Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Sahibpreet Singh, Saksham Sharma

Integration of AI into environmental regulation represents a significant advancement in data management. It offers promising results in both data protection plus algorithmic fairness. This research addresses the critical need for sustainable data protection in the era of ever evolving cyber threats. Traditional encryption methods face limitations in handling the dynamic nature of environmental data. This necessitates the exploration of advanced cryptographic techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate how AI can enhance these techniques to ensure robust data protection while facilitating fair algorithmic management. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of current advancements in AI-enhanced homomorphic encryption (HE) and multi-party computation (MPC). It is coupled with an analysis of how these techniques can be applied to environmental data regulation. Key findings indicate that AI-driven dynamic key management, adaptive encryption schemes, and optimized computational efficiency in HE, alongside AI-enhanced protocol optimization and fault mitigation in MPC, significantly improve the security of environmental data processing. These findings highlight a crucial research gap in the intersection of AI, cyber laws, and environmental regulation, particularly in terms of addressing algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. The implications of this research underscore the need for stricter cyber laws. Also, the development of comprehensive regulations to safeguard sensitive environmental data. Future efforts should focus on refining AI systems to balance security with privacy and ensuring that regulatory frameworks can adapt to technological advancements. This study provides a foundation for future research aimed at achieving secure sustainable environmental data management through AI innovations.

John A.P. Chandler

This article examines how Australian universities and law schools are approaching sustainability in their curricula and then explores the implications for legal education. It first looks at some broader questions about the interpretation of sustainability and the relationship between sustainability, development and the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) which influence the decisions about how to structure sustainability in a law curriculum. The article analyses the strategic and sustainability plans of a sample of Australian universities for the objectives they set for teaching and learning about sustainability and how they measure performance. It then analyses how sustainability is treated at the law school level. The conclusion of this article is that there is no common approach to the implementation of sustainability in university curricula in Australia, or in Australian law schools. There is considerable diversity in teaching and learning about sustainability and the degree of commitment to it. So far sustainability has achieved limited penetration in legal education in Australian universities. The article finishes by commenting on some opportunities to improve that.

Maaike Geuens

Tax sovereignty, traditionally the exclusive right of states to determine and implement their own tax systems, stands at a crossroads due to unprecedented global interconnectivity. This sovereignty, once a clear-cut aspect of national governance, is now frequently contested by forces transcending traditional political boundaries—forces such as multinational corporations exploiting global tax discrepancies, digital economies that defy conventional tax jurisdictions, and international regulatory efforts aimed at harmonizing tax practices to prevent base erosion and profit shifting. Historically, the concept of sovereignty has evolved significantly. Sovereignty has been shaped by the dual forces of territorial integrity and the non-interference principle. However, as globalization intensifies, these principles are increasingly challenged by the need for international cooperation in economic, environmental, and security issues, which includes the complex arena of tax regulation. This commentary aims to integrate various perspectives, including constitutional law, and explores the intersection with constitutional identity. The focus lies on reconciling the enduring principles of constitutional identity and citizenship with the evolving demands of global tax governance. As we delve into these discussions, we must consider the broader implications of these shifts—not only how they affect the legal standing and economic strategies of nations but also how they influence the very fabric of societal governance and the philosophical underpinnings of democratic participation in the fiscal realm. This conversation is crucial as it shapes the path toward developing tax systems that are both just and effective in a world where traditional boundaries are continually redrawn. Dagan highlighted the delicate balance between maintaining national tax sovereignty and embracing the necessary cooperation required by an interconnected world economy.

Sergio Orlando Silva Arroyave

El equilibrio de poderes no es el resultado de la simple distribución de competencias legislativas, ejecutivas y judiciales entre las autoridades que conforman las ramas del poder público, sino que es el resultado de la correcta distribución de competencias que permiten el control reciproco entre estas autoridades. Así, los excesos de una de las autoridades del Estado pueden ser equilibrados si las otras autoridades tienen las competencias suficientes que les permitan oponerse. Sin embargo, si se hace un análisis teórico estricto en derecho de la constitución colombiana, se observa que el congreso no tiene las competencias suficientes para controlar al gobierno, porque no tiene la capacidad para controlar el gasto público.

Yann-Meing Law, Daniel Appelö, Thomas Hagstrom

We propose a novel Hermite-Taylor correction function method to handle embedded boundary and interface conditions for Maxwell's equations. The Hermite-Taylor method evolves the electromagnetic fields and their derivatives through order $m$ in each Cartesian coordinate. This makes the development of a systematic approach to enforce boundary and interface conditions difficult. Here we use the correction function method to update the numerical solution where the Hermite-Taylor method cannot be applied directly. Time derivatives of boundary and interface conditions, converted into spatial derivatives, are enforced to obtain a stable method and relax the time-step size restriction of the Hermite-Taylor correction function method. The proposed high-order method offers a flexible systematic approach to handle embedded boundary and interface problems, including problems with discontinuous solutions at the interface. This method is also easily adaptable to other first order hyperbolic systems.

B. Flyvbjerg, Alexander Budzier, Daniel Lunn

The Olympic Games are the largest, highest-profile, and most expensive megaevent hosted by cities and nations. Average sports-related costs of hosting are $12.0 billion. Non-sports-related costs are typically several times that. Every Olympics since 1960 has run over budget, at an average of 172 percent in real terms, the highest overrun on record for any type of megaproject. The paper tests theoretical statistical distributions against empirical data for the costs of the Games, in order to explain the cost risks faced by host cities and nations. It is documented, for the first time, that cost and cost overrun for the Games follow a power-law distribution. Olympic costs are subject to infinite mean and variance, with dire consequences for predictability and planning. We name this phenomenon "regression to the tail": it is only a matter of time until a new extreme event occurs, with an overrun larger than the largest so far, and thus more disruptive and less plannable. The generative mechanism for the Olympic power law is identified as strong convexity prompted by six causal drivers: irreversibility, fixed deadlines, the Blank Check Syndrome, tight coupling, long planning horizons, and an Eternal Beginner Syndrome. The power law explains why the Games are so difficult to plan and manage successfully, and why cities and nations should think twice before hosting. Based on the power law, two heuristics are identified for better decision making on hosting. Finally, the paper develops measures for good practice in planning and managing the Games, including how to mitigate the extreme risks of the Olympic power law.

Sheeva Amadea Ratu, Siti Resnawati, Afandi Sitamala

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to give a binding resolution on member states. This research shows that the Security Council as the major of the United Nations has the main task of maintaining international peace and security as mandated in the United Nations Charter. Actions that can be taken by the Security Council are to investigate any dispute that is deemed to be a threat to international peace and security, provide recommendations on method of how to dispute contention, and take action against aggression. In carrying out its functions, the Security Council need to move accordingly to the provisions of the United Nations Charter and applying the international law principles in particular, the principle of peaceful and fair settlement of a dispute. With the existing resolution, each country must adopt every resolution to regulate it in their country include Indonesia.

Nick Zhang

Moore's Law has been used by semiconductor industry as predicative indicators of the industry and it has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Now more people tend to agree that the original Moore's Law started to falter. This paper proposes a possible quantitative modification to Moore's Law. It can cover other derivative laws of Moore's Law as well. It intends to more accurately predict the roadmap of chip's performance and energy consumption.

John Francis, Stephen Law

Information on urban tree canopies is fundamental to mitigating climate change [1] as well as improving quality of life [2]. Urban tree planting initiatives face a lack of up-to-date data about the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the tree canopy in cities. We present a pipeline that utilizes LiDAR data as ground-truth and then trains a multi-task machine learning model to generate reliable estimates of tree cover and canopy height in urban areas using multi-source multi-spectral satellite imagery for the case study of Chicago.

Sreejith Gopinath, Aspen Olmsted

The rapid advancement of technology has resulted in advanced camera capabilities coming to smaller form factors with improved energy efficiency. These improvements have led to more efficient and capable cameras on mobile devices like mobile phones, tablets, and even eyeglasses. Using these unobtrusive cameras, users can capture photographs and videos of almost any location where they have physical access. Unfortunately, the proliferation of highly compact cameras has threatened the privacy rights of individuals and even entire nations and governments. For example, governments may not want photographs or videos of sensitive installations or locations like airside operations of military bases or the inner areas of nuclear power plants to be captured for unapproved uses. In addition, solutions that obfuscate images in post-processing are subject to threats that could siphon unprocessed data. Our work proposes a Global Positioning System-based approach to restrict the ability of smart cameras to capture and store images of sensitive areas.

Frederick Law, Antoine Cerfon, Benjamin Peherstorfer

In the design of stellarators, energetic particle confinement is a critical point of concern which remains challenging to study from a numerical point of view. Standard Monte Carlo analyses are highly expensive because a large number of particle trajectories need to be integrated over long time scales, and small time steps must be taken to accurately capture the features of the wide variety of trajectories. Even when they are based on guiding center trajectories, as opposed to full-orbit trajectories, these standard Monte Carlo studies are too expensive to be included in most stellarator optimization codes. We present the first multifidelity Monte Carlo scheme for accelerating the estimation of energetic particle confinement in stellarators. Our approach relies on a two-level hierarchy, in which a guiding center model serves as the high-fidelity model, and a data-driven linear interpolant is leveraged as the low-fidelity surrogate model. We apply multifidelity Monte Carlo to the study of energetic particle confinement in a 4-period quasi-helically symmetric stellarator, assessing various metrics of confinement. Stemming from the very high computational efficiency of our surrogate model as well as its sufficient correlation to the high-fidelity model, we obtain speedups of up to 10 with multifidelity Monte Carlo compared to standard Monte Carlo.

Patrick Sohr, Dongxia Wei, Zhengtianye Wang et al.

Semiconductor-based layered hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) house high-wavevector volume plasmon polariton (VPP) modes in the infrared spectral range. VPP modes have successfully been exploited in the weak-coupling regime through the enhanced Purcell effect. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between the VPP modes in a semiconductor HMM and the intersubband transition of epitaxially-embedded quantum wells. We observe clear anticrossings in the dispersion curves for the zeroth-, first-, second-, and third-order VPP modes, resulting in upper and lower polariton branches for each mode. This demonstration sets the stage for the creation of novel infrared optoelectronic structures combining HMMs with embedded epitaxial emitter or detector structures.

Yann-Meing Law, Jean-Christophe Nave

We propose high-order FDTD schemes based on the Correction Function Method (CFM) for Maxwell's interface problems with discontinuous coefficients and complex interfaces. The key idea of the CFM is to model the correction function near an interface to retain the order of a finite difference approximation. For this, we solve a system of PDEs based on the original problem by minimizing an energy functional. The CFM is applied to the standard Yee scheme and a fourth-order FDTD scheme. The proposed CFM-FDTD schemes are verified in 2-D using the transverse magnetic mode (TM$_z$). Numerical examples include scattering of magnetic and non-magnetic dielectric cylinders, and problems with manufactured solutions using various complex interfaces and discontinuous piecewise varying coefficients. Long-time simulations are also performed to provide numerical evidences of the stability of the proposed numerical approach. The proposed CFM-FDTD schemes achieve up to fourth-order convergence in $L^2$-norm and provide approximations devoid of spurious oscillations.

P. Ekmekci

N. Wilson

The research compiled is formulated into a critique of a dated yet highly sophisticated political ideology that is perpetuating inequality in the lives of ordinary people, prevailing over the fates of Western citizens, and of those abroad in developing countries. The arguments contained herein target liberal principles via the involuntary acceptance of unrestrained capitalist structures that frame the current Western socioeconomic paradigm. Overall, the current framework of domestic laws in the West is found to be unable to justify liberal democratic interventions in developing nations. Keywords: liberalism; individual rights; imperialism; security; capitalism; personhood; Maritime Law; collectivism

B. Levy, V. Sidel

Gílmer Alarcón Requejo

A través del análisis comparativo de las sentencias dictadas en el marco de las querellas interpuestas contra el periodista Pedro Salinas, el presente artículo permite apreciar los criterios judiciales empleados en la resolución del conflicto iusfundamental entre el derecho al honor y el derecho a la libertad de expresión e información. Las unidades de análisis son las sentencias de primera instancia donde figura como procesado por el delito de difamación agravada el referido periodista. Dadas las particularidades fácticas que caracterizan al estudio de caso, dichas unidades permiten apreciar cambios importantes en las dimensiones conceptuales y en los criterios jurídicos emanados de las fuentes del Derecho. En el análisis se acoge, en parte, la propuesta metodológica elaborada por Atienza para evaluar los argumentos de las sentencias tanto a nivel formal, material como pragmático, en el marco de un Estado democrático de Derecho.

S. Gajić, E. G. Ponomareva

The Balkans in general and post-Yugoslav countries in particular have been under significant geopolitical pressure of the political West since the end of the bipolar global order. From the beginning of the Yugoslav Civil War in 1991, followed by Western recognition of secessionist republics in 1992 and NATO attacks on Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1994-1995 and on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999, the US, NATO and EU have been actively involved in the Balkan crisis. It was in concordance with the logic of unipolarity, or the New World Order, proclaimed by George W.H. Bush, in which there is “no substitute for American leadership”.The year of 2008 marked the start of profound changes. The changes we are witnessing today are of the magnitude described by Paul Kennedy’s classic The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Georgia’s attack on South Ossetia crossed Russia’s red lines and exposed the latter’s ambitions to regain the superpower status; China symbolically showed the same ambition with the Olympics in Beijing; the crash of the US real-estate market triggered the global economic crisis; and the NATO-sponsored unilateral declaration of secession by Kosovo Albanians set a precedent and introduced uncertainty in international law and the entire system of United Nations. By the beginning of 2020, many problems had accumulated in the EU – against the background of the ongoing migration crisis, right-wing and nationalist movements became more active, and differences between members increased. Long before COVID-19, Brexit became a serious stress test for the economy and social structure of the European Union. Dramatic changes took place on the other side of the Atlantic too, resulting in the shocking victory of staunch anti-globalist Donald Trump. The rules established during the 1991-2008 unipolarity have thus been challenged. Subsequently, post-Cold War ideological consensus in the West has also been challenged even further by the growth of non-systemic political movements – many of them directed not only against the EU expansion, but also against the EU itself.The significance of all these events for the Balkans is somewhat surprising and paradoxical, as the mainstream forces that have been weakened in the West forcefully push for a stronger Atlantic integration of the remaining Balkan countries. At the height of the pandemic, on 27 March 2020 Northern Macedonia became the 30th member of the Alliance, having previously undergone a humiliating procedure of changing its own name for this purpose. Three years earlier, Montenegro was admitted to NATO, but its population did not have the opportunity to vote on this in a referendum. The negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina on ‘normalisation of relations’, continued pressures on the prerogatives of Republic Srpska, Croatian initiative for a new Intermarium and many other similar efforts are stages in the process of NATOisation of former Yugoslavia. Based on the analysis of a large body of narrative sources and recent literature, the article presents the main trends and possible prospects for developments in the Balkans, depending on the outcome of the ongoing ideological and political struggle within the West.

Brian McNair, Eric Margolin, Michael Law et al.

This paper aims to revisit and expand upon previous work on the "hot hand" phenomenon in basketball, specifically in the NBA. Using larger, modern data sets, we test streakiness of shooting patterns and the presence of hot hand behavior in free throw shooting, while going further by examining league-wide hot hand trends and the changes in individual player behavior. Additionally, we perform simulations in order to assess their power. While we find no evidence of the hot hand in game-play and only weak evidence in free throw trials, we find that some NBA players exhibit behavioral changes based on the outcome of their previous shot.

Martin Law, Michael J. Grayling, Adrian P. Mander

Existing multi-outcome designs focus almost entirely on evaluating whether all outcomes show evidence of efficacy or whether at least one outcome shows evidence of efficacy. While a small number of authors have provided multi-outcome designs that evaluate when a general number of outcomes show promise, these designs have been single-stage in nature only. We therefore propose two designs, of group-sequential and drop the loser form, that provide this design characteristic in a multi-stage setting. Previous such multi-outcome multi-stage designs have allowed only for a maximum of two outcomes; our designs thus also extend previous related proposals by permitting any number of outcomes.