Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Doina BANCIU

Two years ago (2023), in a discussion about books and libraries with the Prime Minister of Romania at the time, he told me that one of the most modern libraries he had seen was the university library of the Land Forces Academy – Sibiu and recommended that it should be visited by as many people in the field as possible. I then called the commander of the Academy, Brigadier-general professor eng. Ghiță Bârsan Ph.D, I related the discussion to him and promised that maybe we would come with more representatives from the National Library Commission (CNB). Time passed, the financial resources at the CNB for such a visit could not be found, the composition of the CNB changed, other events arose and I did not manage to see the library until the spring of 2025.

V. V. Mahniboroda, A. A. Gorjachev, A. E. Krasnov

Highlights- nowadays it is impossible to maintain contaminated vehicles and equipment in special decontamination centers nearthe battle line due to far-ranging precision weapons and drones;- promising on-board sets and special treatment devices should be more independent and powerful than previous ones(IDTS, SST, DK-4) and be able to work directly at the lines of combat contact.Relevance. The main shortcomings on-board special treatment sets and devices are low special treatment rate (0,5–1,0 m2/min),considerable physical efforts during treatment, restricted list of used solvents (formulae) and ways of special treatment, as well as lack of sanitizing for armaments and military and special purpose equipment beyond special decontamination centers.The purpose of the study is to find out possible ways to enhance the efficiency and improve functionality of on-board special treatment devices employed for armaments and military and special purpose equipment and personnel decontamination (sanitizing).Study base sources. The authors have analyzed Russian and foreign open-source data on the topic in question.Method. Analytical method has been employed.Discussion. The analysis of key performance parameters for on-board special treatment devices, employed for armaments and military and special purpose equipment that are operated by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and its foreign counterparts has confirmed that either the existing special treatment sets should be improved or a new (unified) on-board special treatment device (set) should be developed which can provide a full special treatment of armaments and military and special purpose equipment with water-based, solvent and foam solutions as well as their sanitizing in summer, autumn and spring.Conclusions. It is worth to develop a promising on-board special treatment set for armaments and military and special purpose equipment if degassing (decontaminating), deactivating, disinfecting solutions and solvents are going to be used. If the foam formulae are going to be used, then a fluid pump should be integrated into the system. It should be able to maintain pressure of at least 14 kgs/m2. Besides, a foam maker should be implemented, the geometrical properties of which can defined with the help of jet blower design theory.

Melissa Costan, Kasim Costan, Anna Weißbach et al.

The gap between theory and practice is well-documented in educational research. Physics teachers' willingness to apply research findings in practice may be influenced by a sceptical attitude towards science education research. This study explores physics teachers' perspectives on science education research, with a particular focus on potential scepticism towards the discipline. A two-step mixed-methods approach was employed: (1) Interviews with a purposeful sample of 13 experienced physics teachers for a first exploration of attitudes towards physics education research, and (2) a quantitative survey of 174 physics teachers to examine, among other aspects, the previously observed attitudes in a larger sample and to identify teacher profiles using latent profile analysis. The interview study revealed both sceptical and non-sceptical attitudes towards physics education research, including some that fundamentally questioned its practical value. Based on the survey data and latent profile analysis, four distinct teacher profiles differing in their level of scepticism towards science education research were identified. While one profile is highly sceptical, the other three exhibit a mix of sceptical and supportive attitudes. Thus, physics teachers are not generally sceptical. However, the cooperation between research and practice is perceived as unproductive by most teachers.

Elizabeth Bradley, Adilson E. Motter, Louis M. Pecora

Nonlinear science has evolved significantly over the 35 years since the launch of the journal Chaos. This Focus Issue, dedicated to the 80th Birthday of its founding editor-in-chief, David K. Campbell, brings together a selection of contributions on influential topics, many of which were advanced by Campbell's own research program and leadership role. The topics include new phenomena and method development in the realms of network dynamics, machine learning, quantum and material systems, chaos and fractals, localized states, and living systems, with a good balance of literature review, original contributions, and perspectives for future research.

A. Moullet, D. Burgarella, T. Kataria et al.

The PRobe far-Infrared Mission for Astrophysics (PRIMA) mission concept is a proposed mission to NASA's Astrophysics Probe Explorer (APEX) call. The concept features a cryogenically cooled 1.8 m diameter telescope, and is designed to carry two science instruments covering the 24 to 264 $μ$m wavelength range: an imaging polarimeter (PRIMAger) and a spectrometer (FIRESS). The majority of PRIMA's time (75%) will be open to observations proposed by the community (General Observer science / GO), and all of data will be publicly available for archival research (Guest Investigator science / GI). Following up on the successful community engagement created by the first volume of the GO PRIMA Science Book (arXiv:2310.20572), Volume 2 gathers 120 new and updated contributed science cases which could be performed within the context of the PRIMA GO/GI program. This volume reflects the strong development of the community interest, awareness and involvement in PRIMA, and further develops how PRIMA's unprecedented capabilities can be leveraged for an impactful and innovative GO/GI program covering most areas of astrophysics and over 90% of the scientific questions and discovery areas in the Astro2020 decadal survey.

Pengzhen Cheng, Pengzhen Cheng, Pengzhen Cheng et al.

Introduction: Developmental engineering based on endochondral ossification has been proposed as a potential strategy for repairing of critical bone defects. Bone development is driven by growth plate-mediated endochondral ossification. Under physiological conditions, growth plate chondrocytes undergo compressive forces characterized by micro-mechanics, but the regulatory effect of micro-mechanical loading on endochondral bone formation has not been investigated.Methods: In this study, a periodic static compression (PSC) model characterized by micro-strain (with 0.5% strain) was designed to clarify the effects of biochemical/mechanical cues on endochondral bone formation. Hydrogel scaffolds loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were incubated in proliferation medium or chondrogenic medium, and PSC was performed continuously for 14 or 28 days. Subsequently, the scaffold pretreated for 28 days was implanted into rat femoral muscle pouches and femoral condylar defect sites. The chondrogenesis and bone defect repair were evaluated 4 or 10 weeks post-operation.Results: The results showed that PSC stimulation for 14 days significantly increased the number of COL II positive cells in proliferation medium. However, the chondrogenic efficiency of BMSCs was significantly improved in chondrogenic medium, with or without PSC application. The induced chondrocytes (ichondrocytes) spontaneously underwent hypertrophy and maturation, but long-term mechanical stimulation (loading for 28 days) significantly inhibited hypertrophy and mineralization in ichondrocytes. In the heterotopic ossification model, no chondrocytes were found and no significant difference in terms of mineral deposition in each group; However, 4 weeks after implantation into the femoral defect site, all scaffolds that were subjected to biochemical/mechanical cues, either solely or synergistically, showed typical chondrocytes and endochondral bone formation. In addition, simultaneous biochemical induction/mechanical loading significantly accelerated the bone regeneration.Discussion: Our findings suggest that microstrain mechanics, biochemical cues, and in vivo microenvironment synergistically regulate the differentiation fate of BMSCs. Meanwhile, this study shows the potential of micro-strain mechanics in the treatment of critical bone defects.

Julián G. Barrera-González, Cristian D. Parrado-Molano, Alirio A. Santacruz-Montano et al.

El apoyo al desarrollo resulta fundamental para los miembros de las instituciones militares en la actualidad, en el sentido que estas acciones se fundamentan en la creencia de que el desarrollo sostenible y la mejora de la calidad de vida de las comunidades locales son esenciales para la estabilidad nacional. Es por eso que se analiza el impacto de las Jornadas de Apoyo al Desarrollo, llevadas a cabo por el Grupo de Acción Integral de la Armada Nacional, en Colombia, resaltado la importancia de abordar las causas subyacentes de los conflictos y construir la confianza entre las fuerzas militares y la población civil. Desde una perspectiva legal y normativa, estas jornadas cumplen con los derechos humanos y las obligaciones internacionales que rigen la actuación de las fuerzas militares en situaciones civiles. En la práctica, se traducen en la prestación de servicios esenciales, como atención médica y educación, así como el respaldo a proyectos de desarrollo económico e infraestructura. Estas acciones concretas, como la construcción de escuelas y el apoyo a proyectos agrícolas, mejoran la calidad de vida de las comunidades locales y promueven la estabilidad y la cooperación. En resumen, estas jornadas reflejan el compromiso de la Armada Nacional con el desarrollo y el bienestar de Colombia, generando un ambiente propicio para la paz y el fortalecimiento de las relaciones entre las fuerzas militares y la población civil.

article Editorial

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Mark Wronkiewicz, Jake Lee, Lukas Mandrake et al.

The quest to find extraterrestrial life is a critical scientific endeavor with civilization-level implications. Icy moons in our solar system are promising targets for exploration because their liquid oceans make them potential habitats for microscopic life. However, the lack of a precise definition of life poses a fundamental challenge to formulating detection strategies. To increase the chances of unambiguous detection, a suite of complementary instruments must sample multiple independent biosignatures (e.g., composition, motility/behavior, and visible structure). Such an instrument suite could generate 10,000x more raw data than is possible to transmit from distant ocean worlds like Enceladus or Europa. To address this bandwidth limitation, Onboard Science Instrument Autonomy (OSIA) is an emerging discipline of flight systems capable of evaluating, summarizing, and prioritizing observational instrument data to maximize science return. We describe two OSIA implementations developed as part of the Ocean Worlds Life Surveyor (OWLS) prototype instrument suite at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The first identifies life-like motion in digital holographic microscopy videos, and the second identifies cellular structure and composition via innate and dye-induced fluorescence. Flight-like requirements and computational constraints were used to lower barriers to infusion, similar to those available on the Mars helicopter, "Ingenuity." We evaluated the OSIA's performance using simulated and laboratory data and conducted a live field test at the hypersaline Mono Lake planetary analog site. Our study demonstrates the potential of OSIA for enabling biosignature detection and provides insights and lessons learned for future mission concepts aimed at exploring the outer solar system.

Ram Sagar

Astronomy and Astrophysics is an observational science dealing with celestial objects. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) is one of the premier institutions in astronomy and astrophysics and has contributed significantly in this field. No doubt, India is a part of several mega-science projects in the domain of Astronomy and Astrophysics, such as the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT); Square Kilometer Array (SKA) and Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) projects. Growing engagement of India with mega-science projects has brought a positive impact on its science and technology landscape. A few such collaborations are mentioned to demonstrate that international cooperation are necessary in the field of Astrophysical sciences.

Janina Dill, L. Schubiger

What informs ordinary citizens’ attitudes toward the use of force? Previous research identifies several key concerns in public opinion toward war, but does not directly evaluate the relative importance of these considerations. We articulate three distinct logics of war support—moral, legal, and instrumental—and use an experimental survey with 3,000 U.S. respondents to test how ordinary citizens make trade-offs among multiple competing imperatives relevant for decision making in war. Our design is the first to isolate to what extent substantive legal demands, instrumental military imperatives, and specific moral principles are reflected in respondents’ preferences. Although all logics have some resonance, we find that respondents’ preferences are remarkably consistent with several core demands of international law even though respondents are not told that the legality of the use of force is at stake. Only the imperative to minimize U.S. military casualties overwhelms both legal and moral demands. Verification Materials: The data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this article are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network, at: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/H8HM6P. I n war, moral principles about the permissibility of killing and instrumental military imperatives often directly contradict each other. International law, meanwhile, makes distinct substantive demands for how force must be used that accommodate instrumental and moral imperatives to some extent, but track neither in full. To what extent do ordinary citizens’ attitudes toward the wartime use of force reflect substantive demands of international law, specific moral principles, or instrumental considerations? We articulate three logics of support for the use of force: an instrumental logic focused on maximizing military effectiveness, a moral logic concerned with minimizing individual rights violations, and a logic that reflects the substantive demands of international law. We evaluate the relative importance of these logics in a study of respondent preferences in the United States, the democratic state to have used force in its international affairs most often in the twenty-first century. Studies have highlighted that public opinion is crucial Janina Dill, John G. Winant Associate Professor of U.S. Foreign Policy, Nuffield College, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford, OX1 3 UQ, United Kingdom (janina.dill@politics.ox.ac.uk). Livia I. Schubiger, Douglas and Ellen Lowey Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Duke University, Gross Hall, 140 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (livia.schubiger@duke.edu). We thank Christian Mueller, Gabby Levy, Diego José Romero, and Marta Talevi for excellent research assistance. For helpful comments we thank Jasmine Bhatia, Peter Feaver, Todd Hall, Joshua Kertzer, Sarah Kreps, Thomas Leeper, Kate Millar, Brian Rathbun, Scott Sagan, Sebastian Schutte, Henry Shue, Duncan Snidal, Seiki Tanaka, Geoffrey Wallace, Matthew Zelina, the participants of the LSE Political Behaviour seminar, the Oxford IR colloquium, the Essex Government Department seminar, the Nuffield Political Science colloquium, the Konstanz workshop on the Micro-Dynamics of Political Violence, the LSE Security & Statecraft workshop, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law & Armed Conflict, the Oslo Department of Political Science, the Political Theory Project at Brown University, the TISS seminar, the Political Economy & Political Science workshop in Santiago de Chile, as well as panels at the 2018 Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, the 2018 Annual Midwestern Political Science Association Conference, and the 2018 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. We are grateful for financial support to the LSE Suntory and Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD) and the LSE Department of International Relations. The preanalysis plan for this study has been archived with EGAP (ID:20170816AA). American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 00, No. 0, xxxx 2021, Pp. 1–22 © 2021 The Authors. American Journal of Political Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Midwest Political Science Association DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12635 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Dan Xu, Zhe Hui, Yongqi Liu et al.

Abstract With rapid development of aviation technology, materials science and artificial intelligence, aircraft design is pursuing higher requirements both in civil and military fields. The new generation of aircraft should have the autonomous capable of performing a variety of tasks (such as take-off and landing, cruising, maneuvering, hover, attack, etc.) under a highly variable flight environment (height, Mach number, etc.) and meanwhile maintaining good performance. Morphing aircraft can use smart materials and actuators to autonomously deform the shape according to the changes in flight environment and mission, and always maintain an optimal aerodynamic shape, therefore get flourished developments. Based on the ability of birds to stretch wings when flying at low speed and to constrict wings at high speed, a new bionic morphing UAV has been designed and developed as the study model by our team. In order to make this new aircraft be able to complete rapid autonomous morphing and aerodynamic performance optimization under different missions and flight conditions, we developed deep neural networks and reinforcement learning techniques as a control strategy. Considering the continuity of the state and action spaces for model, the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm based on the actor-critic, model-free algorithm was adopted and verified on the classic nonlinear Pendulum model and Cart Pole game. After the feasibility was verified, morphing aircraft model was controlled to complete prescribed deformation using DDPG algorithm. Furthermore, on the condition that the DDPG algorithm can control morphing well, through training and testing on model using simulation data from wind tunnel tests and actual flight, the autonomous morphing control for the shape optimization of the bionic morphing UAV model could be realized.

Florian Pixner, Ricardo Buzolin, Anto Zelić et al.

In the present study, the application and tailoring of the alloy composition of chromium martensitic hot-work steels using metal cored wires (MCW) for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) in a modified short-circuit metal transfer process is demonstrated. The nickel content was varied and the alloys were fabricated as tubular-cored wires with various powder fillings. By recording the material transfer at high speed during processing, evidence was gathered indicating the suitability of the fabricated cored wires for WAAM. Optimized process parameters were identified by taking a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach and additive manufacturing (AM) structures were fabricated from the chromium martensitic hot-work tool steel alloys. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the parts were subsequently characterized. The phase fraction of the polygonally shaped delta ferrite could be reduced and microstructural refinement could be achieved by adding nickel to the investigated hot-work tool steel. In addition to molybdenum-enriched precipitates that covered the grain boundaries, randomly scattered non-metallic inclusions and oxides were observed. Modifying the microstructure by adding nickel also affects the mechanical properties of the product: an increase in hardness, impact toughness and yield strength as the nickel content increased in the AM structures fabricated by WAAM was observed.

Jenny G. Sorce, Antonino Troja, Isaac Tutusaus

With the immense number of images, data, and sources that Euclid will deliver, the consortium will be in a unique position to create/provide/construct legacy catalogues. The latter will have exquisite imaging quality and good near-infrared spectroscopy, with impact on many areas of galaxy science. These proceedings review the prospects and scientific output that Euclid will be able to achieve in areas of galaxy and active galactic nucleus (AGN) evolution, the local and primeval Universe, studies of the Milky Way and stellar populations, supernovae (SN) and transients, Solar System objects, exoplanets, strong lensing and galaxy clusters.

Keisuke Okamura

Recent decades have witnessed a dramatic shift in the cross-border collaboration mode of researchers, with countries increasingly cooperating and competing with one another. It is crucial for leaders in academia and policy to understand the full extent of international research collaboration, their country's position within it, and its evolution over time. However, evidence for such world-scale dynamism is still scarce. This paper provides unique evidence of how international collaboration clusters have formed and evolved over the past 50 years across various scientific publications, using data from OpenAlex, a large-scale Open Bibliometrics platform launched in 2022. We first examine how the global presence of top-tier countries has changed in 15 natural science disciplines over time, as measured by publication volumes and international collaboration rates. Notably, we observe that the US and China have been rapidly moving closer together for decades but began moving apart after 2019. We then perform a hierarchical clustering to analyse and visualise the international collaboration clusters for each discipline and period. Finally, we provide quantitative evidence of a `Shrinking World' of research collaboration at a global scale over the past half-century. Our results provide valuable insights into the big picture of past, present and future international collaboration.

R. Ata

P. Macreadie, D. McLean, P. Thomson et al.

For thousands of years humankind has sought to explore our oceans. Evidence of this early intrigue dates back to 130,000BCE, but the advent of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) in the 1950s introduced technology that has had significant impact on ocean exploration. Today, ROVs play a critical role in both military (e.g. retrieving torpedoes and mines) and salvage operations (e.g. locating historic shipwrecks such as the RMS Titanic), and are crucial for oil and gas (O&G) exploration and operations. Industrial ROVs collect millions of observations of our oceans each year, fueling scientific discoveries. Herein, we assembled a group of international ROV experts from both academia and industry to reflect on these discoveries and, more importantly, to identify key questions relating to our oceans that can be supported using industry ROVs. From a long list, we narrowed down to the 10 most important questions in ocean science that we feel can be supported (whole or in part) by increasing access to industry ROVs, and collaborations with the companies that use them. The questions covered opportunity (e.g. what is the resource value of the oceans?) to the impacts of global change (e.g. which marine ecosystems are most sensitive to anthropogenic impact?). Looking ahead, we provide recommendations for how data collected by ROVs can be maximised by higher levels of collaboration between academia and industry, resulting in win-win outcomes. What is clear from this work is that the potential of industrial ROV technology in unravelling the mysteries of our oceans is only just beginning to be realised. This is particularly important as the oceans are subject to increasing impacts from global change and industrial exploitation. The coming decades will represent an important time for scientists to partner with industry that use ROVs in order to make the most of these 'eyes in the sea'.

M. K. Nayak, S. Shaw, O. Makinde et al.

1Department of Physics, Radhakrishna Institute of Technology and Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 2Department of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana 3Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X2, Saldanha 7395, South Africa 4Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia 5RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, P.O. Box 10021, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

R. Connell, N. Dados

G. Wilmink, Jessica E. Grundt

Terahertz (THz) imaging and sensing technologies are increasingly being used in a host of medical, military, and security applications. For example, THz systems are now being tested at international airports for security screening purposes, at major medical centers for cancer and burn diagnosis, and at border patrol checkpoints for identification of concealed explosives, drugs, and weapons. Recent advances in THz applications have stimulated renewed interest regarding the biological effects associated with this frequency range. Biological effects studies are a valuable type of basic science research because they serve to enhance our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that govern THz interactions with biological systems. Such studies are also important because they often times lay the foundation for the development of future applications. In addition, from a practical standpoint, THz biological effects research is also necessary for accurate health hazard evaluation, the development of empirically-based safety standards, and for the safe use of THz systems. Given the importance and timeliness of THz bioeffects data, the purpose of this review is twofold. First, to provide readers with a common reference, which contains the necessary background concepts in biophysics and THz technology, that are required to both conduct and evaluate THz biological research. Second, to provide a critical review of the scientific literature.