Hasil untuk "Natural history (General)"

R. Cattell

D. Sanders, E. Frago, Rachel Kehoe et al.

Zheng Chen, Ziyan Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently received significant attention for their exceptional capabilities. Despite extensive efforts in developing general-purpose LLMs that can be utilized in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, there has been less research exploring their potential in recommender systems. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, named PALR, which aiming to combine user history behaviors (such as clicks, purchases, ratings, etc.) with LLMs to generate user preferred items. Specifically, we first use user/item interactions as guidance for candidate retrieval. Then we adopt a LLM-based ranking model to generate recommended items. Unlike existing approaches that typically adopt general-purpose LLMs for zero/few-shot recommendation testing or training on small-sized language models (with less than 1 billion parameters), which cannot fully elicit LLMs' reasoning abilities and leverage rich item side parametric knowledge, we fine-tune a 7 billion parameters LLM for the ranking purpose. This model takes retrieval candidates in natural language format as input, with instruction which explicitly asking to select results from input candidates during inference. Our experimental results demonstrate that our solution outperforms state-of-the-art models on various sequential recommendation tasks.

A. Giuliano, J. Lee, W. Fulp et al.

J. Ong, A. Pitts, Z. Younossi

M. Gascon, G. Sánchez-Benavides, P. Dadvand et al.

A. Mantovani, A. Dalbeni

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is to date the most common chronic liver disease in clinical practice and, consequently, a major health problem worldwide. It affects approximately 30% of adults in the general population and up to 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Despite the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of NAFLD, no specific pharmacological therapies are until now approved for this disease and, consequently, general strategies have been proposed to manage it. They include: (a) lifestyle change in order to promote weight loss by diet and physical activity, (b) control of the main cardiometabolic risk factors, (c) correction of all modifiable risk factors leading the development and progression of advanced forms of NAFLD, and (d) prevention of hepatic and extra-hepatic complications. In the last decade, several potential agents have been widely investigated for the treatment of NAFLD and its advanced forms—shedding some light but casting a few shadows. They include some glucose-lowering drugs (such as pioglitazone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors), antioxidants (such as vitamin E), statins or other lipid lowering agents, bile and non-bile acid farnesoid X activated receptor (FXR) agonists, and others. This narrative review discusses in detail the different available approaches with the potential to prevent and treat NAFLD and its advanced forms.

M. M. Berg, M. Benninga, C. Lorenzo

Lori Lawson Handley, Lori Lawson Handley, Nicolas Perrin

Saman M. Almufti, Awaz Ahmad Shaban, Rasan Ismael Ali et al.

Metaheuristic algorithms are optimization algorithms that are used to address complicated issues that cannot be solved using standard approaches. These algorithms are inspired by natural processes such as genetics, swarm behavior, and evolution, and they are used to explore a broad search space to identify the global optimum of a problem. Genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, simulated annealing, and tabu search are examples of popular metaheuristic algorithms. These algorithms have been widely utilized to address complicated issues in domains like as engineering, finance, and computer science. In general, the history of metaheuristic algorithms spans several decades and involves the development of various optimization algorithms that are inspired by natural systems. Metaheuristic algorithms have become a valuable tool in solving complex optimization problems in various fields, and they are likely to continue to play an important role in the development of new technologies and applications.

A. A. Aguirre, Travis Longcore, M. Barbieri et al.

One Health is a collaborative, interdisciplinary effort that seeks optimal health for people, animals, plants, and the environment. Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an intracellular protozoan infection distributed worldwide, with a heteroxenous life cycle that practically affects all homeotherms and in which felines act as definitive reservoirs. Herein, we review the natural history of T. gondii, its transmission and impacts in humans, domestic animals, wildlife both terrestrial and aquatic, and ecosystems. The epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies are reviewed, with the objective of facilitating awareness of this disease and promoting transdisciplinary collaborations, integrative research, and capacity building among universities, government agencies, NGOs, policy makers, practicing physicians, veterinarians, and the general public.

Emanuele Bottazzi, Mikhail G. Katz

We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.

D. Chodankar

Findings from clinical trials cannot be generalized to population at large due to the stringent eligibility criteria. RWE studies complement clinical trials by generalizing the findings from clinical trial to general population. Furthermore, RWE can provide information on other areas, such as natural history and course of disease, effectiveness studies, outcome studies, and safety surveillance.[2]

Luis Disalvo

En la rotonda superior del Museo de La Plata se exponen cuatro cabezas escultóricas del artista Franco Furfaro. Las piezas comparten el espacio con otras diez obras similares, las esculturas de Ernesto Soto Avendaño, que en una vista general parecen pertenecer todas a un mismo autor. Sin embargo, una mirada más aguda permite distinguirlas y aún encontrar interesantes diferencias cuando se profundiza en el conocimiento sobre este patrimonio. Este trabajo, a pesar de contar con escasos datos y fuentes de información, se detiene en la historia de la adquisición de la esculturas, los objetivos institucionales del museo al comprarlas y las posibles motivaciones que llevaron al artista a realizarlas.

Yichen Fu, Xiaoyan Chen, Yuchen Liu et al.

Remote seawater has been considered a potential refuge for corals in the face of anthropogenic disturbances. However, these remote areas may receive increased atmospheric N deposition, and the ecological consequences remain unclear. This field survey revealed coral-algal phase shifts in the mid-north of the South China Sea. These shifts were observed in 44%, 13.6%, and 26.5% of the sampled reef sites at depths of 1-4 m, 5-8 m, and 10-15 m, respectively. Over 50% of sections in the deeper depths hosted fewer corals compared to shallower areas, coinciding with a higher abundance of macroalgae in the deeper layers. Furthermore, based on long-term observation of atmospheric N flux, laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the cause of coral declines. The results indicate that N supply efficiently promoted macroalgae growth. The saturation of N absorption by macroalgae occurred within 2 weeks, leading to nutrient accumulation in seawater, especially nitrate, which had a direct impact on corals. While moderate N fluxes appeared to mitigate coral bleaching, high N fluxes, even with a balanced P supply or medium level of nutrients with an imbalanced N/P ratio, can both increase the susceptibility of corals to heat bleaching. This study explains the coral-algal phase shift in remote and relatively deep seawater and improves understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between atmospheric N deposition and coral reef decline.

José Carlos Báez, José Carlos Báez

Sára FERENȚI, Mariana Lucia VINTER, Andreea-Selena MOȘ et al.

Roads are in permanent expansion at the global level and have numerous negative effects, impacting even the litter-dwelling invertebrates from their vicinity. In this context, we studied the terrestrial isopod assemblages from the vicinity of a local road situated in a forested region in Oaș Mountains (North-Western Romania) with the direct collecting method, where we encountered 17 terrestrial isopod species. Most of them were native species related to forested and wet areas. We also recorded species that are endemic to the Carpathian Mountains and species that are rare in the country. Thus, we recorded Trichoniscus provisorius, mentioning it for the second time in the country, both distribution records being situated in North-Western Romania. The terrestrial isopod assemblages from the road edges were diverse, as the species number resembles the number previously registered in the natural areas of North-Western Romania. The synanthropic and generalist species and individuals were only a few, recorded especially in the vicinity of the Negrești-Oaș town. Because this local road is situated in the middle of a region covered with vast and natural forests, it did not succeed in modifying the isopod assemblages, which, even on the road edges, resemble the assemblages from the region's natural habitats. Article history: Received 19 October 2024; Revised 02 December 2024; Accepted 04 December 2024; Available online 15 December 2024

Alexey Mishonov, Alexey Mishonov, Dan Seidov et al.

The World Ocean’s surface, particularly in the North Atlantic, has been heating up for decades. There was concern that the thermohaline circulation and essential climate variables, such as the temperature and salinity of seawater, could undergo substantial changes in response to this surface warming. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has changed noticeably over the last centennial and possibly slowed down in recent decades. Therefore, concerns about the future of the North Atlantic Ocean climate are warranted. The key to understanding the North Atlantic current climate trajectory is to identify how the decadal climate responds to ongoing surface warming. This issue is addressed using in-situ data from the World Ocean Atlas covering 1955-1964 to 2005-2017 and from the SODA reanalysis project for the most recent decades of 1980-2019 as fingerprints of the North Atlantic three-dimensional circulation and AMOC’s dynamics. It is shown that although the entire North Atlantic is systematically warming, the climate trajectories in different sub-regions of the North Atlantic reveal radically different characteristics of regional decadal variability. There is also a slowdown of the thermohaline geostrophic circulation everywhere in the North Atlantic during the most recent decade. The warming trends in the subpolar North Atlantic lag behind the subtropical gyre and Nordic Seas warming by at least a decade. The climate and circulation in the North Atlantic remained robust from 1955-1994, with the last two decades (1995-2017) marked by a noticeable reduction in AMOC strength, which may be closely linked to changes in the geometry and strength of the Gulf Stream system.

Federico Laudisa

The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.

Jaan Janno

Inverse problems for a diffusion equation containing a generalized fractional derivative are studied. The equation holds in a time interval $(0,T)$ and it is assumed that a state $u$ (solution of diffusion equation) and a source $f$ are known for $t\in (t_0,T)$ where $t_0$ is some number in $(0,T)$. Provided that $f$ satisfies certain restrictions, it is proved that product of a kernel of the derivative with an elliptic operator as well as the history of $f$ for $t\in (0,t_0)$ are uniquely recovered. In case of less restrictions on $f$ the uniqueness of the kernel and the history of $f$ is shown. Moreover, in a case when a functional of $u$ for $t\in (t_0,T)$ is given the uniqueness of the kernel is proved under unknown history of $f$.