Heather J. Alexander, Jonathan A. Simon, Frédéric Pinard
The law draws a sharp distinction between objects and persons, and between two kinds of persons, the ''fictional'' kind (i.e. corporations), and the ''non-fictional'' kind (individual or ''natural'' persons). This paper will assess whether we maximize overall long-term legal coherence by (A) maintaining an object classification for all future AI systems, (B) creating fictional legal persons associated with suitably advanced, individuated AI systems (giving these fictional legal persons derogable rights and duties associated with certified groups of existing persons, potentially including free speech, contract rights, and standing to sue ''on behalf of'' the AI system), or (C) recognizing non-fictional legal personhood through legal identity for suitably advanced, individuated AI systems (recognizing them as entities meriting legal standing with non-derogable rights which for the human case include life, due process, habeas corpus, freedom from slavery, and freedom of conscience). We will clarify the meaning and implications of each option along the way, considering liability, copyright, family law, fundamental rights, civil rights, citizenship, and AI safety regulation. We will tentatively find that the non-fictional personhood approach may be best from a coherence perspective, for at least some advanced AI systems. An object approach may prove untenable for sufficiently humanoid advanced systems, though we suggest that it is adequate for currently existing systems as of 2025. While fictional personhood would resolve some coherence issues for future systems, it would create others and provide solutions that are neither durable nor fit for purpose. Finally, our review will suggest that ''hybrid'' approaches are likely to fail and lead to further incoherence: the choice between object, fictional person and non-fictional person is unavoidable.
Since 1883, Picard-Vessiot theory had been developed as the Galois theory of differential field extensions associated to linear differential equations. Inspired by categorical Galois theory of Janelidze, and by using novel methods of precategorical descent applied to algebraic-geometric situations, we develop a Galois theory that applies to morphisms of differential schemes, and vastly generalises the linear Picard-Vessiot theory, as well as the strongly normal theory of Kolchin.
Tras el tragicómico intento de golpe de Estado del entonces presidente José Pedro Castillo Terrones, los rescoldos de formulación de una «nueva Constitución» se avivaron de tal forma que suscitaron propuestas —no novedosas— de emprender un proceso constituyente. La Constitución vigente en el Perú (1993) es un texto constitucional que ha sido acreedor de diversas críticas desde distintas perspectivas: política, jurídica y económica; pero que en función de sus marcos normativos y la sociedad política que lo dinamiza, ha generado tolerables niveles de estabilidad en los órdenes precisados. Ergo, siendo esta la tesitura sociopolítica, es menester efectuar un buceo que presente a la comunidad académica y, a partir de esta, al pueblo, una evaluación de las razones expuestas a favor de una nueva Constitución, para determinar si estas son razonables o constituyen meros argumentos esgrimidos para guerrear contra ella.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Los medios de comunicación proporcionan un tratamiento informativo a la cuestión migratoria principalmente desde la perspectiva del problema de la llegada ilegal de los inmigrantes, coincidiendo pues con los discursos institucionales dominantes. El endurecimiento de la política de extranjería se alimenta de la construcción de una representación deshumanizada del fenómeno migratorio en la sociedad receptora, esencialmente basada sobre las estadísticas. Mostrar la humanidad de los migrantes y el carácter singular de cada historia para deconstruir la representación estereotipada de un Otro hostil, amenazante e invasivo es una de las vías que puede tomar el cine a través de un relato ficcional.
In this paper, we establish an explicit higher reciprocity law for the polynomial ring over a nonprincipal ultraproduct of finite fields. Such an ultraproduct can be taken over the same finite field, which allows to recover the classical higher reciprocity law for the polynomial ring $\mathbb{F}_q[t]$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ that is due to Dedekind, Kühne, Artin, and Schmidt. On the other hand, when the ultraproduct is taken over finite fields of unbounded cardinalities, we obtain an explicit higher reciprocity law for the polynomial ring over an infinite field in both characteristics $0$ and $p >0$ for some prime $p$. We then use the higher reciprocity law to prove an analogue of the Grunwald--Wang theorem for such a polynomial ring in both characteristics $0$ and $p > 0$ for some prime $p$.
We prove the generalized second law (GSL) for higher curvature gravity theories when the matter sector is non-minimally coupled. The validity of our proof is in the regime of linearized fluctuations about equilibrium black holes, which is the same regime as considered in the previous proofs by Wall and Sarkar. These proofs were provided in different gravity theories - for instance, Lovelock theory and higher curvature gravity - but the matter sector was always taken to be minimally coupled. In this article, we describe how to generalize the proof of linearized semi-classical GSL when the matter sector comes with non-minimal couplings. The proof proceeds by suitably evaluating the matter path integral in the stress tensor expectation value by treating the higher derivative couplings in an effective field theory setting. We use the recently established result of the linearized second law for such theories.
O artigo, de natureza descritiva, discute o impacto global que a quarta revolução industrial trouxe no plano jurídico. Além disso, descreve como são gerados cenários jurídicos que não necessariamente garantem a acessibilidade a todos os grupos sociais de diferentes países, pois sua participação está condicionada ao uso de condições externas (instrumentos) como eletricidade e internet, ou seja, ou seja, ferramentas mínimas para desempenho em um ambiente social cada vez mais competitivo o que gera a necessidade de uma reformulação do Direito para atender a nova complexidade trazida pela nova revolução industrial. A metodologia utilizada é a hipotético dedutiva utilizando como procedimento metodológico a revisão bibliográfica.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Given a small training data set and a learning algorithm, how much more data is necessary to reach a target validation or test performance? This question is of critical importance in applications such as autonomous driving or medical imaging where collecting data is expensive and time-consuming. Overestimating or underestimating data requirements incurs substantial costs that could be avoided with an adequate budget. Prior work on neural scaling laws suggest that the power-law function can fit the validation performance curve and extrapolate it to larger data set sizes. We find that this does not immediately translate to the more difficult downstream task of estimating the required data set size to meet a target performance. In this work, we consider a broad class of computer vision tasks and systematically investigate a family of functions that generalize the power-law function to allow for better estimation of data requirements. Finally, we show that incorporating a tuned correction factor and collecting over multiple rounds significantly improves the performance of the data estimators. Using our guidelines, practitioners can accurately estimate data requirements of machine learning systems to gain savings in both development time and data acquisition costs.
A century ago the pragmatists called for reconstruction in philosophy. Philosophy at the time was occupied with conceptual analysis, abstractions, a priori analysis, and the pursuit of necessary, universal truths. Pragmatists argued that philosophy instead should center on the pressing problems of the day, which requires theorists to pay attention to social complexity, variation, change, power, consequences, and other concrete aspects of social life. The parallels between philosophy then and jurisprudence today are striking, as I show, calling for a pragmatism-informed theory of law within contemporary jurisprudence. In the wake of H.L.A. Hart’s mid-century turn to conceptual analysis, “during the course of the twentieth century, the boundaries of jurisprudential inquiry were progressively narrowed.”1 Jurisprudence today is dominated by legal philosophers engaged in conceptual analysis built on intuitions, seeking to identify essential features and timeless truths about law. In the pursuit of these objectives, they detach law from its social and historical moorings, they ignore variation and change, they drastically reduce law to a singular phenomenon—like a coercive planning system for difficult moral problems2—and they deny that coercive force is a universal feature of law, among other ways in which they depart from the reality of law; a few prominent jurisprudents even proffer arguments that invoke aliens or societies of angels.
El autor discurre acerca de la importantísima contribución de Michele Taruffo a la renovación del procesalismo convencional y del bagaje teórico de los profesionales de la jurisdicción, mediante la incorporación a la cultura dominante en tales medios del imprescindible conocimiento de la dimensión epistémica subyacente y tradicionalmente sofocada por la propiamente jurídica.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
The reason that led to this paper to be written is to explain the new meanings of the notions of ethics, integrity, responsibility and accountability - in order to hold accountable those involved, directly or indirectly, in sports. Ethics management, “as one of the disciplines of management”, deals with the development of those leadership tools that contribute to the ethical development of an organization, as well as the methods that can be used to determine in which direction organizations should develop. Sport, already considered a notable social phenomenon, requires a real “legalization” able to frame it harmoniously and consciously in the context and rigors of a civilized conduct, of the highest morality, but also of strict legality and responsibility. The author argues that ethical management seeks to improve decision-making processes, procedures and organizational structures, so that the activities of the organization are as closely related to ethical principles
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We propose a new method for explanations in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and a tool to test its expressive power within a user interface. In order to bridge the gap between philosophy and human-computer interfaces, we show a new approach for the generation of interactive explanations based on a sophisticated pipeline of AI algorithms for structuring natural language documents into knowledge graphs, answering questions effectively and satisfactorily. Among the mainstream philosophical theories of explanation we identified one that in our view is more easily applicable as a practical model for user-centric tools: Achinstein's Theory of Explanation. With this work we aim to prove that the theory proposed by Achinstein can be actually adapted for being implemented into a concrete software application, as an interactive process answering questions. To this end we found a way to handle the generic (archetypal) questions that implicitly characterise an explanatory processes as preliminary overviews rather than as answers to explicit questions, as commonly understood. To show the expressive power of this approach we designed and implemented a pipeline of AI algorithms for the generation of interactive explanations under the form of overviews, focusing on this aspect of explanations rather than on existing interfaces and presentation logic layers for question answering. We tested our hypothesis on a well-known XAI-powered credit approval system by IBM, comparing CEM, a static explanatory tool for post-hoc explanations, with an extension we developed adding interactive explanations based on our model. The results of the user study, involving more than 100 participants, showed that our proposed solution produced a statistically relevant improvement on effectiveness (U=931.0, p=0.036) over the baseline, thus giving evidence in favour of our theory.
Computational complexity has often been ignored in philosophy of mind, in philosophical artificial intelligence studies. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First and foremost, to show the importance of complexity rather than computability in philosophical and AI problems. Second, to rephrase the notion of computability in terms of solvability, i.e. treating computability as non-sufficient for establishing intelligence. The Church-Turing thesis is therefore revisited and rephrased in order to capture the ontological background of spatial and temporal complexity. Third, to emphasize ontological differences between different time complexities, which seem to provide a solid base towards better understanding of artificial intelligence in general.
This article is devoted to the study of topical issues of changes in the labor market in connection with
the raging pandemic of coronovirus infection (COVID-19), the need to transform the understanding
of distance employment, and the establishment of additional state guarantees for employees in this area. Some aspects of the activities of remote workers, the expansion of the transition to a remote work
format to support employment of the population of the Russian Federation during the period of selfisolation are considered, and the necessary amendments to the legislation on remote work are predicted in the near future
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Civil law
El autor critica una tesis extendida en materia de derecho de confrontación, según la cual la falta de una oportunidad de interrogar a un testigo de cargo no disponible para el juicio vedaría la admisión de la declaración previa. Se analiza primero esa tesis desde una perspectiva instrumental-epistémica de la confrontación. Pero el aporte más significativo es el análisis de aquellas propuestas teóricas que defienden una regla rígida de inadmisión con base en razones no epistemológicamente dependientes. Por un lado, se examina si tiene sentido la idea de derechos procesales de intervención del acusado valiosos en sí mismos, no-instrumentales. Por el otro, se evalúa la capacidad de rendimiento de algunas de las posiciones más relevantes en esa línea, para concluir en que no alcanzan para justificar la tesis criticada.
In this article we classify additive operations in connective K-theory with various torsion-free coefficients. We discover that the answer for the integral case requires understanding of the $\hat{\mathbb{Z}}$ one. Moreover, although integral additive operations are topologically generated by Adams operations, these are not reduced to infinite linear combinations of the latter ones. We describe a topological basis for stable operations and relate it to a basis of stable operations in graded K-theory. We classify multiplicative operations in both theories and show that homogeneous additive stable operations with $\hat{\mathbb{Z}}$-coefficients are topologically generated by stable multiplicative operations. This is not true for integral operations.
We re-derive the first law of black hole mechanics in the context of the Einstein-Maxwell theory in a gauge-invariant way introducing "momentum maps" associated to field strengths and the vectors that generate their symmetries. These objects play the role of generalized thermodynamical potentials in the first law and satisfy generalized zeroth laws, as first observed in the context of principal gauge bundles by Prabhu, but they can be generalized to more complex situations. We test our ideas on the $d$-dimensional Reissner-Nordström-Tangherlini black hole.