Hasil untuk "Pharmaceutical industry"

Claudio Pirrone, Stefano Fricano, Gioacchino Fazio

The foundation model industry exhibits unprecedented concentration in critical inputs: semiconductors, energy infrastructure, elite talent, capital, and training data. Despite extensive sectoral analyses, no comprehensive framework exists for assessing overall industrial vulnerability. We develop the Artificial Intelligence Industrial Vulnerability Index (AIIVI) grounded in O-Ring production theory, recognizing that foundation model production requires simultaneous availability of non-substitutable inputs. Given extreme data opacity and rapid technological evolution, we implement a validated human-in-the-loop methodology using large language models to systematically extract indicators from dispersed grey literature, with complete human verification of all outputs. Applied to six state-of-the-art foundation model developers, AIIVI equals 0.82, indicating extreme vulnerability driven by compute infrastructure (0.85) and energy systems (0.90). While industrial policy currently emphasizes semiconductor capacity, energy infrastructure represents the emerging binding constraint. This methodology proves applicable to other fast-evolving, opaque industries where traditional data sources are inadequate.

Junfeng Jiao, Saleh Afroogh, Kevin Chen et al.

This paper introduces IGGA, a dataset of 160 industry guidelines and policy statements for the use of Generative AIs (GAIs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) in industry and workplace settings, collected from official company websites, and trustworthy news sources. The dataset contains 104,565 words and serves as a valuable resource for natural language processing tasks commonly applied in requirements engineering, such as model synthesis, abstraction identification, and document structure assessment. Additionally, IGGA can be further annotated to function as a benchmark for various tasks, including ambiguity detection, requirements categorization, and the identification of equivalent requirements. Our methodologically rigorous approach ensured a thorough examination, with a selection of reputable and influential companies that represent a diverse range of global institutions across six continents. The dataset captures perspectives from fourteen industry sectors, including technology, finance, and both public and private institutions, offering a broad spectrum of insights into the integration of GAIs and LLMs in industry.

Mehrdad Saadatmand, Abbas Khan, Beatriz Marin et al.

The evolving landscape of software development demands that software testers continuously adapt to new tools, practices, and acquire new skills. This study investigates software testing competency needs in industry, identifies knowledge gaps in current testing education, and highlights competencies and gaps not addressed in academic literature. This is done by conducting two focus group sessions and interviews with professionals across diverse domains, including railway industry, healthcare, and software consulting and performing a curated small-scale scoping review. The study instrument, co-designed by members of the ENACTEST project consortium, was developed collaboratively and refined through multiple iterations to ensure comprehensive coverage of industry needs and educational gaps. In particular, by performing a thematic qualitative analysis, we report our findings and observations regarding: professional training methods, challenges in offering training in industry, different ways of evaluating the quality of training, identified knowledge gaps with respect to academic education and industry needs, future needs and trends in testing education, and knowledge transfer methods within companies. Finally, the scoping review results confirm knowledge gaps in areas such as AI testing, security testing and soft skills.

Masoumeh Shafieinejad, Xi He, Bailey Kacsmar

Privacy is an instance of a social norm formed through legal, technical, and cultural dimensions. Institutions such as regulators, industry, and researchers act as societal agents that both influence and respond to evolving norms. Attempts to promote privacy are often ineffective unless they account for this complexity and the dynamic interactions among these actors. Privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) are technical solutions for privacy issues that enable collaborative data analysis, allowing for the development of solutions that benefit society, all while ensuring the privacy of individuals whose data is being used. However, despite increased privacy challenges and a corresponding increase in new regulations being proposed by governments across the globe, a low adoption rate of PETs persists. In this work, we investigate the factors influencing industry's decision-making processes around PETs adoption as well as the extent to which privacy regulations inspire such adoption. We conducted a qualitative survey study with 22 industry participants from across Canada to investigate how businesses in Canada make decisions to adopt novel technologies and how new privacy regulations impact their business processes. Informed by the results of our analysis, we make recommendations for industry, researchers, and policymakers on how to support what each of them seeks from the other when attempting to improve digital privacy protections. By advancing our understanding of what challenges the industry faces, we increase the effectiveness of future privacy research that aims to help overcome these issues.

Bo Wu

In order to explore whether environmental liability insurance has an important impact on industrial emission reduction, this paper selects provincial (city) level panel data from 2010 to 2020 and constructs a two-way fixed effect model to analyze the impact of environmental liability insurance on carbon emissions from both direct and indirect levels. The empirical analysis results show that: at the direct level, the development of environmental liability insurance has the effect of reducing industrial carbon emissions, and its effect is heterogeneous. At the indirect level, the role of environmental liability insurance is weaker in areas with developed financial industry and underdeveloped financial industry. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that in the industrial developed areas, the effect of environmental liability insurance on carbon emissions is more obvious. Based on this, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of expanding the coverage of environmental liability insurance, innovating the development of environmental liability insurance and improving the level of industrialization.

Narasimha Raghavendra, Sharanappa Chapi, Murugendrappa M. V. et al.

Pharmaceutical waste is a type of bio-waste inevitably generated by the pharmaceutical industry, often due to regulatory changes, product deterioration, or expiration. However, their collection and valorization can be approached from a sustainable perspective, offering potential energy-efficient solutions. In this work, the expired Eslicarbazepine acetate drug (ESLD) was utilized as a sustainable anticorrosive agent against mild steel in a 3 M HCl wash solution. Experimental tests combined with theoretical Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations revealed the corrosion inhibition potential of ESLD. The gasometrical results revealed a high inhibition efficiency rate of 98% upon increases in concentration of expired ESLD from 0.25 to 1.00 mg·L⁻¹, whereas hydrogen gas evolution decreased to 0.7 mL. An impedance investigation evidenced the pivotal role of charge transfer in reducing the disintegration process. As per DFT computations and MC simulation, electron-rich elements in the expired ESLD were key in controlling the dissolution through the adsorption process. Contact angle studies revealed that the increment in the contact angle from 61° to 80° in the presence of expired ESLD validates the chemical, electrochemical, and computational results. This approach not only mitigates pharmaceutical pollution, but also exemplifies the integration of green chemistry principles into corrosion protection, contributing to energy-efficient and sustainable industrial practices.

Jiaqiang Sun, Anita Binti Rosli, Adrian Daud et al.

The pharmaceutical industry is a cornerstone of national economies and plays a critical role in public health. However, China’s pharmaceutical industry faces significant challenges, including regional disparities in development. The existing research on operational efficiency evaluation primarily focuses on financial or innovation metrics, lacking a comprehensive approach. Moreover, studies on the environmental impact on operational efficiency often rely on a limited set of indicators, failing to offer a holistic understanding of how environmental factors influence efficiency. This study aims to address these gaps by comprehensively evaluating operational efficiency and analyzing the impact of broader environmental factors on efficiency. To achieve these objectives, the study employs a Three-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis method combined with Principal Component Analysis to evaluate the operational efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry across 31 provinces in China, considering both financial and innovation dimensions.The findings reveal that overall efficiency has improved annually, with regional disparities gradually narrowing. Specifically, innovation capability and innovation environment have a positive impact on operational efficiency, while living standards and openness exhibit a negative correlation. Additionally, the current environmental conditions in the northwestern region are found to be conducive to the development of the pharmaceutical industry. This study is the first to integrate three-stage data envelopment analysis with principal component analysis, constructing a comprehensive framework for analyzing the relationship between environmental factors and operational efficiency. The results provide empirical evidence for policymakers aiming to enhance the efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry.

Ioana Andreea BARBU, Rahela CARPA, Oana Maria BIRO et al.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained by green synthesis using plant extracts from the genus Allium have attracted significant scientific interest due to their potential applications as antimicrobial agents in the biomedical field. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of AuNPs obtained by green synthesis using extracts of Allium sativum and Allium ursinum. These plant extracts are rich in sulfur compounds (allicin), flavonoids and polyphenols, which not only facilitate the formation of nanoparticles, but also confer them increased antimicrobial properties. The nanoparticles thus obtained were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis) and were tested for antimicrobial activity. Microbiological tests performed in vitro demonstrated an antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria but also against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The results support the idea that gold nanoparticles functionalized with Allium extracts may constitute a promising alternative in the development of natural antimicrobial compounds with applications in medicine, the food industry and the pharmaceutical field. Article history: Received 16 May 2025; Revised 29 May 2025; Accepted 29 May 2025; Available online 25 June 2025

Ana Clara de Oliveira Dias, Marcela Carla Silva Lemos, Kátia Aparecida Kern Cardoso et al.

Introdução: A transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica pode ocorrer pela ingestão direta de água contaminada, especialmente quando a população não dispõe de acesso à água tratada e consome água proveniente de poços ou utiliza água mineral de fontes contaminadas, segundo a Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Hídrica e Alimentar (DDTHA).1 A maioria das residências da Ilha de Guriri utiliza sistemas de poços tubulares para o abastecimento de água devido aos frequentes períodos de interrupção no abastecimento público, o que permite estimar que milhares de poços estejam em operação na localidade. No entanto, verifica-se que, frequentemente, esses poços são perfurados em proximidade às fossas sépticas, o que representa um potencial risco à qualidade da água consumida. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a qualidade microbiológica da água consumida pela população da Ilha de Guriri, São Mateus, ES, com foco na presença de coliformes termotolerantes. As amostras foram coletadas de poços tubulares e do sistema de abastecimento público (SAAE). Material e Método: A coleta de dados envolveu a realização de um questionário para obter informações sobre a fonte de água utilizada para beber e higienizar alimentos, além de casos de diarreia e disenteria (CAAE no 81266224.6.0000.5063 e parecer no 6.996.627). Foram coletadas 18 amostras de cada tipo de água. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas utilizando a técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP) para detectar coliformes totais e termotolerantes.2 Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados mostraram que 72,22 % das amostras de poços tubulares e 36,36 % das amostras do SAAE apresentaram contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes. Todos os entrevistados relataram consumir água mineral para beber, mas para higienização de alimentos, 44,44 % utilizavam água não filtrada do SAAE e 27,78 % água não filtrada de poço. 27,78 % dos casos de diarreia ou disenteria foram associados ao uso de água de poço não tratada. Esses níveis de contaminação excedem os padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, que exigem a ausência desses microrganismos em 100 mL de água3, o que pode estar associado à ocorrência de doenças gastrointestinais. O estudo enfatizou a necessidade de políticas públicas efetivas para garantir o acesso universal à água potável e saneamento básico, destacando que esses direitos fundamentais ainda não são explicitamente garantidos pela Constituição Federal brasileira. Conclusões: Em suma, a pesquisa demonstrou uma clara correlação entre a qualidade da água e a incidência de doenças gastrointestinais na Ilha de Guriri, ressaltando a necessidade de ações integradas entre poder público, comunidade e instituições de pesquisa para melhorar as condições sanitárias e a saúde pública local. A contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes em poços tubulares e, em menor grau, no sistema SAAE, sugere a necessidade de ações urgentes para a melhoria do tratamento da água e promoção da educação sanitária.

Song Bai, Fang Wang, Su-Ran Wan et al.

During a survey of saprobic fungi, fresh specimens were collected from decaying wood in terrestrial habitats in Guizhou and Hainan provinces, southern China. Two novel species, Helicosporium qixianlingense and H. tongrenense, are introduced based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined dataset (ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2) and morphological evidence. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, notes, and phylogenetic analyses supporting the taxonomic placement of these new taxa are provided. These findings are significant for exploring the species diversity of Helicosporium in southern China.

Valentina Zaccaria, Chiara Masiero, David Dandolo et al.

While Machine Learning has become crucial for Industry 4.0, its opaque nature hinders trust and impedes the transformation of valuable insights into actionable decision, a challenge exacerbated in the evolving Industry 5.0 with its human-centric focus. This paper addresses this need by testing the applicability of AcME-AD in industrial settings. This recently developed framework facilitates fast and user-friendly explanations for anomaly detection. AcME-AD is model-agnostic, offering flexibility, and prioritizes real-time efficiency. Thus, it seems suitable for seamless integration with industrial Decision Support Systems. We present the first industrial application of AcME-AD, showcasing its effectiveness through experiments. These tests demonstrate AcME-AD's potential as a valuable tool for explainable AD and feature-based root cause analysis within industrial environments, paving the way for trustworthy and actionable insights in the age of Industry 5.0.

Nusrat Zahan, Yasemin Acar, Michel Cukier et al.

Cyber attacks leveraging or targeting the software supply chain, such as the SolarWinds and the Log4j incidents, affected thousands of businesses and their customers, drawing attention from both industry and government stakeholders. To foster open dialogue, facilitate mutual sharing, and discuss shared challenges encountered by stakeholders in securing their software supply chain, researchers from the NSF-supported Secure Software Supply Chain Center (S3C2) organize Secure Supply Chain Summits with stakeholders. This paper summarizes the Industry Secure Supply Chain Summit held on November 16, 2023, which consisted of \panels{} panel discussions with a diverse set of \participants{} practitioners from the industry. The individual panels were framed with open-ended questions and included the topics of Software Bills of Materials (SBOMs), vulnerable dependencies, malicious commits, build and deploy infrastructure, reducing entire classes of vulnerabilities at scale, and supporting a company culture conductive to securing the software supply chain. The goal of this summit was to enable open discussions, mutual sharing, and shedding light on common challenges that industry practitioners with practical experience face when securing their software supply chain.

Jie Liu, Qinghui Fu, Qin Li et al.

Microfluidic technology facilitates precise control over fluid mixing and interactions between the components, including self-assembly and precipitation. It offers new options for accurately manufacturing particles and holds significant potential in advancing micro/nanoparticle drug delivery systems (DDSs). Various microchannel/microfluidic chips have been explored to construct micro/nanoparticle DDSs. The precise manipulation of particle size, morphology, structure, stiffness, surface characteristics, and elasticity through microfluidic technology relies on specific microchannel geometrical designs and the application of exogenous energy, adhering to the principles of fluid motion. Consequently, this enables reproducible control over critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as particle size and distribution, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, in vitro and in vivo drug delivery profiles, Zeta potential, and targeting capabilities, for micro/nanoparticle DDSs. In this review, we categorize microfluidic techniques and explore recent research developments in novel microchannel structures spanning the past 5 years (2018–2023) and their applications in micro/nanoparticle DDSs. Additionally, we elucidate the latest manipulation strategies of microfluidic techniques that impact foundational structures related to the CQAs of micro/nanoparticle DDSs. Furthermore, we offer insights into the industrial applications and challenges microfluidic techniques face in the context of novel micro/nanoparticle DDSs.

Jane Meire Magalhães Carneiro, Gleidson Cardoso Spínola, Milena da Silva Lima et al.

Introdução: Os antimicrobianos constituem um grupo de medicamentos comumente prescrito em hospitais. A resistência aos antimicrobianos é considerada atualmente como um problema de saúde pública, relacionada ao aumento da morbimortalidade dos pacientes hospitalizados e com relevante impacto econômico. A atuação efetiva do profissional farmacêutico em equipe multiprofissional para a escolha racional dos antimicrobianos e a nas discussões clínicas permite detectar problemas sobre as indicações e uso dos antibióticos e gera informações para atualização e implantação de políticas de antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Apresentar os principais antibióticos prescritos em uma maternidade para tratamento ou profilaxia de infecções em puérperas e gestantes e as indicações de uso mais frequentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal realizado em uma maternidade pública de ensino na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, do período de abril de 2016 a março de 2017. Os dados foram extraídos das fichas de antimicrobianos solicitadas antes da liberação do medicamento prescrito. Resultados: Um total de 1091 indicações de uso de antimicrobianos no período. Destas, 38,7% foram de uso profilático e 61,3% de uso terapêutico. As indicações mais frequentes para profilaxia foram Rotura Prematura de Membranas Ovulares – RPMO 43,9%, seguido de Trabalho de Parto Prematuro –TPP 20%, Bolsa Rota 13,6%, Profilaxia de estreptococo do grupo B 4,1%, e profilaxia cirúrgica 3,2%. Houve casos de indicações descritas como profiláticas para situações de necessidade terapêutica: abortamento infectado, infecção do trato urinário - ITU, corioamnionite, sífilis, vulvovaginite fúngica, abscesso cutâneo, endometrite e mastite, com frequência superior a 1%. As indicações mais frequentes para terapêutica foram ITU 23%, Sífilis, 18,2%, Abortamento infectado 10,2%, Corioamnionte 9% e Pielonefrite 7,3%. Dentre as indicações para terapêutica havia 25 casos de RPMO, 3,7%. Os antimicrobianos foram prescritos de forma isolada ou associados. Os antibióticos mais comumente prescritos foram a Ampicilina, usada isoladamente em 288 casos, para situações profiláticas e terapêuticas. Em sequência, tivemos a Penicilina Benzatina com 12%, indicada exclusivamente para sífilis, a Cefalexina 9,5%, Ceftriaxona 6,1%, Cefalotina 4,9% e Cefazolina 3,6%. Os esquemas de antimicrobianos mais prescritos foram compostos por Clindamicina + Gentamicina 10,5% e Ampicilina + Azitromicina 4,7%. Discussão e Conclusão: Para um melhor controle sobre o consumo de antimicrobianos os hospitais devem instituir medidas restritivas com elaboração de políticas de vigilância sobre as prescrições e protocolos de indicação terapêutica. Estas ações conduzem a um uso racional destes medicamentos e possibilitam melhor controle sobre o uso e indução de resistências.

Khushbu Kumari

<p><strong>Data exclusivity is primarily created to support drug regulation. Some World Trade Organisation (WTO) members use this form of protection for regulatory data submitted for approval of a new chemical entity. This protection prevents competitors from relying on the data submitted by the originator company to obtain regulatory approval for their generic product for a certain period. Some members, including India, protect undisclosed information using the doctrine of breach of confidence. Under this form of data protection, subsequent applicants may enter the market by simply proving that their drug is similar to the first applicant’s drug through bioequivalent studies. This ensures early market entry of generics soon after patent protection expiry without waiting out any other form of exclusivity period. The thesis reassesses data exclusivity for the Indian pharmaceutical industry for two primary reasons. First, there is external pressure from trading partners to implement data exclusivity. Second, it aims to examine whether data exclusivity can address the evolving challenges faced by the Indian pharmaceutical sector. These challenges include persistent concerns related to substandard drugs and mishaps in clinical trials. Additionally, the nature of the Indian pharmaceutical industry is shifting from generic specific to include a more research and development-based industry. Lastly, the thesis discusses the effect on Indian patent law more broadly if India were to adopt data exclusivity. Such an approach could imbalance India’s effort to tailor its patent regime to promote the national interest whilst promoting innovation by becoming an alternative to patent protection.</strong></p>

Tongam Sihol Nababan, Elvis Fresly Purba

The manufacturing industry sector was expected to generate new employment opportunities and take on labour. Gradually, however, it emerged as a menace to the sustenance of its workers. According to the findings of this study, 24 manufacturing subsectors with ISIC 2 digits in Indonesia exhibited regressive and abnormal patterns in the period 2012-2020. This suggests that, to a great extent, labour absorption has been limited and, in some cases, even shown a decline. Anomalous occurrences were observed in three subsectors: ISIC 12 (tobacco products), ISIC 26 (computer, electronic and optical products), and ISIC 31 (furniture). In contrast, regressive phenomena were present in the remaining 21 ISIC subsectors. Furthermore, the manufacturing industry displayed a negative correlation between employment and efficiency index, demonstrating this anomalous and regressive phenomenon. This implies that as the efficiency index of the manufacturing industry increases, the index of labour absorption decreases

Konstantin Pilz, Lennart Heim

This report characterizes the data center industry and its importance for AI development. Data centers are industrial facilities that efficiently provide compute at scale and thus constitute the engine rooms of today's digital economy. As large-scale AI training and inference become increasingly computationally expensive, they are dominantly executed from this designated infrastructure. Key features of data centers include large-scale compute clusters that require extensive cooling and consume large amounts of power, the need for fast connectivity both within the data center and to the internet, and an emphasis on security and reliability. The global industry is valued at approximately $250B and is expected to double over the next seven years. There are likely about 500 large (above 10 MW) data centers globally, with the US, Europe, and China constituting the most important markets. The report further covers important actors, business models, main inputs, and typical locations of data centers.

Feng Dong, Shaofei Li, Peng Jiang et al.

Provenance-Based Endpoint Detection and Response (P-EDR) systems are deemed crucial for future APT defenses. Despite the fact that numerous new techniques to improve P-EDR systems have been proposed in academia, it is still unclear whether the industry will adopt P-EDR systems and what improvements the industry desires for P-EDR systems. To this end, we conduct the first set of systematic studies on the effectiveness and the limitations of P-EDR systems. Our study consists of four components: a one-to-one interview, an online questionnaire study, a survey of the relevant literature, and a systematic measurement study. Our research indicates that all industry experts consider P-EDR systems to be more effective than conventional Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) systems. However, industry experts are concerned about the operating cost of P-EDR systems. In addition, our research reveals three significant gaps between academia and industry: (1) overlooking client-side overhead; (2) imbalanced alarm triage cost and interpretation cost; and (3) excessive server-side memory consumption. This paper's findings provide objective data on the effectiveness of P-EDR systems and how much improvements are needed to adopt P-EDR systems in industry.

Sayaka Saito, Kei Mukohara, Kazuhiro Shimomura et al.

Md. Noor-A-Rahim, Fadhil Firyaguna, Jobish John et al.

Industry 5.0 envisions close cooperation between humans and machines requiring ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). The Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) has the potential to play a crucial role in realizing wireless URLLC for Industry 5.0. IRS is forecast to be a key enabler of 6G wireless communication networks as it can significantly improve wireless network performance by creating a controllable radio environment. In this paper, we first provide an overview of IRS technology and then conceptualize the potential for IRS implementation in a future smart manufacturing environment to support the emergence of Industry 5.0 with a series of applications. Finally, to stimulate future research in this area, we discuss the strength, open challenges, and opportunities of IRS technology in modern smart manufacturing.