Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Zahrāʾ Ḥussein Muqrī

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الأقوال المضمرة في قصائد أحمد شوقي الموجهة للأطفال واليافعين؛ وذلك بتحليل الإستراتيجيات اللغوية وفق وجهة نظر تداولية، وتهتم بدراسة اللغة الشعرية في سياق التخاطب؛ للوصول إلى المعنى، وإحداث الأثر المناسب لدى المتلقي، بحسب قصد الشاعر، وانطلاقًا من الكفاءة التواصلية لطرفي الخطاب لتأويل مضمر الخطاب في قصائد أحمد شوقي، وآليات التحليل التداولي الممثلة في المعطيات السياقية، والمعارف الخلفية، والاستدلال؛ فإنها تتضافر معًا لتأويل المعاني المضمرة وفقًا لسياق التخاطب، ومقصدية كل من الشاعر والنص الشعري؛ لتحقيق التواصلية التي ينتج عنها إظهار المعنى المقصود. وقد اتبعت الدراسة المنهج التداولي، وتم تقسيمها إلى مقدمة وتمهيد ومبحثين: فالتمهيد، يحدد مفهوم الشعر الموجه إلى الأطفال واليافعين، والمبحث الأول: يحدد مفهوم التداولية، وأفعال الكلام، ومفهوم القول المضمر، وآليات الدرس التداولي في تحليل الخطاب، كالمعطيات السياقية والمعارف الخلفية والاستدلال. والمبحث الثاني (تطبيقي) يتناول الأقوال المضمرة في نماذج مختارة من شعر أحمد شوقي الموجه للأطفال واليافعين. وتوصل البحث إلى أن الشاعر، بصفته مخاطِبًا، استطاع إقناع المتلقي بعدة تقنيات لغوية، منها: الأفعال الكلامية، مباشرة كانت، أو غير مباشرة، بالإضافة إلى الصور التشبيهية والاستعارية، التي يعتمد عليها المتكلم بهدف الإقناع، الناتج عن وجود تشابه معين؛ مراعيًا طبيعة الوعي والإدراك المتشكِّلَين لدى الأطفال واليافعين.

Nelli Minasyan

In his article, “Three Ways of Policy”, Yusuf Akçura, one of the founders of the ideology of Pan-Turkism, summarizes the political discussions in Ottoman society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this article he analyzes the doctrines of Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism, and Pan-Turkism. The author argues that the doctrines of Ottomanism and Pan-Islamism have exhausted themselves and are failed policies for the Empire. Additionally, he expounds the effectiveness of the policy of Pan-Turkism and formulates its conceptual principles. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main doctrines presented in Akçura's famous work. The mainly focuses was on the ideology of Pan-Turkism and the author's observations connected with it. In this context, we have considered the idea of Turkic unity, which is still relevant today. He presents two important circumstances: first, he talks about other Turkic peoples and brings the ideas of Turkic unity to the political agenda. Second, Akçura understands earlier that the multiethnic Ottoman Empire must become a nation-state, which the author connects with Pan-Turkism. Akçura's Pan-Turkism ideas continue to be viable because even today the ideas of Turkic unity have an important place in Turkey's domestic and foreign policy agendas.

Saad Ahmed Bazaz, Mirza Omer Beg

All widely used and useful programming languages have a common problem. They restrict entry on the basis of knowledge of the English language. The lack of knowledge of English poses a major hurdle to many newcomers who do not have the resources, in terms of time and money, to learn the English language. Studies show that people learn better in their own language. Therefore, we propose a language transpiler built on top of the Python programming language, called UniversalPython, which allows one to write Python in their own human language. We demonstrate the ability to create an "Urdu Python" with this transpiler. In the future, we aim to scale the language to encapsulate more human languages to increase the availability of programming. The source code for this transpiler is open-source, and available at https://github.com/universalpython/universalpython

Muhammad Kafahulloh, Mohamad Zaka Al Farisi, Ali Abd al-Rubb Radman Taha

This study aimed to tes the effectiveness of the mnemonic method combined with Powtoon learning media in enhancing students' understanding at Pesantren Darul Falah regarding syntactic material in Jurumiyah learning. The learning steps in this research include planning material, creating Powtoon content, making presentations and delivery, providing interactive exercises, repetition and memorization, evaluating learning, reflecting, and closing. A quasi-experimental method with a nonequivalent control group design and purposive sampling was used. The subjects included eighth-grade students from class VIII A as the experimental group and class VIII B as the control group. A validated multiple-choice test measured syntactic ability before and after the treatment. Data analysis using SPSS version 25 revealed a significance level of .000, indicating significant differences between the groups. The experimental group showed a greater improvement, achieving an N-Gain percentage of 77.40%, while the control group achieved 61.38%. These results indicated that the Powtoon-assisted mnemonic method effectively enhanced students' learning outcomes in syntactic mastery, whereas the mnemonic method alone was moderately effective. By combining visual animations and mnemonic elements, Jurumiyah learning becomes more interesting and easier for students to understand.

Adelia Finanti

The emergence of the 5.0 era which began in Japan in 2019 has had a major impact on the world of literature. The development of digital-based technology has disrupted the flow of social interactions in the real world, and social interactions now only occur digitally. Social and humanitarian matters have moved to the virtual world. Research This was done to obtain straightforward information brought in by the 5.0 era. The writing was carried out to influence Arabic literature in the 5.0 era, the type of research used was literature review. In the 5.0 era, Arabic literature can influence the field of technology and innovation by stimulating creative thinking and new discoveries. Inspirational literary works can stimulate the development of new technology or encourage innovative thinking in industry. The development of Arabic literature can be a source of inspiration and knowledge for future generations. Literary works that are rich in cultural, historical and philosophical values ​​can influence the formation and development of science. Plays an important role in preserving and developing the culture and identity of the Arab nation. Arabic Literature 5.0 reflects the development of identity and social change in the Arab world. These works discuss political, social and cultural changes and provide an opportunity for writers to think about social change. Munculnya era 5.0 yang dimulai Jepang pada tahun 2019 telah memberikan dampak besar pada dunia sastra.Perkembangan teknologi berbasis digital telah mendisrupsi alur interaksi sosial di dunia nyata, dan interaksi sosial kini hanya terjadi secara digital.Yang bersifat sosial dan kemanusiaan berpindah ke dunia maya.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi lugas yang didatangkan pada era 5.0. Penulisan dilakukan untuk memberikan pengaruh sastra arab pada era 5.0,jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka.Di era 5.0 Sastra Arab dapat mempengaruhi bidang teknologi dan inovasi dengan merangsang pemikiran kreatif dan penemuan-penemuan baru. Karya sastra yang inspiratif dapat merangsang perkembangan teknologi baru atau mendorong pemikiran inovatif dalam industri. Perkembangan sastra Arab dapat menjadi sumber inspirasi dan pengetahuan bagi generasi mendatang. Karya sastra yang kaya akan nilai budaya, sejarah, dan filosofis dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Memegang peranan penting dalam pelestarian dan pengembangan budaya dan identitas bangsa Arab.Sastra Arab 5.0 mencerminkan perkembangan identitas dan perubahan sosial di dunia Arab.Karya-karya ini membahas perubahan politik, sosial, dan budaya serta memberikan kesempatan bagi penulis untuk berpikir tentang perubahan sosial.

Suhaimi Suhaimi, Abdullah Abdullah, Firli Sukmawati

The problem in learning Sharaf in the Ma'had Raudatussunnah Al-Waliyyah Tajhizi (أ) class is that there is no use of a special method for memorizing tashrif, therefore students are unable to memorize tashrif sequentially and mixing one wazan with another. This research aims to identify the effectiveness and response of students to the application of the singing method to improve students' ability to memorize tashrif. The research method used is an experimental method with a model One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design and Researchers used pre-test, post-test and questionnaire questions as instruments in collecting data. The results of applying this method are effective in improving students' ability to memorize tashrif, based on the results of the Paired Sample T-Test with a significance level of sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, which indicates that the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the Null Hypothesis (H0) is rejected. The results of student responses to the application of this method were positive, where researchers obtained 72% positive responses and 28% negative responses.

Lee Barney, Adolfo Neto

In December 2023, security agencies from five countries in North America, Europe, and the south Pacific produced a document encouraging senior executives in all software producing organizations to take responsibility for and oversight of the security of the software their organizations produce. In February 2024, the White House released a cybersecurity outline, highlighting the December document. In this work we review the safe languages listed in these documents, and compare the safety of those languages with Erlang and Elixir, two BEAM languages. These security agencies' declaration of some languages as safe is necessary but insufficient to make wise decisions regarding what language to use when creating code. We propose an additional way of looking at languages and the ease with which unsafe code can be written and used. We call this new perspective \em{unsafe impedance}. We then go on to use unsafe impedance to examine nine languages that are considered to be safe. Finally, we suggest that business processes include what we refer to as an Unsafe Acceptance Process. This Unsafe Acceptance Process can be used as part of the memory safe roadmaps suggested by these agencies. Unsafe Acceptance Processes can aid organizations in their production of safe by design software.

Mary Hall, Cosmin Oancea, Anne C. Elster et al.

Scheduling languages express to a compiler a sequence of optimizations to apply. Compilers that support a scheduling language interface allow exploration of compiler optimizations, i.e., exploratory compilers. While scheduling languages have become a common feature of tools for expert users, the proliferation of these languages without unifying common features may be confusing to users. Moreover, we recognize a need to organize the compiler developer community around common exploratory compiler infrastructure, and future advances to address, for example, data layout and data movement. To support a broader set of users may require raising the level of abstraction. This paper provides a taxonomy of scheduling languages, first discussing their origins in iterative compilation and autotuning, noting the common features and how they are used in existing frameworks, and then calling for changes to increase their utility and portability.

Seher Doğancı

XX. yüzyıla kadar Osmanlı Devleti himayesinde Suriye’ye bağlı bir vilayet olan Ürdün’ün 1921’den önceye ait halk şiirleri, şarkıları ve edebiyatına dair yazılı ve sözlü kayıtları yoktur. Buna şairler ve ediplerin yokluğu da dâhildir. Ürdün’deki edebî hareketler üç merhaleye ayrılır. Bu merhalelerin birincisi 1921 ve 1946 yılları arasını kapsayan Emirlikler Dönemi Edebiyatı’dır. Bu edebiyat Ürdün’ün Bilâdu’ş-Şâm ve diğer Arap ülkelerinden Lübnanlı, Hicâzlı ve Iraklı şairlerle irtibatının devam ettiği dönemdir. Edebi eserlerin Kur’an Arapçası ile yazıldığı bu dönemde konu olarak İngiliz ve Fransız sömürgesine karşı mücadele işlenir. Ürdün şiiri bu dönemde Ürdünlü şairlerin elinde altın çağını yaşar ve bunlar arasında ‘Arâr lakaplı Mustafâ Vehbît’t-Tel ve Husnî Zeyd yer alır. İkincisi, 1948 ve 1967 yılları arasını kapsayan Nekbe (Felaket) ve Nekse (Yenilgi) Arasındaki Edebiyat olarak adlandırılır. Bu edebiyat 1948 yılında yarım milyon Filistinlinin Ürdün’ün doğu sahillerine iltica etmesiyle başlar. Ürdün-Filistin hüviyeti çerçevesinde oluşan bu dönem, ilk serbest şiir örneklerini ‘Abdu’r-Rahîm ‘Omar ve Teysîr Subûlle verir. Üçüncü dönem ise Haziran 1967’den günümüze kadar devam eden Nekse Sonrası Edebiyat olup Modern Ürdün Edebiyatının başlangıcı sayılır. Bu çalışma Ürdün Edebiyatının ikinci dönemi Nekbe ve Nekse Arasındaki Edebiyat’ta yer alan serbest şiir örneklerinin Arapçadan Türkçeye çevirisini amaçlamaktadır. Bu formda şiirler kaleme alan beş ayrı şairin beş farklı şiirlerinin tercümesini ve tahlilini ihtiva eden bu çalışmada şiirlerin konusu, simgeleri ve dili nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır.

Boris V. Bazarov, Anna M. Plekhanova, Evgenii V. Nolev

Goals. The article analyzes materials from anniversary events, historical discussions, examines fundamental publications and academic editions for an insight into the evolution of ideas about Buryatia’s historical path. Ceremonial events and publications issued on the occasion of anniversaries are of particular historiographic value: on the one hand, those reflect achievements and problems of a certain period, and, on the other hand, narrate about dominant political ideologies and patterns of historical consciousness. In the meantime, anniversary scientific conferences usually attended by leading officials and scholars of the Republic were to somewhat comprehend actual results and discuss further development prospects. Materials and methods. The paper examines documents stored at the State Archive of Buryatia, Scientific Archives of the Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs affiliated to the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies (SB RAS). The principle of historicism proves instrumental in reconstructing how historical thought has evolved within the general trends of state development and Buryatia’s political life throughout the 100 years. Results. On 30 May 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to unite Siberian and Far Eastern autonomous oblasts of Buryat-Mongols into one autonomous socialist Soviet republic to be centered around the city of Verkhneudinsk. In terms of theory pertaining to historical science and historical enlightenment, the formation of the Buryat-Mongol ASSR set forth a most important task of comprehending experiences and paths of Buryatia’s peoples in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist paradigm of historical process, while in terms of practice it was urgent to substantiate the Soviet ideology and socialist reforms. All this required that experts joined their efforts to develop conventional approaches in the field of historical knowledge and nation/state building. So, the history of Buryatia was to be generalized and systemized by the academic publications as follows: History of the Buryat-Mongol ASSR (1951, 1954, 1959); Essays on Buryatia’s History and Culture (1972, 1974); History of Buryatia in three volumes (2011), etc. The 100th anniversary of the Republic has been welcomed with another two-volume edition — Republic of Buryatia in the 20th–21st Centuries: Chronicles, Events, Comments — that provides a systemic overview of its peoples’ historical paths (and milestones), illustrates quantitative and qualitative transformations in politics, economy, culture, and demography, that had formed a vector of progressive and constructive development which survived even in most dramatic periods. The centenary celebrations have been pinnacled by the international scientific conference — Cross-Border Regions of Russia’s East in Modernization Processes, 20th–21st Centuries: [Celebrating the] 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Buryatia.

Gulfira R. Abdullina, Liliya B. Abdullina

Introduction. Northwestern Bashkir is a vernacular language spoken by Bashkirs inhabiting the northwestern parts of Bashkortostan and — the southern parts of Perm Krai in the valleys of the Tulva and the Barda (latter’s left tributary). As for Perm Bashkirs, they form communities in Bardymsky, Permsky, Osinsky, Kuyedinsky, Chernushinsky and a number of other districts. The rural inhabitants still speak the Gaina dialect (a dialect of the Bashkir clan Gaina, Bash. ғəynə) of northwestern Bashkir. Goals. The article examines some ethnolinguistic features of the living colloquial language spoken by inhabitants of Bardymsky District (Perm Krai, Russia). The study of the Gaina dialect is of historical significance, and the latter cannot be considered fully articulated to date. The former has been subject to repeated scientific discussions and is still a most controversial scientific issue that is of utmost interest to researchers. There is no unequivocal opinion in scientific discourse as to ethnic characteristics of the language spoken by the inhabitants of the delineated area. Materials and methods. Our insight into the material from the perspective of cross-cultural communication in the era of growing interest towards other cultures may prove instrumental in learning the originality of equal dialogic interaction between representatives of different linguocultures, which makes it possible to cognize a different cultural reality in comparison with one’s own. The work employs the analytical and structural-typological methods, techniques of linguistic observation, expeditionary collection and systematization. Results. The shaping of a peculiar and unique dialect of Gaina Bashkirs was facilitated by that the latter had been geographically somewhat separated from the bulk of their fellow tribesmen. The Gaina dialect spoken in Bardymsky District is rich in phonetic and grammatical features characteristic of northwestern Bashkir, including related dialects (and subdialects). At the same time, the paper’s insight into the available material reveals some certain features inherent to the region only.

عبد الله بن محمود فجَّال

يدرس هذا البحث التوجيه النحوي للقراءات القرآنية في سورة يس، وقد جمع الباحث مادته من كتب القراءات القرآنية، وكتب التفسير، وكتب النحو والمعاجم اللغوية وغيرها. وجاء البحث في مقدمة، ومبحثين، الأول: تحدثت فيه عن القراءات القرآنية، والثاني: تحدثت فيه عن التوجيه النحوي للقراءات القرآنية في سورة (يس)، وخاتمة: ذكرت فيها أهم النتائج التي توصل لها البحث. وقد توصل البحث إلى أن القراءات تمثل ثروة لغوية كبيرة وهي مصدر كبير للاحتجاج اللغوي في تقعيد القواعد وتأصيل المسائل والاهتمام بدراستها بعد المصدر الأول وهو القرآن الكريم، وكذلك ناقش الباحث التوجيه النحوي للقراءات القرآنية في سورة يس في ثمانية عشر موضعًا، كانت بعض هذه القراءات متواترة، وبعضها الأخرى شاذة.

Florian Frank, Stefan Milius, Henning Urbat

Positive data languages are languages over an infinite alphabet closed under possibly non-injective renamings of data values. Informally, they model properties of data words expressible by assertions about equality, but not inequality, of data values occurring in the word. We investigate the class of positive data languages recognizable by nondeterministic orbit-finite nominal automata, an abstract form of register automata introduced by Bojańczyk, Klin, and Lasota. As our main contribution we provide a number of equivalent characterizations of that class in terms of positive register automata, monadic second-order logic with positive equality tests, and finitely presentable nondeterministic automata in the categories of nominal renaming sets and of presheaves over finite sets.

Adrian Lehmann, Ben Caldwell, Bhakti Shah et al.

Graphical languages are a convenient shorthand to represent computation, with rewrite rules relating one graph to another. In contrast, proof assistants rely heavily on inductive datatypes, particularly when giving semantics to embedded languages. This creates obstacles to formally reasoning about graphical languages, since imposing an inductive structure obfuscates the diagrammatic nature of graphical languages, along with their corresponding equational theories. To address this gap, we present VyZX, a verified library for reasoning about inductively defined graphical languages. These inductive constructs arise naturally from category-theoretic definitions. We developed VyZX to Verify the ZX-calculus, a graphical langauge for reasoning about quantum computation. The ZX-calculus comes with a collection of diagrammatic rewrite rules that preserve the graph's semantic interpretation. We show how inductive graphs in VyZX are used to prove the soundness of the ZX-calculus rewrite rules and apply them in practice using standard proof assistant techniques. We also provide an IDE-integrated visualizer for proof engineers to directly reason about diagrams in graphical form.

Jinwoong Lim, Hyeon-Joo Lee, Yong-Suk Kim

Introduction The pragmatic design has received much attention in the field of acupuncture clinical trials because of insufficient information about the specific effects of acupuncture. However, pragmatism in pragmatic acupuncture trials has not been comprehensively investigated. The PRECIS-2 tool was developed and has been gradually used to design pragmatic trials; therefore, we will apply the PRECIS-2 tool to investigate the pragmatism of pragmatic acupuncture trials in this study. Methods and analysis In this systematic review, self-declared ‘pragmatic’ randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or protocols of self-declared ‘pragmatic’ RCTs investigating acupuncture will be searched and included to be reviewed. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, WANFANG, Taiwan Periodical Literature Database, KoreaMed, KMbase, Research Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, CiNii and ClinicalTrials.gov for registered trials will be electronically searched from inception to March 2022. Protocols of published RCTs or secondary analysis of RCTs will be excluded. Additionally, no language restriction will be applied. Two authors will independently extract descriptive information and assess the pragmatism of pragmatic acupuncture trials using nine domains of the PRECIS-2 tool and one additional domain—control. Descriptive statistics will be reported for each domain and the overall score, and a one-sample t-test will be used to statistically analyse whether the score is greater than 3 (equally pragmatic and explanatory). The wheel diagrams of the nine domains of the PRECIS-2 tool will be used to demonstrate the pragmatism of the included studies. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not warranted as this study will obtain data from previously reported articles. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236975.

Hyoseung Jeon, Suji Lee, Sung-A Kim et al.

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication of shingling. Herbal medicine for PHN is clinically used to improve chronic pain and other symptoms that reduce the quality of life (QoL), such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems. This study aims to describe methods for synthesizing evidence for the effectiveness and safety of herbal medicine for treating PHN. Methods: Randomized controlled trials using herbal medicine in patients with PHN will be included in this review. Electronic databases such as MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, KoreaMed, Research Information Service System, Korean Studies Information Service System, Database Periodical Information Academic, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, and Korea Citation Index will be searched without language limitations from their inception to September 2022. Two authors will perform quality assessments independently using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The primary outcome will be pain intensity, and the secondary outcomes will be global impression, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, QoL, and safety. All data from eligible studies will be synthesized for meta-analysis. Results: This study will be a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral herbal medicine for treatment of PHN. Conclusion: This study will provide evidence for herbal medicine as a potential treatment for PHN which is advantageous not only for patients but also for researchers and policymakers.

A. Philippov

The article deals with the analysis of Japanese studies evolution in Russia and its key milestones on the base of problem-oriented historical approach since the very start in the late 17th century. The development of area studies on Japan in Russia was determined by many factors, such as geopolitics, domestic and foreign policy, socio-economic changes in all public authorities. Russian Japanology is presented as a complex science that has incorporated a number of scientific areas (language, history and culture, literature and art, ethnography and ethno-psychology, geography, economics, and politics). The Japanology specificity in Russia is the preservation of the unity and integrity of Japanese studies as a sign of respect for the classical traditions of Oriental studies. Among the main stages of development, the author considers the origins of Japanese studies in Russia, starting from the 17th century, the formation in the classical form at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the crisis lines of 1905, 1917, 1937-1938. The next two stages, marking the completion of the review, can be considered as signs of certainly impressive results in scholarly publications for the Russian Japanese studies. The comprehensive analysis that had appeared in the scholarly works and literary translations of Russian Japanology scholars (from the mid-forties till perestroika-time, 1945-1985) was the result of a well-planned policy to promote Oriental studies based on a stable ideology and regular funding. The names of the most prominent scholars, twists and turns of their life activities and achievements are widely presented. The essay concludes with an overview of the situation at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, touches on the pros and cons that emerged in Japanese studies at the post-Soviet stage.

Stanisław Kacprzak, Magdalena Rybicka, K. Kowalczyk

Shireen siddiqui, Sujata

This article critically analyses the side effects of the Western Imperialism through their careful manufacturing of Orientalism as a discourse over centuries and promoting a stereotyped ‘Oriental’ flavour through its literature such as, Thomas Moore’s narrative poem, Lalla Rookh (1817) that essentially obeys to confine to the identity of the Orient. Edward Said’s Orientalism (1989) forms the foundation of the article and studies the role of an Orientalist in the process of Orientalising the East, as the middleman between the East and West that helped substantiate the image of the stereotyped Orient by contributing to the literature. Modern Orientalism has a recurring theme of identity crisis and displacement, which roots from the long history of exploitation faced by the people in the name of The White Man’s Burden, coined in an 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling as a symbol of his compassion towards the white supremacy. The article also identifies sensuality in language to express the exotic image of India in Thomas Moore’s Lalla Rookh, an Oriental romance as an Oriental romance to substantiate the image of the stereotyped Orient.

János Kubassek

Many disciplines consider the oeuvre of Alexander Csoma de Kőrös as belonging to their field of expertise. His scholarly achievements are indeed related to linguistics, oriental studies, Tibetology, Indology as well as the history of religion, and Buddhism. Csoma de Kőrös’s interest in the original homeland of Hungarians was aroused by the articles of Ézsaiás Budai, György Pray and the lectures of Professor Blumenbach from the University of Göttingen. He mastered the Tibetan language and, using Tibetan literature hitherto unknown to European scholars, as well as his personal travel experience, he wrote a dissertation entitled “Land Survey of Tibet in Accordance with Tibetan Sources.” The paper contains important data on the characteristics of the Tibetan provinces discussing their economy and environment, as well as their mineral resources, rivers, lakes, and glaciers. Alexander Csoma de Kőrös had a significant intellectual influence on Hungarian geographers. Lajos Lóczy, Ervin Baktay, Jenő Cholnoky, László Kádár and Dénes Balázs all greatly valued his work. The Hungarian Geographical Society immortalized its memory with a laudatory medal. His statue was erected in the garden of the Hungarian Geographical Museum in 1984.