Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Eduardo Sá Barreto

O artigo examina o descompasso atual entre a formação científica de economistas e a acelerada transformação de seu objeto, tanto em sua dimensão propriamente socioeconômica quanto em sua dimensão ambiental. Orientada para a temática ecológica, a discussão apresenta as principais tradições de pensamento econômico a ela dedicadas, apontando como as limitações e possibilidades de cada uma refletem os imperativos e impossibilidades do próprio objeto de investigação ao qual se dedicam. Isso fornece uma chave de leitura para entendermos alguns déficits de formação decisivos que povoam a formação corrente de economistas Palavra-chave: Ensino de economia; Economia ambiental; Economia ecológica; Ecologia marxista.

Hossein Abbasi nejad, Sajjad Barkhordari, Pourya Esfahani

Purpose: Pricing The banking system plays an important role in the structure of an economy, and the challenges of this sector can affect other sectors. One of the most important challenges of the banking system is the occurrence of a banking crisis. The International Monetary Fund defines a banking crisis as a situation in which bank runs and bank failures spread and banks are unable to pay their debts, or a situation in which the government intervenes in the banking system on a large scale. In the conditions of banking crisis, bank bankruptcies are widespread and banks are unable to pay their debts. The occurrence of this type of crisis has various causes, the main reasons of which are the high volume of non-current claims and the freezing of bank assets as a result of corporate governance, which reduces the quality of bank assets to pay the bank's obligations, thus creating an imbalance in the banks' balance sheets. One of the features of a banking crisis is systemic risk. An increase in the systemic risk in the banking system coincides with the occurrence of a banking crisis.Systemic risk can be defined as a risk that affects the financial sector and creates an endogenous cycle that exacerbates the effect of the initial shock and causes more damage to the financial sector. With the increase of systemic risk, the probability of crisis and financial and monetary instability increases and negatively affects the real sector of the economy. In normal times, when there is no crisis, banks help the rapid development of the economy and increase the standards of living, but, when a crisis occurs, the problems in the banking sector and the subsequent failures cause serious negative consequences not only in the banking sector but also in companies directly.  It also affects investors; the occurrence of banking crises during the last few decades has always caused problems for the countries engaged in the crisis. Among these problems, one may mention the financial costs of the crisis, production losses, increase in public debts, and increase in uncollectible loans. The banking industry in Iran is one of the important financial intermediaries that can provide the basis for the growth and prosperity of the economy by properly organizing resources and expenses. More than 80% of the financing in Iran is done through banks. Therefore, the health of this sector can significantly contribute to the improvement of economic conditions. The conditions of the Iranian economy and especially the banking system in recent years indicate the signs of a banking crisis in the Iranian economy; the money market pressure index, as one of the most important indicators for measuring the banking crisis, has faced more fluctuations since the end of the 80s. Considering the high share of the banking system in the financing of economic activities in Iran and the lack of studies in the field of banking crisis and its effects on macroeconomic variables, the present research investigates the effects of systemic risk, as a representative variable of banking crisis, on the selected macroeconomic variables.Methodology: In order to analyze the effects of the banking crisis on macroeconomic variables, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model has been used in the form of two limit scenarios referring to a no-crisis situation and the presence of a banking crisis at the highest level using the data of Iran's economy during the years 1982-2020. In this study, a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model for a small open economy in terms of oil exports has been developed with an emphasis on Iran's economy in the framework of the new Keynesian school, in which the effect of monetary impulse on macroeconomic variables in the framework of the banking crisis is investigated. As a key feature of the model, employment and production decisions by firms and labor supply and consumption decisions by households are made before goods are produced and exchanged and before market-clearing prices are realized. In the sector of companies producing intermediate inputs, all the company's resources are assumed to be provided by facilities, and the presence of crisis increases the cost of receiving facilities. It is also assumed that the existence of the crisis will limit the lending resources of commercial banks, which will increase the price of the received loans due to the lack of resources.Results and discussion: The results show that, due to monetary stimuli, variables such as production and inflation show a positive reaction to the stimuli, but, over time, the effects disappear. As a result of inflation, the real wage has decreased, and the level of real consumption has also decreased due to the decrease in the purchasing power of the members of the society. Also, due to the inflation and the increase of investment cost, the amount of investment has also decreased. Therefore, the results are compatible with consumption and investment theories. Another important result regarding the systemic risk constraint in modeling is that the banking crisis has reduced the impact of monetary impulses on macroeconomic variables and reduced the size and extent of the impact.Conclusions and policy implications: According to the results of the study, the existence of a banking crisis causes friction in the structure of the economy and the performance of the banking network, which affects various impulses and policies. Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank or the government should consider the state of the banking system from the perspective of its health in determining the rule and before implementing economic decisions.

M. A. Burda

A significant increase of migration flows directed to the Russian Federation from the PostSoviet states makes it possible to consider the modern Russian Federation as one of the main centers of migration attraction in the world, namely, the recipient state of external migration. Migration policy of the recipient state has certain features, which is due to the need to differentiate external migration into demanded and undesirable, to ensure a balance between the interests of government and society, to combine aspects of national security of the state and the personality with an economic and demographic approach to migration. Currently, there are several methods for determining the effectiveness of state migration policy developed by various international organizations, but these methods are focused on developing countries, which, as a rule, are the donor states of migration, or consider the effectiveness of individual components. For example, socio-cultural adaptation and integration of migrants into the host society. In this regard, the need to create new approaches of evaluation the set of measures realized by the state in the field of external migration in the context of the recipient state itself is actualized. Effective migration policy of the recipient state combines approaches that ensure the protection of national interests, the security of the state, society and the personality. It closes addressable the temporary needs of the national labor market, which makes it possible to formulate a number of objective criteria for its evaluation.

D. Yu. Fraimovich, M. S. Kolosova, M. I. Lapshina

Introduction. Currently, migration processes are an integral part of the development of modern society. Every year, almost all countries in the world record the number of outflows and inflows of citizens, the entry and exit of the population for permanent or temporary residence, etc.Goal. The goal is to identify the impact of active migration processes on the socio-economic, cultural and demographic climate of Russia.Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the official portal ROSMIGRANT, the official website of the Russian International Affairs Council, with the help of which summary tables are generated for a holistic study of the problem.Results and discussion. There are approximately 280 million international migrants in the world. Based on strategic forecasts and possible developments, each country individually forms its own migration policy. The basis of migration processes in most countries is labor migration.Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that only competent management of migration processes will create a stable and safe society that will contribute to the prosperity and development of the state together with attracting labor from abroad.

G. N. Obukhova

The subject. Proclaiming the ideas of partnership and solidarity, the state designates a completely new development focused on socio-economic relations in Russia, involving new principles of interaction between society, business and the state. The revision of the status of subjects of social partnership will be aimed at further development of the system of guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms. Purpose of the study. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the trade union as a subject of social partnership based on the study, analysis and generalization of the scientific base, current legislation and practice of its application. Effective protection of the rights and legitimate interests of employees is possible only if there is an effective mechanism of implementation of trade union control over their compliance. Therefore, it seems that in the near future the share of public control over compliance with labor legislation and labor protection should increase. Methodology. In the process of achieving the goal and solving the tasks set, the general scientific dialectical methods of cognition, as well as logical, historical, comparative legal and formal legal methods were used. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the study. The conclusions of the work are based on dialectical unity and the struggle of opposites. The main results. In the process of scientific research, it can be concluded that a society should be able to exercise public control over the observance of human rights in this society. During the reforms, trade unions lost the right to legislative initiative at the federal level, the rights to state supervision of compliance with labor legislation and the state of labor protection, and consideration of individual labor disputes. At the same time, trade unions have re-ceived a number of new rights, for example, to participate in the resolution of collective labor disputes, in collective bargaining, to conclude social partnership agreements, etc.Despite the declared principle of independence of trade unions from the state, as a result, it is impossible to create and legalize the legal status of the trade union movement without a state regulator. Therefore, the independence of any legal entity is, in principle, relative. Nevertheless, associations of employees are provided with a sufficient amount of corporate independence, which actually ensures their national and individual characteristics. Conclusions. Trade unions are an important element of civil society. Without increasing their role, it is impossible to achieve harmony in social and labor relations. In this regard, the question of the new status of trade unions in Russia should be raised. This conclusion is justified by the fact that free and independent trade unions are the guarantors of social justice and security. Consequently, the use of the market mechanism by the population depends on whether it is possible to regulate the labor market within the framework of law and policy. Moreover, the labor market improves the status of employees in relation to employers only with strong trade unions.

Noora Lari, Amal Awadalla, Mohammad Al-Ansari et al.

The aim of this study was to examine the microlevel factors affecting women’s participation in the Qatar workforce, as the gender gap in employment is still wide, and addressing this issue remains an essential item on the government’s policy agenda. Data were collected via a national telephonic survey of a representative sample of Qatari nationals, chosen using simple random sampling. A regression analysis was performed with women’s employment, individual-level characteristics (e.g., age, education, and marital status), and household-level factors (e.g., number of children below 18 years of age and household monthly income) as the variables. The analytical model highlighted the microlevel predictors at the individual level as well as the public attitudes toward societal obstacles that have adverse effects on female labor force participation. The results revealed several indicators that affect women’s participation in the labor force, including education level, marital status, and age. These constructs were found to have the strongest (direct or indirect) effects in terms of pushing Qatari women into the labor market. The originality of this study lies in its ability to explain how state-directed initiatives can encourage women to participate in the labor market and thus facilitate a rapid increase in the number of employed women in Qatar. A methodological limitation of the cross-sectional survey design used in this study is that it limits the causations between the government interventions and the research outcomes. The findings indicate the need for further improvement in welfare regimes at the intrastate level.

Monique Nunes Fiuza Dias

Neste artigo apresento as atribuições do Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) em seu trabalho real e prescrito sob a ótica do próprio profissional, e o valor que lhes atribui. Optou-se por um estudo qualitativo que analisou dados primários. Constatou-se que o trabalho real destoa do prescrito. Entre as atribuições, aquelas que envolvem a presença no território e participação em grupos de educação em saúde, são valorizadas pelo ACS. Mesmo após constantes reformulações direcionadas ao cargo, o ACS valoriza as suas raízes, enquanto promotores de saúde. Palavra-chave: Atenção Primária à Saúde; Agente Comunitário de Saúde; Trabalho em saúde.

Marisa Oliveira Santos

  O filósofo brasileiro, José Arthur Gianotti (1966), ao inferir atenção do homem para realidade e as ideias do seu tempo, enfatiza que os fenômenos sociais despertam naquele que o observa a simpatia ou aversão e, por esse motivo, exige dele a compreensão de seus motivos e seus fins, até que, num dado instante, esse percebe sua condição de sujeito e objeto da análise.  

Vladimir B. Ubushaev, Elena E. Krasnozhenova, Sergey V. Vinogradov et al.

Introduction. In Russian historiography, there are works devoted to the Nazi occupation policy on the USSR occupied territories, with historians focusing on the study of the occupation regime policies, the problems of military everyday life, and the partisan movement. The article aims to study pertinent archival documents to reveal the character of the Nazi occupation regime on the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR. Materials and methods. The source base of the research comprised the archival materials of the Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices and the Republic’s State Commission for Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices. The materials are largely introduced by the authors into scientific circulation for the first time. The research was based on comparative-historical and statistical methods, the method of source studies, structural-diachronic and system analysis. Results. The article sheds light on the basic principles of the Nazi occupation policy, on the occupiers’ crimes against the civilian population, their economic policy, and the organization of forced labor in the Republic, including compulsory transfer of the population to Germany. Conclusions. The armies of the Wehrmacht followed the program of extermination of millions of civilians, which was set out in the plan “Ost”. The Nazi policy towards the civilian population of Kalmyk ASSR was characterized by the most severe repression for any form of disobedience to the occupation authorities. The reasons for the violence could be any form of resistance against the invaders, contacts with partisans, and refusal of forced labor. The people had to pay numerous taxes, they were subjected to looting by soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and its allies. These and other acts of Nazi crimes must not be forgotten, liability for them has no statute of limitations.

Smirnov Valeriy, Semenov Vladislav, Zimin Sergei et al.

The article considers the issue of the Russian economy reaching development limit, what actualizes the need to analyze the human capital index dynamics. The study of the human capital index components dynamics revealed a special priority of state policy. Analysis of the Russian educational system development revealed its feminization, which changes the principles of the modern society formation. A negative change in the Russian educational system was observed in the form of a significant decline in the growth of preschool youth of junior median age and preschool children of younger age, a significant gap in the growth rate of government spending on education (% of GDP) to spending on education as a percentage of total government spending. In general, the priority of state policy to ensure the survival of male children under 5 years of age and subsequent indifference to their socialization in the Russian educational system with clear signs of feminization escalate the problem of gender bias risk. The Russian economy development, based on the increment of surplus value in the process of exploitation of unskilled labor and the level of wages insufficient for natural reproduction of the latter, has reached its limit.

Carmen Sánchez Trigueros

El TJUE vuelve a abordar la recurrente cuestión del sistema de prestaciones públicas de España y su respeto a los principios de la UE. En el presente supuesto, se analiza la colisión entre una normativa que genera una discriminación indirecta y su justificación por objetivos de política social. El TJUE, en una resolución muy discutible, concluye que la legislación española puede ser respetuosa con el principio de igualdad.

Sebastián Etchemendy

Argentina and Uruguay are the only democracies in Latin America (among few in the world) that have developed sustained, state-oriented national and sectoral wage bargaining between employers and unions after 2005. The article defines “segmented neo-corporatism” as a new form of centralized incomes policy in the region that applies to a substantial portion (i.e., registered workers), though not to all the labor force. Drawing on neo-corporatist theory, I explain, first, why only Argentina and Uruguay could consolidate a centralized, national wage policy in the context of the Latin American Left-Turn. Second, I test empirically the degree of state-oriented wage coordination. The study argues that monetary policy deterrence and higher levels of bargaining centralization largely explain the greater capacity of Uruguayan neo-corporatism to govern wage-setting compared with its Argentine counterpart. Finally, the article puts segmented neo-corporatism in comparative perspective in the developing world and draws some theoretical implications.

Yao Yao

Abstract This paper studies the impact of the higher education expansion in China on average labor productivity. I argue that in an economy such as China’s, where allocation distortions widely exist, educational policy affects labor productivity not only through its effect on human capital stock, but also through its effect on human capital allocation across sectors. Thus, its impact could be limited if misallocation becomes more severe following the policy. I build a two-sector general equilibrium model with policy distortions favoring the state sector and overlapping generations of heterogeneous households making educational and occupational choices. Quantitative results show that, given policy distortions, China’s higher education expansion had a small but negative effect on its average labor productivity (–2.5%). The crowding out of productive capital caused by magnified resource misallocation plays a key role in driving down productivity. However, the productivity effect of the educational policy would turn positive if distortions were further reduced or removed.

C. D. Wenden, J. Hollifield

Priscila Duarte Malanski, Sandra Schiavi, B. Dedieu

S. Markowitz, E. K. Adams, Mary Jane Lewitt, PhD et al.

Lia Tiriba, Maria Cristina Paulo Rodrigues, José Luiz Cordeiro Antunes

Difícil escrever um editorial sintonizado com a conjuntura, principalmente quando se trata de refletir sobre o que, em 1967, Guy Debord (1997) denominou de “sociedade do espetáculo”. Escandalizado com a capacidade das sociedades modernas produzirem um arsenal de espetáculos que favorece “a inversão concreta da vida” (p.13), Debord afirma que a materialização da ideologia se manifesta como uma espécie de esquizofrenia, ou “um fato alucinatório social”. (p.139). Sem desconsiderar as bases materiais de produção social da existência, e, portanto, o diálogo com o materialismo histórico, e em especial com a Ideologia Alemã, de Marx e Engels, o autor assegura que “a ideologia é a base do pensamento de uma sociedade de classes, no curso conflitante da história” (p.137).

Lari Lidzhievich Basangov, Alexander Alexandrovich Ignatov

The G20 is an informal institute of global governance and one of the most prominent international forums for both - key developed and developing economies. The G20’s agenda embraces various issues including international taxation, digital growth, macroeconomic stability, labor market development, fight against crime and corruption, implementation of effective and eco-neutral energy technologies, etc. The G20’s decisions, even lacking legal force, tend to transform into international standards and joint initiatives. Due to the absence of a permanent secretariat, a host country exercises great influence on formulation of the G20’s working agenda. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a key actor in the Middle East and the only Arab state with G20 membership. In 2020, Saudi Arabia will take the G20 presidency for the first time ever and thus take the leading role in shaping its agenda. In this context, several issues regarding Saudi Arabia’s policy towards implementation of its national development agenda, promotion of previous presidencies’ decisions and its influence over further development of the G20’s agenda are of particular interest. The authors analyze Saudi Arabia’s current status and national priorities and recent developments of G20’s agenda to forecast the results of the forthcoming presidency. The authors point out that discussion on digital growth, energy efficiency, climate change mitigation and macroeconomic policy would very likely result in concrete decisions. Modest success is expected in making decisions on gender-related agenda. The core items of G20’s agenda such as reform of international financial institutions and fight against protectionism in global trade are less likely to attract much attention and lead to concrete decisions.

Elina Pessanha, Rodrigo Guedes

O Arquivo de Memória Operária do Rio de Janeiro-AMORJ, fundado em 1987, é um núcleo de pesquisa e documentação voltado para a recuperação, registro e preservação do patrimônio material e imaterial referente à história do trabalho, dos trabalhadores e suas organizações. Partindo de uma perspectiva bastante abrangente, o AMORJ tem tentado cobrir as características de constituição e trajetória de diversos segmentos da classe trabalhadora, sua experiência de trabalho em diferentes ambientes, seus esforços de reprodução, suas manifestações culturais, suas várias formas de resistência e atuação política, além da história das instituições relacionadas ao mundo do trabalho.