatkan transportasi air saat banjir, serta mengandalkan pengetahuan lokal dalam membaca tanda-tanda alam. Strategi adaptasi tersebut tidak terlepas dari ikatan solidaritas sosial yang melekat sesama warga Desa. Ikatan solidaritas sosial yang terjalin pada masyarakat Desa Teluk Rumbia didasarkan pada ikatan kekerabatan, keterikatan adat dan budaya, serta senasib sepenanggungan dalam kehidupan.   Abstract Resilience is the ability of individuals, communities, or groups to adapt to shocks or disasters, adjust, and bounce back after experiencing their impact. This research aims to determine the level of resilience of the community in Teluk Rumbia Village, Aceh Singkil Regency, to the frequent flood disasters. This research utilizes the resilience theory proposed by Susan L. Cutter, emphasizing the importance of the interaction between social, economic, and physical capacities in determining a community's ability to cope with disasters. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews. The research results show that the community of Teluk Rumbia Village has developed various adaptation strategies such as: building stilt houses, utilizing water transportation during floods, and relying on local knowledge to read natural signs. This adaptation strategy is inseparable from the strong social solidarity among the village residents. The social solidarity bonds that exist in the Teluk Rumbia village community are based on kinship ties, attachment to customs and culture, and shared experiences in life.

Pavlos Sermpezis, Stelios Karamanidis, Eva Paraschou et al.

Political discourse datasets are important for gaining political insights, analyzing communication strategies or social science phenomena. Although numerous political discourse corpora exist, comprehensive, high-quality, annotated datasets are scarce. This is largely due to the substantial manual effort, multidisciplinarity, and expertise required for the nuanced annotation of rhetorical strategies and ideological contexts. In this paper, we present AgoraSpeech, a meticulously curated, high-quality dataset of 171 political speeches from six parties during the Greek national elections in 2023. The dataset includes annotations (per paragraph) for six natural language processing (NLP) tasks: text classification, topic identification, sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, polarization and populism detection. A two-step annotation was employed, starting with ChatGPT-generated annotations and followed by exhaustive human-in-the-loop validation. The dataset was initially used in a case study to provide insights during the pre-election period. However, it has general applicability by serving as a rich source of information for political and social scientists, journalists, or data scientists, while it can be used for benchmarking and fine-tuning NLP and large language models (LLMs).

Soumyadeep Sar, Dwaipayan Roy

This study investigates the several nuanced rationales for countering the rise of political bias. We evaluate the performance of the Llama-3 (70B) language model on the Media Bias Identification Benchmark (MBIB), based on a novel prompting technique that incorporates subtle reasons for identifying political leaning. Our findings underscore the challenges of detecting political bias and highlight the potential of transfer learning methods to enhance future models. Through our framework, we achieve a comparable performance with the supervised and fully fine-tuned ConvBERT model, which is the state-of-the-art model, performing best among other baseline models for the political bias task on MBIB. By demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach, we contribute to the development of more robust tools for mitigating the spread of misinformation and polarization. Our codes and dataset are made publicly available in github.

Dogus Yuksel, Mehmet Cem Catalbas, Bora Oc

As leading examples of large language models, ChatGPT and Gemini claim to provide accurate and unbiased information, emphasizing their commitment to political neutrality and avoidance of personal bias. This research investigates the political tendency of large language models and the existence of differentiation according to the query language. For this purpose, ChatGPT and Gemini were subjected to a political axis test using 14 different languages. The findings of the study suggest that these large language models do exhibit political tendencies, with both models demonstrating liberal and leftist biases. A comparative analysis revealed that Gemini exhibited a more pronounced liberal and left-wing tendency compared to ChatGPT. The study also found that these political biases varied depending on the language used for inquiry. The study delves into the factors that constitute political tendencies and linguistic differentiation, exploring differences in the sources and scope of educational data, structural and grammatical features of languages, cultural and political contexts, and the model's response to linguistic features. From this standpoint, and an ethical perspective, it is proposed that artificial intelligence tools should refrain from asserting a lack of political tendencies and neutrality, instead striving for political neutrality and executing user queries by incorporating these tendencies.