Hasil untuk "Literature (General)"

Duen Horng, Chau, Georgia Tech et al.

The idea of ensemble learning is to employ multiple learners and combine their predictions. There is no definitive taxonomy. Jain, Duin and Mao (2000) list eighteen classifier combination schemes; Witten and Frank (2000) detail four methods of combining multiple models: bagging, boosting, stacking and errorcorrecting output codes whilst Alpaydin (2004) covers seven methods of combining multiple learners: voting, error-correcting output codes, bagging, boosting, mixtures of experts, stacked generalization and cascading. We focus on four methods, then review the literature in general, with, where possible, an emphasis on both theory and practical advice.

Zach Shipstead, Thomas S. Redick, R. Engle

D. Hicks

A. Alesina, A. Alesina, A. Alesina et al.

This paper discusses what determines the preferences of individuals for redistribution. We review the theoretical literature and provide a framework to incorporate various effects previously studied separately in the literature. We then examine empirical evidence for the US, using the General Social Survey, and for a large set of countries, using the World Values Survey. The paper reviews previously found results and provides several new ones. We emphasize, in particular, the role of historical experiences, cultural factors and personal history as determinants of preferences for equality or tolerance for inequality.

A. Doucet, Nando de Freitas, N. Gordon

E. Hoffman, K. McCabe, Keith Shachat et al.

Ronald C. Kessler

T. Ackermann, Göran Andersson, L. Söder

Sarit Kraus, D. Lehmann, M. Magidor

Abstract Many systems that exhibit nonmonotonic behavior have been described and studied already in the literature. The general notion of nonmonotonic reasoning, though, has almost always been described only negatively, by the property it does not enjoy, i.e. monotonicity. We study here general patterns of nonmonotonic reasoning and try to isolate properties that could help us map the field of nonmonotonic reasoning by reference to positive properties. We concentrate on a number of families of nonmonotonic consequence relations, defined in the style of Gentzen [13]. Both proof-theoretic and semantic points of view are developed in parallel. The former point of view was pioneered by Gabbay [10], while the latter has been advocated by Shoham [38]. Five such families are defined and characterized by representation theorems, relating the two points of view. One of the families of interest, that of preferential relations, turns out to have been studied by Adams [2]. The preferential models proposed here are a much stronger tool than Adams' probabilistic semantics. The basic language used in this paper is that of propositional logic. The extension of our results to first-order predicate calculi and the study of the computational complexity of the decision problems described in this paper will be treated in another paper.

P. Tichavský, C. Muravchik, A. Nehorai

A mean-square error lower bound for the discrete-time nonlinear filtering problem is derived based on the van Trees (1968) (posterior) version of the Cramer-Rao inequality. This lower bound is applicable to multidimensional nonlinear, possibly non-Gaussian, dynamical systems and is more general than the previous bounds in the literature. The case of singular conditional distribution of the one-step-ahead state vector given the present state is considered. The bound is evaluated for three important examples: the recursive estimation of slowly varying parameters of an autoregressive process, tracking a slowly varying frequency of a single cisoid in noise, and tracking parameters of a sinusoidal frequency with sinusoidal phase modulation.

Kenneth H. Wathne, Jan B. Heide

A. Buléon, P. Colonna, V. Planchot et al.

J. Bound, Charles C. Brown, N. Mathiowetz

L. Mello

M. Savelsbergh, M. Sol

A. Greil

S. Leucht, Tonja Burkard, J. Henderson et al.

C. Wolff, F. Bade, C. M. Kraan

Abstract Managed retreat, the purposeful relocation of households and assets to reduce flood risk, is gaining recognition as an essential adaptation strategy under intensifying climate change. Although often contested and perceived as socially or politically unacceptable, managed retreat holds potential to enhance the long‐term resilience of at‐risk communities. In Europe, however, it remains comparatively underexplored, with only a handful of European managed retreat cases that have been reported on in the academic literature. Here, we present a data set of European managed retreat cases, based on a multilingual review of academic and gray literature, as well as media articles. We found 44 implemented or planned cases of managed retreat across the continent, spanning 11 countries, ranging from the relocation of individual assets to more than 1,500 households. Through a cross‐case analysis, we identify five key factors that influence the process and outcomes of managed retreat projects: the compensation offered, the timing of the project, the engagement of the affected community, the leadership taken by the government, and the post‐relocation land use. Our analysis demonstrates that, although managed retreat remains less common than engineered protection measures, it is more prevalent in Europe than previously assumed and is already being practiced in varied forms. By uncovering common challenges and enabling conditions, this study offers transferable insights for advancing more anticipatory and strategically designed managed retreat initiatives, both within Europe and beyond.

Alessandro Marquis, Jonathan Olivier, Tavya G. R. Benjamin et al.

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Focal therapy (FT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is an alternative to radical treatments that aims to balance cancer control and quality of life preservation in well-selected patients. Understanding its general principles and outcomes is key for its widespread adoption and proper implementation. <b>Methods</b>: The International Consultation on Urological Diseases nominated a committee to review the literature on FT for PCa. A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted to identify articles focused on the different aspects of FT, including patient selection, imaging techniques, treatment modalities, cancer control and safety outcomes, integration with other approaches and future perspectives. <b>Results</b>: FT for PCa was introduced in the 1990s with cryotherapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as pioneering modalities. Though initially guided by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and large biopsy templates, FT implementation expanded significantly with the advent of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the validation of the index lesion concept. Appropriate patient selection is key for FT and relies on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) metrics, MRI findings and targeted biopsy information. Multiple energy sources are now available, each with specific technical characteristics. Cancer control rates vary by energy modality, tumor characteristics, and institutional experience, demonstrating comparable outcomes to radical treatments in well-selected patients. The safety profile is excellent, with high rates of urinary continence and sexual function preservation. Post-treatment surveillance integrates PSA measurements, imaging, and histological assessment. Future directions for further FT adoption include the availability of long-term data, protocol standardization and technological improvements to enhance patient selection and treatment planning and delivery. <b>Conclusions</b>: FT is a valuable therapeutic option for selected patients with localized PCa, demonstrating promising oncological outcomes and better functional preservation compared to radical treatments. Understanding its principles and technical aspects is essential for offering comprehensive PCa care.

Luz C. Morán-Salazar, Sofía Jezzini-Martinez, Alfredo B. Cuéllar-Barboza

Background: Patients with focal epilepsy frequently experience comorbid psychiatric disorders, complicating treatment and negatively impacting their quality of life. The use of antidepressants in this population raises concerns about the potential for increased seizure frequency. This study aims to systematically review the scientific literature on the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with focal epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities. Methods: A search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus, focusing on clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and case series involving patients over 18 years with focal epilepsy and psychiatric diagnoses treated with antidepressants. The ROBINS-I version 2 tool was used to assess bias in observational studies and clinical trials, while the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist evaluated the methodological quality of case reports and series, ensuring a thorough analysis of the studies’ internal validity. Results: 13 studies with 376 patients were included. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine), agomelatine, and vortioxetine were effective in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms and improving sleep, without increasing the frequency of seizures. Venlafaxine was associated with hyponatremia and prolongation of the QT Interval (ventricular repolarization interval), and tricyclics showed seizure risks at high doses. Conclusions: SSRIs, agomelatine, and vortioxetine are safe and effective therapeutic options.