Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"

Riya Sinha, Amelia Acker, Hanlin Li

Wikidata, an open structured database and a sibling project to Wikipedia, has recently become an important platform for information professionals to share structured metadata from their memory institutions, organizations that maintain public knowledge and cultural heritage materials. While studies have investigated why and how peer producers contribute to Wikidata, the institutional motivations and practices of these organizations are less understood. Given Wikidata's potential role in linking and supporting knowledge infrastructures and open data systems, we examined why and how information professionals in memory institutions use Wikidata as part of their organizational workflow. Through interviews with 15 participants, we identified the three archetypal roles of Wikidata users within memory institutions, providers, acquirers, and mutualists, and the different types of contributions that these institutions bring to Wikidata. We then explored potential collaboration opportunities between memory institutions and other volunteers in Wikidata, discussed the value of the data work conducted by these professionals, and examined how and why they track their contributions. Our work contributes to the wider discussions around collaboration and data work in CSCW by (1) studying the motivations and practices of information professionals, their differences from those doing volunteer work, and opportunities for the Wikidata community to promote more collaborative efforts within memory institutions and with other volunteers and (2) drawing attention to the important data work done by memory institutions on Wikidata and pointing out opportunities to support the contributions of information professionals.

Bruno Bouchard, Xiaolu Tan

We provide an extension of the unbiased simulation method for SDEs developed in Henry-Labordere et al. [Ann Appl Probab. 27:6 (2017) 1-37] to a class of path-dependent dynamics, pertaining for Asian options. In our setting, both the payoff and the SDE's coefficients depend on the (weighted) average of the process or, more precisely, on the integral of the solution to the SDE against a continuous function with bounded variations. In particular, this applies to the numerical resolution of the class of path-dependent PDEs whose regularity, in the sens of Dupire, is studied in Bouchard and Tan [Ann. I.H.P., to appear].

Madjid Vahid

The purpose of this contribution is to shed light on the evolution of public policy studies in France. It should be noted that this discipline was born in the United States in the 1950s mainly based on the works of Harold Lasswell who is known as the founding father of the discipline. Lasswell and his collaborators aimed to study the actions of the State to then be able to help decision-makers act more effectively and of course more democratically. It was in the 1980s that this discipline entered the scientific field in France. We believe that four steps are distinguishable in this regard.1- The attempts of synthesis aimed at bringing and knowing the discipline in France. The works of Madeleine Grawitz and Jean Leca, Yves Mény and Jean-Claude Thoenig, and Patrick Hassenteufel are notable in this regard. They brilliantly managed to clarify the foundations of the discipline and the research carried out in the United States and France in its frameworks. They were convinced that this new branch of political science would help to better understand the logic of public action, which would logically lead to its improvement.2- The multiple works carried out since the 1980s were inspired by the sociology of organizations. Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg have particularly prepared a fruitful ground for public policy researchers to access epistemological, theoretical, and methodical tools to analyze French public policies. Of course, the sociology of organizations reveals its American inspirations, and the specialists of the Center for the Sociology of Organizations have not hidden it. The sociology of organizations emphasizes the theoretical values of some concepts such as actor, system, power, areas of uncertainty, and rationality of actors, which show a convincing capacity in the analysis of the strategies of the actors within the organizations and in the analysis of the organizations themselves which are the main frameworks of action in modern societies.3- Research leading to cognitive analysis of public policies in France. Here, we should emphasize the founding works of Pierre Muller and Bruno Jobert. The elaboration of concepts such as representation, mediator, and référentiel in their analyses has opened very useful routes for future researchers to know the logic of public policies in France and the possible means of their change, especially since the 1990s. These researches show a certain utility in the analysis of some major turning points in French politics, among which the neoliberal turn made under the presidency of François Mitterrand, however socialist and attached to left-wing values.4- A new direction of research is known by the studies and analyses of researchers such as Gérard Noiriel, Renaud Payre, and Gilles Pollet. They are at the origin of a new approach in the study of social phenomena and actions of public authorities. Gérard Noiriel in a part of his works gives an overview of an approach that is known as the socio-historical approach. Renaud Payre and Gilles Pollet are among the leading researchers who apply this approach in the field of public policy and the actions of public authorities. They reveal the sociological and historical foundations of policies and actions and show precisely how socio-history differs from historical sociology or sociological history. In the field of analysis of public action, socio-history provides useful tools for researchers to deepen their knowledge in areas such as the emergence of new social categories (unemployed, immigrants, etc.), the transfer of knowledge and experience from one country to another, and the establishment of regional entities such as the European Union.In conclusion, we note that we had, throughout the writing of this article, an implicit objective in our mind: Clarifying the efforts made over the decades in France to be able to import a discipline that has proven its innovative abilities in its original cradle. Public policies are now part of the integrated disciplines in Iranian universities and it is of course necessary to know how the scientists of a developed country attached to its independence and originality, France, have worked at the entrance of a new scientific discipline created outside their country to be able to benefit from it for their development and be at the origin of its development in turn. We hope that Iranian academics and scientists will follow the example of their French colleagues, which appears fully promising.

Bianca Y. S. Ishikawa, José F. Fontanari

The conflict between individual and collective interests makes fostering cooperation in human societies a challenging task, requiring drastic measures such as the establishment of sanctioning institutions. These institutions are costly because they have to be maintained regardless of the presence or absence of offenders. Here we revisit some improvements to the standard $N$-person prisoner's dilemma formulation with institutional punishment in a well-mixed population, namely the elimination of overpunishment, the requirement of a minimum number of contributors to establish the sanctioning institution, and the sharing of its maintenance costs once this minimum number is reached. In addition, we focus on large groups or communities for which sanctioning institutions are ubiquitous. Using the replicator equation framework for an infinite population, we find that by sufficiently fining players who fail to contribute either to the public good or to the sanctioning institution, a population of contributors immune to invasion by these free riders can be established, provided that the contributors are sufficiently numerous. In a finite population, we use finite-size scaling to show that, for some parameter settings, demographic noise helps to fixate the strategy that contributes to the public good but not to the sanctioning institution even for infinitely large populations when, somewhat counterintuitively, its proportion in the initial population vanishes with a small power of the population size.

Nur Shahadah JAMIL

After Anwar Ibrahim assumed office in November 2022, Malaysia’s China policy, including its stance towards the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), was again thrust into the limelight. This paper analyses Malaysia’s responses towards BRI since 2013 and argues that the “shift” is not to abandon its cooperation or adjust its overall foreign policy with China, but to cater for two sets of domestic considerations – the need for development and inter-elite competition, and eventual regime legitimation.

Anees Baqir, Alessandro Galeazzi, Andrea Drocco et al.

The rise of ideological divides in public discourse has received considerable attention in recent years. However, much of this research has been concentrated on Western democratic nations, leaving other regions largely unexplored. Here, we delve into the political landscape of Pakistan, a nation marked by intricate political dynamics and persistent turbulence. Spanning from 2018 to 2022, our analysis of Twitter data allows us to capture pivotal shifts and developments in Pakistan's political arena. By examining interactions and content generated by politicians affiliated with major political parties, we reveal a consistent and active presence of politicians on Twitter, with opposition parties exhibiting particularly robust engagement. We explore the alignment of party audiences, highlighting a notable convergence among opposition factions over time. Our analysis also uncovers significant shifts in political affiliations, including the transition of politicians to the opposition alliance. Quantitatively, we assess evolving interaction patterns, showcasing the prevalence of homophilic connections while identifying a growing interconnection among audiences of opposition parties. Our study, by accurately reflecting shifts in the political landscape, underscores the reliability of our methodology and social media data as a valuable tool for monitoring political polarization and providing a nuanced understanding of macro-level trends and individual-level transformations.

Jonathan St-Onge, Giulio Burgio, Samuel F. Rosenblatt et al.

Epidemic models study the spread of an undesired agent through a population, be it infectious diseases through a country, misinformation in online social media, or pests infesting a region. In combating these epidemics, we rely neither on global top-down interventions, nor solely on individual adaptations. Instead, interventions most commonly come from local institutions such as public health departments, moderation teams on social media platforms, or other forms of group governance. Classic models, which are often individual or agent-based, are ill-suited to capture local adaptations. We leverage recent development of institutional dynamics based on cultural group selection to study how groups can attempt local control of an epidemic by taking inspiration from the successes and failures of other groups. Incorporating these institutional changes into the epidemic dynamics reveals paradoxes: a higher transmission rate can result in smaller outbreaks and decreasing the speed of institutional adaptation generally reduces outbreak size. When groups perceive a contagion as more worrisome, they can invest in improved policies and, if they maintain these policies long enough to have impact, lead to a reduction in endemicity. By looking at the interplay between the speed of institutions and the transmission rate of the contagions, we find rich co-evolutionary dynamics that reflect the complexity of known biological and social contagions.

Aknur Karabay, Arman Bolatov, Huseyin Atakan Varol et al.

Nowadays, it is common for people to take photographs of every beverage, snack, or meal they eat and then post these photographs on social media platforms. Leveraging these social trends, real-time food recognition and reliable classification of these captured food images can potentially help replace some of the tedious recording and coding of food diaries to enable personalized dietary interventions. Although Central Asian cuisine is culturally and historically distinct, there has been little published data on the food and dietary habits of people in this region. To fill this gap, we aim to create a reliable dataset of regional foods that is easily accessible to both public consumers and researchers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on creating a Central Asian Food Dataset (CAFD). The final dataset contains 42 food categories and over 16,000 images of national dishes unique to this region. We achieved a classification accuracy of 88.70\% (42 classes) on the CAFD using the ResNet152 neural network model. The food recognition models trained on the CAFD demonstrate computer vision's effectiveness and high accuracy for dietary assessment.

Galina V. Makhachkeeva

Introduction. The article provides a first insight into local and regional folk medicine traditions of Alar Buryats (once a part of Balagansk Buryats) nowadays inhabiting Alarsky District of Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Irkutsk Oblast, Russia) and clustering with Buryats from the western coast of Lake Baikal, the latter therefore referred to as ‘western’ or ‘Cis-Baikalia’ (sometimes ‘northern’) Buryats. Healing practices of present-day Alar Buryats include richest experiences of previous generations, the former largely determined by a number of natural and geographic factors and conditions of the forest-steppe zone that resulted in consistent combinations of economic patterns, such as arable farming, semi-sedentary livestock breeding, seasonal hunting and fishing. Folk medicine of this sub-ethnic group retains strong ties to shamanic beliefs to have survived the long decades and centuries of persecution. The research topic proves interesting enough since the region under consideration — like the entire Baikal Region — is characterized by a lack of Tibetan medicine influence to have resulted from Orthodox Christianity’s resistance to the expansion of Buddhism. This factor made it possible to preserve the unique ancient traditional treatment techniques, while shamanic healing patterns based on a mythological worldview also constitute a large unexplored area of Baikalia at large. So, local healing traditions remain somewhat understudied. There are only fragmentary data in some works on this subject. Goals. The study aims to analyze the available data on traditional healing practices of Alar Buryats — publications, archival materials, and field notes. Results. The article classifies a set of animal and plant medicines, methods of psychological impact, irrational practices, preventive healthcare approaches and shamanic healing methods. Special attention is paid to etymologies of names of certain diseases and dialect medical terms. An effort is made to analyze the nature of some diseases and phenomena in comparison to healing traditions of other ethnic groups with due regard of modern medical knowledge.

Arwanto Arwanto, Wike Anggraini

In this paper we discuss the connection between the concept of good governance and bureaucratic reform policy. Improving bureaucracy performance can be achieved by implementing good governance. However, another argument posits the notion that bureaucratic reform can lead the way to achieving good governance. Therefore, this paper assesses the relationship between the concept of good governance and bureaucratic reform in Indonesia. The research was based on content analysis technique that analysed the relevancy of good governance criteria and content of policy document, which were supplemented by interviews. Subsequently policy analysis was done using a policy transfer lens. Research findings showed that good governance influences Indonesian bureaucratic reform policy and international organizations have played significant part in influencing the Indonesian government to adopt good governance.

Lanqin Yuan, Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

Automatic identification of hateful and abusive content is vital in combating the spread of harmful online content and its damaging effects. Most existing works evaluate models by examining the generalization error on train-test splits on hate speech datasets. These datasets often differ in their definitions and labeling criteria, leading to poor generalization performance when predicting across new domains and datasets. This work proposes a new Multi-task Learning (MTL) pipeline that trains simultaneously across multiple hate speech datasets to construct a more encompassing classification model. Using a dataset-level leave-one-out evaluation (designating a dataset for testing and jointly training on all others), we trial the MTL detection on new, previously unseen datasets. Our results consistently outperform a large sample of existing work. We show strong results when examining the generalization error in train-test splits and substantial improvements when predicting on previously unseen datasets. Furthermore, we assemble a novel dataset, dubbed PubFigs, focusing on the problematic speech of American Public Political Figures. We crowdsource-label using Amazon MTurk more than $20,000$ tweets and machine-label problematic speech in all the $305,235$ tweets in PubFigs. We find that the abusive and hate tweeting mainly originates from right-leaning figures and relates to six topics, including Islam, women, ethnicity, and immigrants. We show that MTL builds embeddings that can simultaneously separate abusive from hate speech, and identify its topics.

Amisha Gangwar, Tanvi Mehta

Sentiment Analysis is a vital research topic in the field of Computer Science. With the accelerated development of Information Technology and social networks, a massive amount of data related to comment texts has been generated on web applications or social media platforms like Twitter. Due to this, people have actively started proliferating general information and the information related to political opinions, which becomes an important reason for analyzing public reactions. Most researchers have used social media specifics or contents to analyze and predict public opinion concerning political events. This research proposes an analytical study using Israeli political Twitter data to interpret public opinion towards the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The attitudes of ethnic groups and opinion leaders in the form of tweets are analyzed using Machine Learning algorithms like Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Decision Tree (DT), and Naive Bayes (NB). Finally, a comparative analysis is done based on experimental results from different models.

Kunihiro Miyazaki, Taichi Murayama, Akira Matsui et al.

New leaders in democratic countries typically enjoy high approval ratings immediately after taking office. This phenomenon is called the honeymoon effect and is regarded as a significant political phenomenon; however, its mechanism remains underexplored. Therefore, this study examines how social media users respond to changes in political leadership in order to better understand the honeymoon effect in politics. In particular, we constructed a 15-year Twitter dataset on eight change timings of Japanese prime ministers consisting of 6.6M tweets and analyzed them in terms of sentiments, topics, and users. We found that, while not always, social media tend to show a honeymoon effect at the change timings of prime minister. The study also revealed that sentiment about prime ministers differed by topic, indicating that public expectations vary from one prime minister to another. Furthermore, the user base was largely replaced before and after the change in the prime minister, and their sentiment was also significantly different. The implications of this study would be beneficial for administrative management.

Ankita Gupta, Su Lin Blodgett, Justin H Gross et al.

Participants in political discourse employ rhetorical strategies -- such as hedging, attributions, or denials -- to display varying degrees of belief commitments to claims proposed by themselves or others. Traditionally, political scientists have studied these epistemic phenomena through labor-intensive manual content analysis. We propose to help automate such work through epistemic stance prediction, drawn from research in computational semantics, to distinguish at the clausal level what is asserted, denied, or only ambivalently suggested by the author or other mentioned entities (belief holders). We first develop a simple RoBERTa-based model for multi-source stance predictions that outperforms more complex state-of-the-art modeling. Then we demonstrate its novel application to political science by conducting a large-scale analysis of the Mass Market Manifestos corpus of U.S. political opinion books, where we characterize trends in cited belief holders -- respected allies and opposed bogeymen -- across U.S. political ideologies.

Bayrta B. Mandzhieva

Introduction. The article deals with the prologue to the cycle of songs recorded from jangarchi Dava Shavaliev. In 1939, the famous Mongolist A. Burdukov visited Kalmykia and recorded the epic repertoire of Dava Shavaliev that consisted of a prologue and four songs. The songs of Dava Shavaliev recorded by the scholar were not published during the latter’s lifetime. His daughter, Mongolist T. Burdukova, made a copy of her father’s manuscript (March-April 1977). Goals. The work aims to study the prologue as an important compositional part of Dava Shavaliev’s epic repertoire. Results. The latter is yet another confirmation that Kalmyk rhapsodes — when reciting the Jangar — made use of a special expositional part called the prologue (Kalm. orshl). Being a traditional epic formation characteristic of the cyclical heroic epic of Jangar, the prologue to Dava Shavaliev’s epic cycle consists of constant themes. Proceeding from his knowledge of the epic composition principles, the jangarchi builds his narratives on a certain basis comprising structural and compositional elements, such as a description of the palace; magtal (Kalm. ‘glorification’) to Lord Jangar; magtal to Queen Shavdal; ones to the warhorse and Khongor; and a description of the palace feast. The jangarchi makes extensive use of the traditional and standardized set of poetic formulas, stylistic and compositional techniques. The observance of the established tradition kept the rhapsode in a clearly delineated tunnel of an epic narrative, without hindering the emergence of individual features. The epic repertoire of jangarchi Dava Shavaliev attests to that the Jangar epic was then a living cultural phenomenon, an important link in the epic tradition developed by many generations of rhapsodes whose talents and performing skills made the heroic epic a greatest monument of the Kalmyk people’s spiritual heritage.

Abdi Abdi, Irva Yulia Rohmah

Employee performance is an appearance of employee work both in quantity and high quality employee performance will support organizational productivity. This type of research used in this study is a quantitative approach. Quantitative research is used to examine a sample of the population with the analytical test method n = Number of Samples N = Number of population, and E = Precision determined or the percentage of non-precision looseness. With the results employees have problems with the transformational leadership style that is applied by the restaurant employee supervisor at the Makassar Marcure Hotel Nexa Pettarani. The relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance is strengthened from the results of the regression analysis. The regression test results showed significant results on the transformational leadership variable on performance by 0.104 smaller than the error tolerance α = 0.05. Kinerja karyawan merupakan penampilan hasil kerja karyawan baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas kinerja karyawan yang tinggi akan mendukung produktivitas organisasi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif digunakan untuk meneliti suatu sampel dari populasi dengan metode uji analisis n = Jumlah Sampel N = Jumlah populasi, dan E = Persisi yang di tetapkan atau presentase kelonggaran ketidak telitian. Dengan hasil karyawan memiliki permasalahan dengan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional yang diterapkan oleh atasan karyawan Restoran Pada Hotel Marcure Makassar Nexa Pettarani. Keterkaitan antara kepemimpinan transformasional dengan kinerja karyawan diperkuat dari hasil analisis regresi. Hasil uji regresi secara menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan pada variabel kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja sebesar 0,104 lebih kecil dari toleransi kesalahan α = 0,05.

Syarifudin Hidayat

Paradigma pembangunan adalah cara pandang terhadap suatu persoalan pembangunan yang dipergunakan dalam penyelenggaran pembangunan dalam arti pembangunan baik sebagai proses maupun sebagai metode untuk mencapai peningkatan kualitas hidup manusia dan kesejateraan rakyat.paradigma pembangunan mengalami perkembangan yang pertama diawali dengan paradigma pertumbuhan kedua pergeseran dari paradigma pertumbuhan menjadi paradigma kesejahteraan ketiga adalah paradigma pembangunan yang berpusat pada manusia.

Amin Ibrahim

Berbagai konsep manajemen-organisasi dan kepemimpinan kontemporer yang telah berhasil baik di berbagai negara, mestinya dapat juga diterapkan di Indonesia asalkan disesuaikan dengan kondisi yang ada dan diterapkan secara bertahap. Serangkaian penelitian terhadap Pemerintah Daerah (kasus kota bekasi) kiranya dapat melahirkan sejumlah konsep pemberdayaan bagi peningkatan kinerja supra struktur politik terutama birokrasi.

Yudiantarti Safitri

Government Regulation #10 (commonly known as DP3) was enacted in 1979 in order to regulate and evaluate the performance of civil servants, but it has not provided satisfactory result. Many Civil Servants are still placed in positions that do not suit during the decision-making process. For this reason, DP3 must be updated in order to improve efficiency during the evaluation process.

Asia J. Biega, Jana Schmidt, Rishiraj Saha Roy

Translating verbose information needs into crisp search queries is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous but hardly understood. Insights into this process could be valuable in several applications, including synthesizing large privacy-friendly query logs from public Web sources which are readily available to the academic research community. In this work, we take a step towards understanding query formulation by tapping into the rich potential of community question answering (CQA) forums. Specifically, we sample natural language (NL) questions spanning diverse themes from the Stack Exchange platform, and conduct a large-scale conversion experiment where crowdworkers submit search queries they would use when looking for equivalent information. We provide a careful analysis of this data, accounting for possible sources of bias during conversion, along with insights into user-specific linguistic patterns and search behaviors. We release a dataset of 7,000 question-query pairs from this study to facilitate further research on query understanding.