Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

J. Steward

Хафизова А.А., Ростовцева В.В., Мезенцева А.А. et al.

Цель работы состояла в оценке предпочтений выраженности полового диморфизма по четырем соматическим признакам (длине тела, развитию мускулатуры, физической силе и жироотложению) у мужчин и женщин в восьми популяциях, различающихся по происхождению, этнокультурным особенностям, социально-экономическим и экологическим условиям жизни. Материалы и методы. Объединенная выборка включала 1501 человека (610 мужчин и 891 женщину) в возрасте от 17 до 39 лет (средний возраст: 20,8 ± 4,3), представляющих восемь популяций, проживающих на территории России: буряты, якуты, калмыки, тувинцы, кабардинцы, балкарцы, русские (из Москвы и из Тулы). Материалы собраны в период с 2022 по 2024 г. Для оценки предпочтений полоспецифических особенностей по четырем соматическим критериям использовался авторский опросник. Результаты и обсуждение. Во всех изученных выборках мужчины и женщины считали привлекательным выраженный половой диморфизм по длине тела, в соответствии с нормой «мужчина выше женщины». Большинство мужчин предпочитали худощавых женщин со слабым развитием мускулатуры и физической силы, в то время как женщины отдавали предпочтение физически сильным мужчинам с хорошо развитой мускулатурой. Популяционные различия в антропоэстетических представлениях проявились в том, что в группах калмыков, кабардинцев и балкарцев более привлекательными считались выраженные проявления полового диморфизма по длине тела, мускулистости и физической силе, в то время как предпочтения якутов и русских из Москвы были менее однозначными. Практически во всех мужских группах были выявлены устойчивые ассоциации между предпочтениями выраженности полового диморфизма по длине тела и физической силе, а также по развитию мускулатуры и жироотложению. Наиболее устойчивыми в женских группах были ассоциации предпочтений полового диморфизма по длине тела и физической силе, а также по развитию мускулатуры и физической силе. Заключение. Выявленные антропоэстетические предпочтения, связанные с выраженностью полоспецифических особенностей по разным соматическим критериям, отражают как универсальные, так и специфические для разных популяций, представления о межполовой привлекательности, обусловленные эволюционными и социокультурными факторами. Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант № 23-18-00277.

Ziteng Deng, Haoxian Xie, Yunfei Huang et al.

Abstract Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is an opportunistic pathogen that poses a significant threat to a diverse array of species. Neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to eliminate bacteria. However, the role of NETs in SEZ infection remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the impact of gasdermin D (GSDMD) on NETs formation during SEZ infection. Our results reveal that SEZ infection induces murine lethality, accompanied by extensive neutrophil infiltration in the spleen, as corroborated by peritoneal lavage and hematological analyses. Mechanistically, ex vivo infection of bone marrow-derived neutrophils triggered robust NETosis, indicating that this process constitutes a critical anti-SEZ defense. Intriguingly, although SEZ infection upregulated GSDMD expression, genetic ablation of GSDMD paradoxically enhanced neutrophil recruitment to infection sites. Surprisingly, this amplified recruitment failed to augment NETs production, suggesting that GSDMD is essential for NETs release, which was evidenced by disulfiram treatment, a specific inhibitor of GSDMD pore formation. Consequently, GSDMD-deficient mice exhibited heightened lethality upon SEZ challenge, confirming the non-redundant function of GSDMD in orchestrating protective responses to infection. These results underscore the importance of neutrophils in the immune response against SEZ infection and reinforce the crucial role of GSDMD in NETs formation.

Sina F. J. Dupuis, Jordan Bestwick, Dennis M. Hansen et al.

Abstract The sauropodomorph Plateosaurus is one of the best-known dinosaurs from Europe due to the large numbers of articulated skeletons discovered from bonebed horizons in Switzerland and Germany. Plateosaurus exhibits high degrees of developmental plasticity, which makes investigations of specimen life-histories from gross morphology alone difficult. Furthermore, comparatively few specimens have been rigorously examined for possessing any evidence of pathology, i.e., injury or disease, that could provide insight into how these dinosaurs lived. Here, we provide an osteological description of a nearly complete Plateosaurus trossingensis (excavation ID SMF 18.1, collection NMZ 1000001) from the Late Triassic Klettgau Formation from Frick, Switzerland, with an unusual pathology in its right scapula and proximal portion of the right humerus. We also perform histological analyses on two dorsal ribs to investigate the relative ontogenetic stage and life history of the specimen and investigate the morphology and aetiology of its scapula-humerus pathology using Micro-Computed Tomography and comparisons with a previously undescribed Plateosaurus from Frick (SMF 11.4; comprising left and right radii and ulnae) that exhibits pathological tissues. We infer that NMZ 1000001 was an adult of around 23–25 years of age when it died. We estimate a total body length of around 7.7 m, making NMZ 1000001 one of the largest known specimens from Frick and an above average-sized adult for the species overall. The scapula-humerus pathology is characterised by highly rugose surface textures, possible element fusion and extensive remodelling of internal bone structures. We infer the pathology to be a chronic case of osteomyelitis (bone tissue infection). Based on the size and extent of the infected area it is likely one of most advanced cases known from the fossil record. We further document the process of producing an exhibit with a museum-grade life reconstruction based on the pathological fossil.

André de Gouvêa, Hitoshi Murayama, Mark Palmer et al.

In this document we summarize the output of the US community planning exercises for particle physics that were performed between 2020 and 2023 and comment upon progress made since then towards our common scientific goals. This document leans heavily on the formal report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel and other recent US planning documents, often quoting them verbatim to retain the community consensus.

Antonin Sulc

Characterizing the environmental interactions of quantum systems is a critical bottleneck in the development of robust quantum technologies. Traditional tomographic methods are often data-intensive and struggle with scalability. In this work, we introduce a novel framework for performing Lindblad tomography using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). By embedding the Lindblad master equation directly into the neural network's loss function, our approach simultaneously learns the quantum state's evolution and infers the underlying dissipation parameters from sparse, time-series measurement data. Our results show that PINNs can reconstruct both the system dynamics and the functional form of unknown noise parameters, presenting a sample-efficient and scalable solution for quantum device characterization. Ultimately, our method produces a fully-differentiable digital twin of a noisy quantum system by learning its governing master equation.

Aaditya L. Kachhadiya

Inverse problems in the physical sciences are often ill-conditioned in input space, making progress step-size sensitive. We propose the Deceptron, a lightweight bidirectional module that learns a local inverse of a differentiable forward surrogate. Training combines a supervised fit, forward-reverse consistency, a lightweight spectral penalty, a soft bias tie, and a Jacobian Composition Penalty (JCP) that encourages $J_g(f(x))\,J_f(x)\!\approx\!I$ via JVP/VJP probes. At solve time, D-IPG (Deceptron Inverse-Preconditioned Gradient) takes a descent step in output space, pulls it back through $g$, and projects under the same backtracking and stopping rules as baselines. On Heat-1D initial-condition recovery and a Damped Oscillator inverse problem, D-IPG reaches a fixed normalized tolerance with $\sim$20$\times$ fewer iterations on Heat and $\sim$2-3$\times$ fewer on Oscillator than projected gradient, competitive in iterations and cost with Gauss-Newton. Diagnostics show JCP reduces a measured composition error and tracks iteration gains. We also preview a single-scale 2D instantiation, DeceptronNet (v0), that learns few-step corrections under a strict fairness protocol and exhibits notably fast convergence.

Monika Milosavljević

The phenomenon of the burials under the stećci, in spite of the long history of research, still deserves additional attention of scholars. These are interments of the deceased in the context of the monumental funerary markers (stećci), highly prominent in the landscape, typical for the period between the 12th and the 16th centuries. This funerary practice is most intense during the 14th and 15th centuries, and there are indications that it occurs even after the 16th century. In the region of the Western Balkans, more than 72 000 monuments have been registered, mainly in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During the 20th century, when these monuments were interpreted in the culture-historical archaeological key, researchers aimed at identifying a single religious or ethnic group intrinsically linked to this burial practice. Some of the solutions for the attribution of stećci were their ascription to the Bosnian Church, or to the Mediaeval Vlachs. The dedicated researchers, such as Šefik Bešlagić, recognized even under the traditional paradigmatic framework that the phenomenon of stećci is highly complex and that exclusive attribution to one ethnic/religious group is not highly plausible. Subsequently, with the interpretations of Dubravko Lovrenović in the beginning of the 21st century, stećci are interpreted as an interconfessional phenomenon.  While the exclusive attribution to the Bosnian Church is easily refuted on the base of the inscriptions mentioning other confessions, the issue of the Vlachs as the conveyors of this material culture has remained unresolved in certain ways. The solution was sought for in the domain of physical anthropology. Starting from the 1970s, in the papers on the skeletal remains recovered from the necropolises with the stećci, the interpretation is offered that these are homogenous communities, with dominantly brachycranial characteristics, identified as the Dinaric anthropological type. The next interpretive step was to link them to the allegedly autochthonous Medieval non-Slavic Vlachs, understood as an ethnic group deriving from Antiquity or praehistory. The aim of the present paper is to critically reconsider the methodological core of the argument that the people buried under the stećci were of the Dinaric type, seen as the indigenous population, from the point of view of the history of Yugoslav archaeology.

M. Negasheva, I. Sineva, Viktoriya N. Kremneva et al.

Introduction. The article presents the results of the anthropological expedition to Petrozavodsk (Northwestern Federal District), conducted in April 2024, in order to study the long-term (secular) dynamics of total body size, changes in body proportions over the past 60 years, and morphological characteristics of modern youth in this region. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 470 young men and women aged 18-23, mainly (more than 90%) Russians by nationality, born and living in Petrozavodsk. Subjects were examined according to a comprehensive anthropometric program including measurement of total body sizes, shoulder and pelvic breadths, trunk and limb circumferences, skinfolds, and grip strength on right hand. Results and discussion. The average height of young men born in Petrozavodsk increased by 7.7 cm across birth cohorts from the 1936-49s to the 2001-2006s (2024 survey). The rate of secular increase is about 1.1 cm per decade. Intergroup comparisons of body length in female samples from Petrozavodsk demonstrated an increase in height in modern women by 6.3 cm compared with the cohorts born in the 1936-49s (about 0.9 cm per decade). Along with the secular increase in total body size over the past 60 years, a tendency towards a relatively narrow build and an increase in andromorphic proportions of the body build in modern young women of Petrozavodsk has been noted. Long-term changes in anthropometric parameters in Petrozavodsk are comparable with the general secular trend in Russia and are consistent with the hypothesis of the dominant influence of socio-economic factors on intergenerational transformation of the physique of children, adolescents and young adults. Conclusion. Based on the materials of an anthropological survey of young men and women in Petrozavodsk aged 18-23, conducted in 2024 by the research team of the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, using comparable data obtained from literature sources, long-term changes (secular trend) in total body size have been established. The regional features of the physique of young men and women surveyed in Petrozavodsk, compared with youth from other cities in Russia, were revealed. Based on the most informative body dimensions, spider web charts are created to illustrate the unique aspects of the physical condition of young men and women in Petrozavodsk. These charts can be employed to track physical development and enhance the adaptability and physical well-being of today's young population. © 2025. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license

Yuting Gao, Steven R. Leigh

Natural history museums provide unique and extremely valuable research resources. However, relatively few museums have externally discoverable records. Biological anthropologists frequently rely on materials in these collections-including skeletal remains, fossil hominins, and nonhuman primate materials-to study human evolution, functional anatomy, and genetic variation. Unfortunately, traditional means of sourcing museum resources, such as curator consultations, published references, or informal research networks, may be inefficient, biased toward certain institutions, and out of date. The Global Registry of Scientific Collections (GRSciColl), part of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), addresses these challenges by centralizing metadata on scientific collections, enabling researchers to locate research materials, reduce biases, and broaden sampling diversity. GRSciColl supports interdisciplinary collaborations, digital resource sharing, and educational applications, such as data literacy training. It also standardizes institutional references, improves provenance tracking, and data interoperability. By increasing access to collections-including to researchers lacking financial resources-GRSciColl bridges the gap between physical museum holdings and digital research needs, fostering innovation in biological anthropology and other fields.

KONGRAILATPAM MILANKUMAR SHARMA, MARTIN EZCURRA, RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD TIWARI et al.

The Panchet Formation of northeastern India preserves an Induan (earliest Triassic) vertebrate assemblage with only one valid archosauromorph species, the proterosuchid Samsarasuchus pamelae. Two other archosauromorph species have been named for this unit: “Ankistrodon indicus” and “Teratosaurus(?) bengalensis”. “Ankistrodon indicus”, based on a fragment of maxilla with two partial teeth, is indistinguishable from other proterosuchid species and is considered a nomen dubium. “Teratosaurus(?) bengalensis” is represented by an isolated, almost complete tooth that was distinguished from “Ankistrodon indicus” in the presence of mesial denticles. “Teratosaurus(?) bengalensis” is also indistinguishable from other valid proterosuchid species and considered likely a nomen dubium. However, it remains unresolved if “Teratosaurus(?) bengalensis” represents a second Panchet archosauromorph species different from Samsarasuchus pamelae and “Ankistrodon indicus” because the presence of mesial denticles cannot be determined in these species due to their incompleteness. Here we describe two new Panchet Proterosuchidae specimens collected from the same locality as the holotypes of the three above-mentioned species. These new specimens are maxillary fragments and one of them has almost complete teeth with mesial denticles on the apical portion of the crowns, as in “Teratosaurus(?) bengalensis.” The rest of their morphology is congruent with that of Samsarasuchus pamelae and “Ankistrodon indicus.” As a result, the specimens reported here expand our anatomical knowledge of the Panchet archosauriform assemblage and indicate that there is no current evidence for the presence of more than one valid archosauromorph species in the Panchet Formation.

Sayantan Biswas, Antonio El Kareh, Mariyem Qureshi et al.

Abstract Background Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. This surge in myopia rates, occurring within a relatively stable genetic framework, underscores the profound influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on this condition. In this comprehensive narrative review, we shed light on both established and potential environmental and lifestyle contributors that affect the development and progression of myopia. Main body Epidemiological and interventional research has consistently revealed a compelling connection between increased outdoor time and a decreased risk of myopia in children. This protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure to the characteristics of natural light (i.e., sunlight) and the release of retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective of outdoor time, excessive engagement in near work can further worsen the onset of myopia. While the exact mechanisms behind this exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears to involve shifts in relative peripheral refraction, the overstimulation of accommodation, or a complex interplay of these factors, leading to issues like retinal image defocus, blur, and chromatic aberration. Other potential factors like the spatial frequency of the visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, and education have debatable independent influences on myopia development. Conclusion The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.

Z. Marchenko, S. Grushin, A. Grishin et al.

The cultural-chronological collections from a new archaeological site of Nechunaevo-3 located on the high remnant (elban) in the floodplain on the left bank of the lower Aley River are described. During survey and precursory work for geophysical research, a few bronze items of horse harness of the Early Scythian Period (distributor and clasp) were found in the southern part of the remnant. The geomagnetic sounding has shown several anomalies which correspond to the found archaeological objects by size and physical characteristics. Test pits were established at founding places of the Early Scythian artefacts and derived geophysical data. Of the eight established pits, four trenches located in the southern, medial and eastern parts of remnant have shown destroyed cultural layers dating to the range of the Bronze Age to the recent period. The Bronze Age is represented by the looted Andronovo Culture double burial (man and woman). Ceramic vessel and anthropological remains were redeposited; only recomposed wooden cover at the margins of the chamber’s lower part remained in situ. The oxides on traced on human bones suggest that both individuals were interred with bronze grave goods. The burial was partly overlapped by a pit with traces of fire and bivalve shells. A similar shell fragment was found in the lower part of burial among human bones. Possibly, it was a ritual pit, which was made upon looting. The Early Scythian artifact collection was supplemented by separate bronze horse harness elements from test pit 1 (figured plaque and bit). The Scythian-Saka collection includes a miniature iron three-wing arrowhead. Unornamented fragments of thick-walled pots associated most likely with Russian settlers of 18th – early 20th centuries were found in the medial part of the remnant. In sum, archaeological materials associated with four cultural-chronological periods were found during the archaeological and geophysical studies of the new site of Nechunaevo-3; the site borders were identified.

M. Negasheva, O. V. Filatova, I. Voronina et al.

Introduction. The article presents the preliminary results of the anthropological expedition to Barnaul, Altai Krai (Siberian Federal District), conducted in September 2023 in order to study long-term (over the past 70 years) changes in body sizes among modern youth in this region. One of the main practical tasks of the study was the development of relevant standards (reference tables) for assessing the level of physical development of students in Altai Krai. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 295 young men and women aged 17–23, mainly (more than 92%) Russians by nationality. Subjects were examined according to a comprehensive anthropometric program including measurement of total body sizes, shoulder and pelvic breadths, trunk and limb circumferences, five skinfolds, and grip strength on right hand. Results. The average height of young males born in Barnaul increased by 10,5 cm across birth cohorts from the 1930s to the 2000-2006s. The rate of secular increase in height is about 1,5 cm per decade. Intergroup comparisons of body height in female samples from Barnaul demonstrated an increase in height in modern women by 5 cm compared with the cohorts born in the 1940s (about 0,8 cm per decade). Long-term changes in anthropometric parameters in Barnaul are comparable with the general secular trend in Russia and consistent with the hypothesis of the dominant influence of socio-economic factors on intergenerational transformation of the physique of children, adolescents, and young adults. Conclusion. Growth standards (reference tables) have been developed based on the results of the regression analysis between weight and height, to assess the indicators of physical development of students in Altai Krai. The reference tables provide the definition of groups with different levels of physical development: normal physical development, deviation of physical development due to a body weight deficit of the 1st and 2nd degree or due to an excess of body weight of the 1st and 2nd degree, stunting (low height).

Giordano Magri, F. Eiró

This article explores the dynamics of trust, mistrust, distrust and hope among homeless individuals in ‘Crackland’, São Paulo's largest open drug-use scene, where state interventions have systematically targeted marginalised populations through violence and displacement. Drawing on in-depth interviews and ethnographic research, we examine how persistent police violence influences marginalised individuals’ perceptions of and trust in state institutions. We argue that trust – and its intricate relationship with mistrust and distrust – emerges as a critical analytical lens for understanding how individuals at the margins, facing different forms of state violence, still maintain hope for a better state. By centring the experiences of those who recount encounters with physical and structural violence from state power, we demonstrate how violent interactions profoundly impact trust, generating a constrained yet resilient form of hope for an ideal state. This study contributes to anthropological understandings of state–citizen relations and illuminates the intimate ways marginalised populations navigate, resist, and reimagine institutional power.

M. Konner, S. Eaton

Beginning in 1985, we and others presented estimates of hunter‐gatherer (and ultimately ancestral) diet and physical activity, hoping to provide a model for health promotion. The Hunter‐Gatherer Model was designed to offset the apparent mismatch between our genes and the current Western‐type lifestyle, a mismatch that arguably affects prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases. The effort has always been controversial and subject to both scientific and popular critiques. The present article (1) addresses eight such challenges, presenting for each how the model has been modified in response, or how the criticism can be rebutted; (2) reviews new epidemiological and experimental evidence (including especially randomized controlled clinical trials); and (3) shows how official recommendations put forth by governments and health authorities have converged toward the model. Such convergence suggests that evolutionary anthropology can make significant contributions to human health.

Benjamin M. Auerbach, Kristen R. R. Savell, Elizabeth R. Agosto

Since Washburn's New Physical Anthropology, researchers have sought to understand the complexities of morphological evolution among anatomical regions in human and non-human primates. Researchers continue, however, to preferentially use comparative and functional approaches to examine complex traits, but these methods cannot address questions about evolutionary process and often conflate function with fitness. Moreover, researchers also tend to examine anatomical elements in isolation, which implicitly assumes independent evolution among different body regions. In this paper, we argue that questions asked in primate evolution are best examined using multiple anatomical regions subjected to model-bound methods built from an understanding of evolutionary quantitative genetics. A nascent but expanding number of studies over the last two decades use this approach, examining morphological integration, evolvability, and selection modeling. To help readers learn how to use these methods, we review fundamentals of evolutionary processes within a quantitative genetic framework, explore the importance of neutral evolutionary theory, and explain the basics of evolutionary quantitative genetics, namely the calculation of evolutionary potential for multiple traits in response to selection. Leveraging these methods, we demonstrate their use to understand non-independence in possible evolutionary responses across the limbs, limb girdles, and basicranium of humans. Our results show that model-bound quantitative genetic methods can reveal unexpected genetic covariances among traits that create a novel but measurable understanding of evolutionary complexity among multiple traits. We advocate for evolutionary quantitative genetic methods to be a standard whenever appropriate to keep studies of primate morphological evolution relevant for the next seventy years and beyond.

Козлов А.И. , Малярчук Б.А. , Лавряшина М.Б. et al.

Введение. Динуклеотидная делеция AG в локусе rs781470490 гена SI (вариант SI delAG) вызывает дисфункцию фермента сахаразы-изомальтазы и невозможность усвоения сахара. Частота этой делеции в мире равна 0,0021%, но у эскимосов (инуитов) достигает 17–20%. Гипотеза исследования: вариант SI delAG встречается в генофондах всех коренных северян. Цель: определить частоты варианта SI delAG в популяциях северного Предуралья, Сибири и Дальнего Востока РФ и сравнить их с характеристиками популяций инуитов. Материалы и методы. Генотипирование ДНК и анализ частот варианта SI delAG в выборках русских, коми, манси, хантов, ненцев, шорцев, эвенков, эвенов, коряков, чукчей (n=613). Сравнительный материал – характеристики выборок инуитов Канады и Гренландии (n=391). Результаты и обсуждение. Частота делеции у чукчей, коряков и эвенов равна 14%, 7% и 4%, соответственно; в других популяциях Сибири и Предуралья она не обнаружена. С удалением от популяции инуитов Гренландии частота носительства SI delAG снижается. Выборки инуитов, чукчей и коряков выделяются в обособленную группу. У палеоэскимосов делеция отсутствовала. Сахаросодержащие продукты в минимальных количествах вошли в рацион инуитов Гренландии и Канады в конце XIX в., на 200 лет позже, чем у аборигенов севера Евразии. Заключение. В выборках коренного населения высокоширотных регионов Западной Евразии вариант SI delAG не обнаружен. Делеция возникла в популяции неоэскимосов 1,2-2 тыс. лет назад и сохранилась в малочисленном изоляте благодаря специфике образа жизни и питания. Носительство варианта SI delAG в популяциях Северного Приохотья и Чукотки обусловлено притоком генов от эскимосов.

Meagan Sundstrom, Logan Kageorge

Students' beliefs about the extent to which meaningful others, including their peers, recognize them as a strong science student are correlated with their persistence in science courses and careers. Yet, prior work has found a gender bias in peer recognition, in which student nominations of strong peers disproportionately favor men over women, in some instructional contexts. Researchers have hypothesized that such a gender bias diminishes over time, as determined by students' academic year: studies have found a gender bias in science courses aimed at first-year students, but not in science courses aimed at beyond first-year students. This hypothesis that patterns of peer recognition change over time, however, has yet to be tested with longitudinal data--previous studies only examine snapshots of different students in different science courses. In this study, we isolate the effect of time on peer recognition by analyzing student nominations of strong peers across a two-semester introductory physics course sequence, containing the same set of students and the same instructor in both semesters, at a mostly-women institution. Using a combination of social network analysis and qualitative methods, we find that while many students receive similar levels of peer recognition over time, the four most highly nominated students--the recognition celebrities--exhibit some change between semesters even in this highly controlled setting. Furthermore, we observe that these changes in the celebrities track closely with changes in student outspokenness and that being outspoken is likely more important for gaining recognition than earning a high grade in the class. These findings lend support to prior work's hypothesis that peer recognition changes over time, but also challenge the generalizability of previous results (i.e., that patterns of recognition are related to students' academic year).

Merten Nikolay Dahlkemper, Simon Zacharias Lahme, Pascal Klein

This study aimed at evaluating how students perceive the linguistic quality and scientific accuracy of ChatGPT responses to physics comprehension questions. A total of 102 first- and second-year physics students were confronted with three questions of progressing difficulty from introductory mechanics (rolling motion, waves, and fluid dynamics). Each question was presented with four different responses. All responses were attributed to ChatGPT, but in reality one sample solution was created by the researchers. All ChatGPT responses obtained in this study were wrong, imprecise, incomplete, or misleading. We found little differences in the perceived linguistic quality between ChatGPT responses and the sample solution. However, the students rated the overall scientific accuracy of the responses significantly differently, with the sample solution being rated best for the questions of low and medium difficulty. The discrepancy between the sample solution and the ChatGPT responses increased with the level of self-assessed knowledge of the question content. For the question of highest difficulty (fluid dynamics) that was unknown to most students, a ChatGPT response was rated just as good as the sample solution. Thus, this study provides data on the students' perception of ChatGPT responses and the factors influencing their perception. The results highlight the need for careful evaluation of ChatGPT responses both by instructors and students, particularly regarding scientific accuracy. Therefore, future research could explore the potential of similar "spot the bot"-activities in physics education to foster students' critical thinking skills.