Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Zdenko

Marko Kolić

Rad se bavi utjecajem Štamparovih ideja o socijalnoj medicini i razvoju javnoga zdravstva na studentsku populaciju Medicinskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu na primjeru Kluba zdravlja »Andrija Štampar«. Obuhvaćeno je razdoblje od 1951., kada je Klub osnovan, do 1990., kada nastupaju značajne društveno-političke promjene koje su se odrazile i na rad Fakulteta, odnosno studentske organizacije. Prvi dio rada analizira Andriju Štampara i njegov odnos prema medicinarima i studentima u Zagrebu uopće. Štampar je kao nastavnik uveo kolegije iz socijalne medicine, a kroz praktične vježbe nastojao je upoznati studente s tadašnjim javnozdravstvenim prilikama. Postavši voditelj Ureda za socijalnu i zdravstvenu zaštitu studenata, dobio je priliku poboljšati standard zagrebačkih studenata, no rat ga je u tome prekinuo. U konačnici, kao dekan pokrenuo je reformu studija medicine. Štamparove ideje postupno će biti prihvaćene i među studentima, što je došlo do izražaja nakon 1945. Naime, između 1945. i 1990. na Medicinskom fakultetu djelovala su mnogobrojna društva, a među njima i Klub zdravlja, kojemu je primarni cilj bio javnozdravstveno djelovanje. Stoga je u drugom dijelu rada analiziran osnutak Kluba zdravlja, aktivnosti koje je provodio i ostvareni rezultati. Društvene će se aktivnosti vremenom proširiti i na druga medicinska polja, ovisno o interesima članova, no javnozdravstvene aktivnosti ostat će važna sastavnica rada društva sve do kraja proučavanoga razdoblja. Rad je nastao na temelju literature, arhivskih izvora pohranjenih na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, u Državnom arhivu u Zagrebu i Hrvatskom državnom arhivu, te na temelju onodobne periodike, pretežno studentske provenijencije.

Krešimir Regan, Vlatka Dugački

Silvija Brkić Midžić

The paper presents photographic material from the fonds of the Croatian Museum of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, which was established by the decision of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia on 7 July 2014, and began to operate in March 2015. The Croatian Museum of Medicine and Pharmacy was conceived as an institution where the public would continuously become acquainted with the development of medical sciences, discoveries in that field, and their application, based on both material and non-material heritage. The initial core of the museum’s collection consists of the History of Medicine and Pharmacy Collection—transferred from the Division for the History of Medical Sciences—which is continuously enriched with new donations. Today, the museum’s collection encompasses a diverse range of medical and pharmaceutical heritage materials, totalling more than 6,000 items, which are categorised into 15 collections. The goal of the paper is to present thematic sections within the Collection of Photographs of the Croatian Museum of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts that reflect Štampar’s ideology in terms of content and purpose. The selected sample consists of the legacies of Croatian physicians Lujo Thaller (1891–1949) and Vladimir Ćepulić (1891–1964), the former Croatian Museum of Healthcare History founded at the Croatian Medical Association in Zagreb, and the National Health Club. This material represents material testimony about public health projects, social medical research, field work and health education in Croatia during the time of Andrija Štampar’s activities and several decades later. With its content, the collection contributes to preserving the memory of the specific social medical model of the development of Croatian healthcare and forms a potent starting point for further interpretations and presentations of Štampar’s work.

Lyudmila Je. Kirillova

The review examines the PhD thesis Toponymy of the Syamozerye in the area of the Karelian dialect borderland by A. Afanasyeva, based on rich factual material collected by the author during field research. The studied area of Syamozerye is a unique point of contact of three dialects of the Karelian language: Livvik, Ludic, and Karelian. This borderline character and location at the intersection of migration routes have left their mark on the Syamozerye subdialect of the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language, which is also reflected in the toponymy of the studied territory. Apart from that, there are also Sami, Veps, and Russian elements. The reviewed thesis of five chapters is a comprehensive study of structural and semantic patterns of the toponymy of the Syamozerye region and their areal distribution. A detailed analysis of about 3,000 toponyms allowed the author to identify the principles and naming patterns common to Karelian toponymy, as well as Syamozerye innovations. About a dozen Livvik dialecticisms, calendar and non-calendar personal names preserved as structural elements in local toponyms have been reconstructed by etymological analysis of the toponymic data. These results are valuable for Karelian lexicography. The analysis of dialectal features in toponymy helped clarify the boundaries of the Livvik dialect area and the history of its formation and, thereby, specify the role of Syamozerye in the formation of the Karelian dialect map. The identification of oikonymic patterns based on chronological distribution provided an insight on the evolution of the Syamozerye oikonymic system.

Dželila Babović

Dictionaries in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Bosnian that were created and used in Bosnia from the 16th to the 19th century are an indispensable segment of the Bosnian lexicographic tradition. Based on the researchers and analysis of the form, language, methodology, questions of authorship, and reception of the dictionaries stored in the institutional manuscript collections of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is possible to talk about the dominant lexicographic trends and practices during the Ottoman rule in these areas and to determine the contribution of these manuscripts works and their authors to the development and continuity of the lexicographical tradition. The research base for this work was manuscript collections stored in public cultural and scientific institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Gazi Husrev-bey Library, National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniak Institute – Adil Zulfikarpašić Foundation, Oriental Institute of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo Historical Archives, The Cantonal Archives Travnik, The Cantonal Archives Tuzla, The General Library of Tešanj, Herzegovina Museum Mostar and Herzegovina Archives Mostar.

Abdollah Radmard, Abollghasem Ghavam, Saeed Khosropour

Bahare Ajam by Lala Tek Chand is one of the most important dictionaries in the second period of lexicography in the Indian subcontinent. The book consists of 19,729 entries and is more comprehensive in terms of words, compositions, allusions, and poetic proofs compared to the dictionaries of the former eras. The abundant use of sources and opinions for writing and commentary is a prominent feature of this dictionary. Furthermore, Tek Chand uses numerous poetic pieces of evidence in this reference book. His most important work in this field is the evidence selected from the Persian poetry until the time of Bahare Ajam.Due to the great attention of the users and Persian learners of the subcontinent, this book has been published several times in seven periods, and lexicographers frequently use this reference to write books. However, contemporary dictionary scholars have not paid much attention to this book and, quoting each other, have only highlighted the general features of the book. By knowing the methods of lexicographers before Tek Chand and his contemporaries in compiling his book, one can realize the value of this author's work, which is achieved through adequate knowledge of the structures that govern Bahare Ajam. The structure of the dictionary is not summarized in a way that explains why the entries are arranged and how they are arranged, while it covers definition methods, phonological methods, input controls, review of the citation system, and citation and critique methods in dictionaries.In fact, it is a dictionary consisting of macrostructures, microstructures, and middle-structures. The present study aimed to investigate the methods of selecting the entries in the macrostructure section of this dictionary. With the methods of bringing entries and recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary in the microstructure section (first part) and after stating the order, number, and percentage of each entry, it is shown that Tek selects an entry by adding a word and its related derivatives if used. Unlike today's dictionaries, the Bahare Ajam dictionary brings all these derivatives together based on four criteria, including entries based on one word/combination, the verbal and semantic affinity of two words/combinations, the verbal and semantic similarity of several words/combination, and entries and selection of proverbs.Although many of the book's entries (including the separation of sub-words and many poetic combinations) do not meet today's standards, the adoption of these methods could be attributed to the poetic nature of this dictionary. The Persian students of the subcontinent who have been learning Persian could see that instead of referring synonymous entries to each other, many similar verbal and semantic items are merged into one entry so that the user could see all or most of the poetic capacities of the words and combinations together without the need to use other dictionaries. This is an accepted method (especially among subcontinental lexicographers), which should not be measured and considered flawed by today's standards.In the second part of this research, the intervention regarding Bahare Ajam has been discussed. This book has numerous explanations under the entries mostly to guide the users about the type of the entries rather than identifying a specific word. Although most of these explanations are not considered to be definitions in the modern sense in classical dictionaries, they should not be overlooked and ruled out as definitions. We evaluated these explanations, which encompass several input materials. Tek uses 25 methods to bring in the entry material and identify its type. In this research, such methods were highlighted along with examples for each. In several cases, Tek introduces the entries based on usage, grammatical category, and literary features, while defining each word in some cases.Notably, some of these entries are ambiguous for today's users (e.g., the difference between the words ‘famous’ and ‘famous’ in Bahare Ajam) since no explanation has been provided in this regard. It seems that the ‘famous’ entries of Bahare Ajam had been the most frequently used words and expressions of poetry until the time of the ‘famous’ entries in this dictionary, as well as the most commonly used words and expressions among the users. Undoubtedly, the reference to later entries is one of the few drawbacks of the inclusion of a few entries, which is quite natural and justifiable for the users who have read Bahare Ajam thoroughly.In the third part of the research, the methods of recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary were discussed. For this reason, the evolution of the pronunciation recording methods in pre-Bahar dictionaries was initially discussed, and it was observed that the pronunciation of words is not recorded in many dictionaries due to rhyming, while in others, this is done by determining the movement of some letters or by homogenous words. This method has been widely used by lexicographers; for instance, most of the words in the Dictionary of Definitive Argument are based on concordant words to partially compensate for the book's lack of poetic evidence, which is also a good reason for the popularity of this reference book.In the evolution of pronunciation recording methods, in addition to determining the greater movement of letters and lexicography of the words, a word is mentioned if it has two or more pronunciations. In a few cases, words have become difficult for reasons related to the users or copywriters. The obsessive-compulsive disorder causes some sub-continental lexicographers to record the pronunciation of some non-compound words even in their dictionary of terms and combinations. Although Tek is aware of the previous methods, he has developed novel approaches in this regard with the help of Jahangiri, which has eventually advantaged his work. A slight difference is also spotted in addition to paying more attention to the phonology of words. Tek Chand adopts the methods of using a homogenous word by using short vowels and words to record the pronunciation of words. The first objection is the possibility that the user is unaware of the word ‘homozygous’, especially if the word ‘homogenous’ comes after the entry where the recording has been made.

Sandagomi Coperahewa

Sanford B. Steever

John Blair Corbett

This article draws on the Historical Thesaurus of English and related resources, the Mapping Metaphor project and the semantically tagged Hansard Corpus of British Parliamentary Speeches, to consider how the Irish have been imagined and named in Anglophone culture, and how ‘Irishness’, alongside the attributes of other ‘races and nations’, in the terminology of the Mapping Metaphor project, has developed metaphorically over time, with a focus on the association between Irishness and anger and foolishness. The article concludes by illustrating how the names and metaphors of the Irish are contested discursively in a corpus of British Parliamentary speeches. The article serves as a practical introduction to the Historical Thesaurus of English and the Hansard Corpus and how they may be used, in conjunction with related online resources, to explore aspects of English language, discourse and culture.

Olga V. Zagorovskaya, Sergei V. Lesnikov

The article tackles current problems of onomastic data presentation and correct delivering of its typological and semantic features in a modern dialectal dictionary. This particularly refers to a comprehensive electronic dialectal dictionary which covers a whole set of lexicographic fields of an article’s microstructure, including paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and additional ethnocultural information. The case is observed with the currently developed electronic Dictionary of the Russian Sub-dialect of Loyma Village of the Priluzsky District of the Komi Republic that builds on a machine-based version of the original dictionary. The authors proceed from describing the composition and the main categories of the onomastic vocabulary of the target (Loyma) sub-dialect: major groups of personal names (individual and social), toponyms (including names of cities, water bodies, and various microtoponyms), as well as some peripheral categories of proper names (names of peoples, local residents, etc.). It is noted that the onomastic vocabulary of the Loyma dialect shows a number of peculiar traits, such as extensive variability and synonymy, high incidence of emotional, evaluative, expressive, and stylistic features which reflect the specificity of the sub-dialect’s stylistic system distinctive from that of the standard Russian language. It is concluded that dealing with “living” Russian dialects, the task of creating computer-based versions of hard-copy dictionaries relates not only to the preservation of existing dialectal material but also to the addition and restructuring of these dictionaries to create multi-purpose lexicographic products, tapping cultural potential of the entire dialect, both the onomastic and the lexical.

Ana Salgado, Rute Costa, T. Tasovac

This paper analyzes the application of usage labels in three representative lexicographic works, namely the Portuguese, Spanish, and French Academy Dictionaries as a starting point for creating a consistent classification of usage labels and their encoding in accordance with TEI Lex-0. The use of labels is not always entirely consistent within individual dictionaries and even less so across different lexicographic projects. This makes the tasks of accurately classifying and encoding them quite difficult. This difficulty is compounded by the differences and partial incompatibilities found in the lexicographic literature on the treatment of diasystemic information. We address the existing literature and the initial classification of TEI Lex-0, and argue for the need to introduce some changes to TEI Lex-0, most notably in terms of diatextual labels. Finally, we argue that the existing classifications based on examples rather than on clear and explicit definitions of classification categories will always lack in precision and lead to mutually incompatible encodings of different dictionaries. We propose a set of definitions for usage label categories that can be adopted by TEI Lex-0 and used in other similar attempts to create interoperable lexical resources. An agreement on usage label categories is a first and necessary step before proceeding in the direction of harmonizing and standardizing the actual values of usage labels across various dictionaries and across different languages.

Julia Ostanina-Olszewska, Aleksandra Majdzińska-Koczorowicz

A Cognitive Linguistics approach to internet memes on selected Polish internet sites The present study aims to analyse selected internet memes as examples of social communication from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, and to examine more closely the relation between their visual and verbal aspects. Internet memes contain a wide range of constructions (necessary for rebuilding the semantic framework and extracting selected content), which are fragmentary but at the same time sufficient to induce a whole framework of meanings by using their salient features. The multimodal context is considered within the frameworks of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), construal (Langacker, 1987, 2008), frame semantics (Fillmore, 1988), conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) and Discourse Viewpoint Space (Dancygier & Vandelanotte, 2016). The paper will present an analysis of the structure of internet memes, which are rich concepts that spread rapidly and widely, and also invite recipients to actively participate in the construction of the message, thus becoming contributors.   Memy internetowe na wybranych polskich stronach internetowych. Podejście językoznawstwa kognitywnego Memy są często bogatymi tworami, łączącymi konstrukcje i zabiegi językowe z elementami wizualnymi, które pomimo bycia jedynie cząstkowymi desygnatami, pozwalają na wydobycie ram semantycznych oraz zrozumienie określonych treści z często fragmentarycznego przekazu obrazka. Przyswojenie komunikatu odbywa się przy pomocy wybranych elementów językowych i ikonicznych osadzonych w kontekście multimodalnym. Celem artykułu jest analiza relacji pomiędzy aspektem wizualnym i werbalnym w wybranych memach internetowych, rozumianych jako przykłady komunikacji społecznej, przy pomocy narzędzi językoznawczych, m.in. teorii metafory pojęciowej i metonimii (Lakoff i Johnson, 1980), obrazowania mentalnego (Langaker, 1987, 2008), semantyki ramowej (Fillmore, 1988), teorii amalgamatów pojęciowych (Fauconnier i Turner, 2002) oraz perspektywy narracyjnej (ang. Discourse Viewpoint Space) (Dancygier i Vandelanotte, 2016).

Татьяна Викторовна Шмелева

Статья относится к исследованиям городской ономастики, которые становятся все более популярными в российской лингвистике; дается общая характеристика таких исследований; приводятся публикации последних лет. В статье обсуждается один из фрагментов городского ономастикона — имена заведений еды (трапезонимы) в аспекте аттрактивности как социолингвистического показателя его привлекательности на собственно языковых основаниях. Аттрактивность ощущается интуитивно имядателями (номинаторами), и потому о ней можно судить по массовости онимов того или иного типа. Опираясь на лингвистическое изучение трапезонимов и собственные наблюдения над их бытованием в разных городах, что сейчас можно делать с помощью специальных интернет-ресурсов, автор предлагает рассматривать четыре фактора аттрактивности: позитива, экзотики, дискурсивности и языковой игры. Так, фактор позитива в советское время привлекал в состав трапезонимов слова типа уют, тогда как сегодня позитивно воспринимается гастрономическая лексика. Фактор экзотики включает в ономастикон города массу иноязычной лексики, и даже русские слова даются в латинском написании. Фактор дискурсивности обеспечивает появление на вывесках заведений еды реплик из повседневной речи и цитат из литературных произведений и кино; при этом особенность реплик в том, что они позволяют реконструировать диалоги, которые составляют типовые городские коммуникации, что погружает городскую среду в городской дискурс. Действие фактора языковой игры рассмотрено в плане создания квазииностранных слов и «говорящих фамилий». Приводя большое количество имен из ономастикона разных городов, подтверждающих действие указанных факторов, автор отмечает и трапезонимы, полемизирующие с ними, что говорит об амбивалентности факторов. Это объясняется различием языковых вкусов и культурных предпочтений горожан. Предлагаемое в работе понятие аттрактивности городского имени имеет перспективы изучения по отношению к другим видам городских онимов, что может привести к иным результатам.

Deborah W. Anderson, Michael Maxwell

Agnieszka Mykowiecka, Małgorzata Marciniak, Piotr Rychlik

Testing word embeddings for Polish Distributional Semantics postulates the representation of word meaning in the form of numeric vectors which represent words which occur in context in large text data. This paper addresses the problem of constructing such models for the Polish language. The paper compares the effectiveness of models based on lemmas and forms created with Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) and skip-gram approaches based on different Polish corpora. For the purposes of this comparison, the results of two typical tasks solved with the help of distributional semantics, i.e. synonymy and analogy recognition, are compared. The results show that it is not possible to identify one universal approach to vector creation applicable to various tasks. The most important feature is the quality and size of the data, but different strategy choices can also lead to significantly different results.   Testowanie wektorowych reprezentacji dystrybucyjnych słów języka polskiego Semantyka dystrybucyjna opiera się na założeniu, że znaczenie słów wyrażone jest za pomocą wektorów reprezentujących, w sposób bezpośredni bądź pośredni, konteksty, w jakich słowo to jest używane w dużym zbiorze tekstów. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy ewaluacji wielu takich modeli skonstruowanych dla języka polskiego. W pracy porównano skuteczność modeli opartych na lematach i formach słów, utworzonych przy wykorzystaniu sieci neuronowych na danych z dwóch różnych korpusów języka polskiego. Ewaluacji dokonano na podstawie wyników dwóch typowych zadań rozwiązywanych za pomocą metod semantyki dystrybucyjnej, tzn. rozpoznania występowania synonimii i analogii między konkretnymi parami słów. Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą, że nie można wskazać jednego uniwersalnego podejścia do tworzenia modeli dystrybucyjnych, gdyż ich skuteczność jest różna w zależności od zastosowania. Najważniejszą cechą wpływającą na jakość modelu jest jakość oraz rozmiar danych, ale wybory różnych strategii uczenia sieci mogą również prowadzić do istotnie odmiennych wyników.

Goran Granić, Lucija Krstanović

Ludmila Dimitrova, Ralitsa Dutsova

Implementation of the Bulgarian-Polish online dictionary The paper describes the implementation of an online Bulgarian-Polish dictionary as a technological tool for applications in digital humanities. This bilingual digital dictionary is developed in the frame of the joint research project “Semantics and Contrastive Linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary” between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS, supervised by L. Dimitrova (IMI-BAS) and V. Koseska-Toszewa (ISS-PAS). In addition, the main software tools for web-presentation of the dictionary are described briefly.

Vesna Batovanja

Ewa Katarzyna Rudnicka, Wojciech Witkowski, Michał Kaliński

Towards the Methodology for Extending Princeton WordNet The paper presents the methodology and results of the first, pilot stage of the extension of Princeton WordNet, a huge electronic English language thesaurus and lexico-semantic network based on synsets, ie. sets of synonymous lexical units, or lemma sense pairs. The necessity for such extension arose in the course of mapping plWordNet (Polish WordNet — Słowosieć) onto Princeton WordNet, which produced a large number of inter-lingual hyponymy links signalling differences in the structure and lexical coverage of the two networks. The proposed strategy uses I-hyponymy links as pointers to presumed gaps in the lexical coverage of PrincetonWordNet and offers strategies of filling them in with new lexical units and synsets.