Hasil untuk "Industries. Land use. Labor"

jamaria leocádia tiburtino

Diante da crescente estatística de empresas brasileiras decretando falência ou tentando uma recuperação judicial, é preciso que as empresas disponham de uma ferramenta com uma metodologia mais precisa para estampar a realidade da sua liquidez. Esse artigo, traz uma proposta de um novo indicador financeiro (IRF) como um novo parâmetro, desenvolvido para fornecer uma análise mais exata da solvência, especialmente para empresas com alta alavancagem. O IRF trabalha relacionando a relação entre empréstimos e patrimônio líquido (PL), excluindo estoques e ajustando a análise para a estrutura de capital da empresa, reagindo tempestivamente as variações econômicas da empresa, dando tempo hábil para tomar decisões assestadas e preventivas, e assim evitar possíveis falências empresariais. Com base em dados de 14 empresas brasileiras listadas na B3, entre elas sete em recuperação judicial, o IRF demonstrou uma eficácia superior em comparação aos indicadores tradicionais. Portanto, o IRF é recomendado como uma métrica preferencial para análise de liquidez, em ambientes econômicos desafiadores.

Natália VRAŇAKOVÁ, Zdenka GYURÁK BABEĽOVÁ

The main aim of the article is to present practical examples of HR practices with respect to the quality management system and its standards. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to obtain an overview of research trends in the field of HR management in the context of quality management. The article also presents the connections of HR practices with quality management systems (QMS) with an emphasis on the importance of a process approach in human resource management. The article presents selected human resource management processes such as recruitment, hiring and adaptation. Examples of documents related to human resource management processes are also provided. A standardized job description structure is presented as an output of the job analysis process. An example of a responsibility matrix is provided, defining employee responsibilities, in which their readiness to perform specific work activities, acquired through training, is also recorded.

Tomohiro Hirano, Joseph E. Stiglitz

This paper analyses the impact of credit expansions arising from decreases in collateral requirements or more expansionary monetary policies on long-term productivity in a model with endogenous growth. Credit expansions associated with relaxation of land collateral financing (capital collateral financing) will be productivity-and growth-retarding (enhancing). Without appropriate financial regulation, expansionary monetary policy may so encourage land speculation using leverage that productive capital investment is decreased; there is a temporary asset boom, but slower economic growth. The generation that experienced the asset price boom is better off, but subsequent generations are worse off because of low growth.

Isabella Di Filippo, Bruno Escobar, Juan Facal

We study how increases in remote work opportunities for men affect their spouses' labor supply. Exploiting variation in the change in work-from-home (WFH) exposure across occupations before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we find that increases in men's WFH exposure led to sizable improvements in their wives' labor-market outcomes: annual employment rose by roughly 2.5 percentage points (from a 69% pre-treatment mean), earnings increased by about 5%, weekly hours worked rose by roughly half an hour, weeks worked increased by about 1.3%, and the likelihood of part-time work declined by approximately 9%. Evidence from time-use diaries and childcare questionnaires suggests these effects are driven by intra-household reallocation of child-caring time: women are less likely to engage in primary childcare activities, while men working at home partially compensate by covering more for their spouse. These results highlight the role of households in shaping the labor market consequences of remote work.

Mingzhi Xiao, Takara Sakai, Daisuke Murakami et al.

While tourism is widely regarded as a catalyst for economic and urban transformation, its effects on land prices remain contested. This study examines tourism and land prices using a panel of 1,724 Japanese municipalities from 2021 to 2024, with annual tourist arrivals as a proxy for tourism activity. Using mediation analysis and panel threshold regression, we show that sizable land price increases are concentrated in a small group of "superstar" cities, specifically those in the top 5.9 percent for tourist arrivals, while most municipalities experience little or no effect. The results highlight pronounced nonlinearities and spatial heterogeneity in tourism's economic impact across Japan. The potential mechanisms linking tourism to land price growth are mixed, with possible benefits for local residents as well as risks of increased burdens. These findings underscore the need for policies that promote inclusive growth and an equitable distribution of tourism-related gains.

Venkat Ram Reddy Ganuthula, Krishna Kumar Balaraman

This paper examines labor market polarization through a comparative analysis of skill-based employment and wage distributions in India and the United States during 2018-2023, with particular attention to differential automation risks and AI preparedness. Using detailed occupation-level data, automation risk metrics, and a series of statistical tests including wage premium analysis, employment share tests, and wage-employment regressions, we document significant structural differences in labor markets between developing and developed economies. Our analysis yields four key findings. First, we find statistically significant differences in employment distribution patterns, with India showing disproportionate concentration in low-skill employment compared to the US, particularly in occupations with high automation risk. Second, regression analysis reveals that wage premiums differ systematically between the two countries, with significantly larger skill-based wage gaps in India. Third, we find robust evidence of a negative relationship between employment size and wages, suggesting stronger labor supply effects in developing economies. Fourth, analysis of occupation-specific automation risk reveals that developing economies face a "double vulnerability" - concentration of employment in both low-skill occupations and jobs with higher automation potential, complicated by lower AI preparedness scores. These findings provide novel empirical evidence on how development stages influence labor market polarization patterns and carry important implications for skill development and technology adoption policies in developing economies. Our results suggest that traditional approaches to labor market development may need significant modification to account for the differential impacts of AI across development stages.

Jens-Joris Decorte, Jeroen Van Hautte, Chris Develder et al.

Labor market analysis relies on extracting insights from job advertisements, which provide valuable yet unstructured information on job titles and corresponding skill requirements. While state-of-the-art methods for skill extraction achieve strong performance, they depend on large language models (LLMs), which are computationally expensive and slow. In this paper, we propose \textbf{ConTeXT-match}, a novel contrastive learning approach with token-level attention that is well-suited for the extreme multi-label classification task of skill classification. \textbf{ConTeXT-match} significantly improves skill extraction efficiency and performance, achieving state-of-the-art results with a lightweight bi-encoder model. To support robust evaluation, we introduce \textbf{Skill-XL}, a new benchmark with exhaustive, sentence-level skill annotations that explicitly address the redundancy in the large label space. Finally, we present \textbf{JobBERT V2}, an improved job title normalization model that leverages extracted skills to produce high-quality job title representations. Experiments demonstrate that our models are efficient, accurate, and scalable, making them ideal for large-scale, real-time labor market analysis.

Hayato Kanayama, Sho Miyaji, Suguru Otani

How labor markets adjust immediately after minimum wage hikes remains an open, policy-relevant question. This paper studies short-run minimum-wage effects in Japan's spot labor market using Timee data and a wage-bin difference-in-differences design. We find a 2\% employment decline in affected bins, driven by reduced vacancy creation rather than worker supply. Effects are more negative where the minimum-wage bite is higher and in low-wage occupations. Using job descriptions and amenity information, we document reallocation across job types: postings shift toward greater amenity provision and experienced-worker targeting, while female-targeted descriptions become less common, suggesting short-run labor-demand adjustments may foreshadow longer-run reallocation.

Kazi Shams Al Arefin, Dibakar Chowdhury, Fahad Bin Islam et al.

Poultry farming in Bangladesh involves raising birds mainly for meat and eggs. Poultry industry produce huge waste and causes environmental pollution. This study was commenced to investigate knowledge, perception, and attitudes toward waste management practices related to environmental Pollution and Public Health safety among poultry farmers. A well-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 35 randomly selected commercial poultry farms. The data revealed that 46% of farmers are between (30-39) years, 69% of farmers are married, and the education level of farmers is average. 71% of farmers rear broilers due to their high growth rate. 54% of farmers preferred semi-paka houses and rear poultry on concrete floors (74%). Farmers using litter materials such as sawdust 77%, and 60% of farmers changed litter materials in 30 days intervals. Biosecurity practice in this area was fair level (66%). Around 65% of farmers dispose of dead birds through burial. Around 69% of farmers throw litter materials on agricultural land. The majority of farmers were aware of the risk of human disease (97%), water pollution (94%), and air pollution (97%) from poultry wastes. A small percentage of farmers received training on farm management (14%), waste management, and Biosecurity (9%). Not a single farmer had waste management facilities such as pit’s flush system, manure storage system, box type manure storage and zero percent of farmers were aware of the Environmental Protection Act. Perception of farmers on environmental issues associated with farming such as flies, noise problems, water pollution, gas production, etc. was high. Constraints to the adaptation of integrated waste management practices such as insufficient funds, shortage of labor, manure price, vehicle facilities, and waste disposal facilities were not severe.

N. AmabellaGrace, Siaton, J. A. F. Gimena et al.

Organic farming in the Philippines is taking a toll in establishing its sustainability in the market due to varying factors. This study determined the adoption of organic farming in the Visayas area, Philippines, A.Y. 2020 with the end view of formulating an empowerment development model for farmers. The study utilized the multi research method with the use of researcher-made questionnaire as the main instrument in data gathering. Both quantitative and qualitative data was used in ascertaining the factors that influenced the adoption of organic farming in Visayas. There were thirty-five (35) respondents who were the farmers from the selected organic farms in Visayas, both in Region VI-Western Visayas and Region VII-Central Visayas. These farms are accredited by a third-party accrediting body of the Department of Agriculture. Convenience sampling technique was used where the participants were selected based on their availability and their willingness to take part of the study. The main instrument used in gathering the data was research-designed and had undergone content validation and pilot testing to ascertain their functionality and reliability. For data analysis weighted mean, chi-square test of independence and One-Way ANOVA. Land size, soil quality, farmer’s level of education and labor demand techniques influenced the farmers in adopting organic farming at a moderate extent. The organic farmers moderately practiced soil management, weed control techniques, crop diversification, fertilization, irrigation and harvesting. There is a significant relationship between the type of respondents and the extent of influence of land-size to the farmers toward adopting organic farming and there is also another significant relationship between cooperative membership of the respondents and the extent of influence of labor demand techniques towards the farmer’s decision to engage in organic farming. However, there is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the farming practices they employed in their organic farming activity. There is no significant difference between the responses of the respondents on the extent of influence of the factors like land-size, soil quality, farmer’s level of education and labor demand techniques to the farmers in their inclination to adopt organic farming and the organic farming practice that used in their organic farming by activity Despite of a good market opportunity of organic farming, there was just a gradual conversion of the farmers from organic farming to conventional farming even though the country is doing some initiatives to push for the sustainability of organic farming industry.  Likewise, the growing demand for organic produce in the market, the farmers in Region VI and VII have shown hesitation towards full adoption and had not applied the ideal farming practices at a maximum level to ensure that their activity addresses the vulnerability of the environment vis-a-vis fulfilling the commitment to provide healthy and nutritious crops to the consumers.

Alberto Acosta

Atrás quedan las promesas del “desarrollo”, nutridas de uno de los corazones de la Modernidad: el “progreso”. En la vorágine, estamos abocados a replantearnos el tema del trabajo y del ocio. Se ha transformado el fenómeno del “ocio”, para expresar libertad y autonomía en un espacio mercantil de la vida misma. El “ocio mercantil” es reflejo de un mundo “mal desarrollado”, donde “trabajo” y “ocio” terminan igualmente alienados a la acumulación del capital. Pero no todo es desalentador. Hay reflexiones y acciones que demandan la construcción de sociedades radicalmente distintas. Palabras clave: Modernidad, Desarrollo, Progreso, Ocio y Trabajo.

Hambur Wang

This study explores the impact of appearance discrimination in the labor market and whether education can mitigate this issue. A statistical analysis of approximately 1.058 million job advertisements in China from 2008 to 2010 found that about 7.7% and 2.6% of companies had explicit requirements regarding candidates' appearance and height, particularly in positions with lower educational requirements. Literature review indicates that attractive job seekers typically enjoy higher employment opportunities and wages, while unattractive individuals face significant income penalties. Regression analysis of 1,260 participants reveals a significant positive correlation between attractiveness scores and wages, especially in low-education groups. Conversely, in high-education groups, the influence of appearance on income is not significant. The study suggests that enhancing education levels can effectively alleviate income declines associated with appearance, providing policy recommendations to reduce appearance discrimination in the labor market.

Yu Miao, Alexandre Yokochi, Goran Jovanovic et al.

Non-thermal plasma as a tool in chemical reaction engineering has been studied for many years. The temperature of electrons in non-thermal plasma far exceeds other particles, which leads to its high efficiency. Besides the well-studied destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the reaction environment generated by non-thermal plasma is also suitable for the activation of many significant gas-phase chemical reactions, e.g., as methane coupling, reduction of carbon dioxide, ammonia synthesis, nitrogen fixation, as well as some liquid phase chemical reactions such as the treatment of contaminated water. Material synthesis is another target field of non-thermal plasma. Plasma in micro scale with several enhanced properties makes it an even more promising tool for plasma-chemical processing. This work summarizes different types of non-thermal plasmas and their performance in commonly studied chemical reactions. The advantages gained by generating non-thermal plasma in micro scale with constricted spaces, reduced timescales, and micro-/nano-structured electrodes are also discussed.

Ali Heydarnezhad, Seyed Mohammadbagher Jafari, Jafar Rahmani et al.

The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) reports a one percent increase in Iran's Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index when compared to the majority of Asian countries and some reference countries in the long-term horizon of 50 years. In fact, the growth of labor productivity between 2010 and 2019 was less than all Asian countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a productivity pattern based on social capital.  Using the meta-synthesis approach and MaxQDA software, and after selecting 79 studies from among 580 previous studies, the dimensions, components and indicators of the model were extracted and identified. Based on the research findings, 9 dimensions, 24 main categories and 163 sub-categories (code)were identified. The nine dimensions are trust building, communication management, learning and growth, cultural factors, facilitator strategies, organizational factors, human resources, achieving sustainable development and profitability. The results of the emphasis of the previous research on each of the main categories using Shannon entropy technique and Excel software showed that growth and maturity and economic programs are the most important and the least important categories among the 24 categories, respectively. It is suggested that all managers update the human capital management process in accordance with the social capital based productivity pattern by hiring expert consultants and creating a special office for productivity management. Then, while periodically evaluating productivity based on the proposed pattern, all payments, bonuses and promotions of employees and managers should be base on the amount of their effort and participation in order to increase social capital and productivity.

Veronika Čabinová, Peter Gallo, Ján Dobrovič et al.

The paper's chief goal is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on consumer purchasing behaviour and purchasing decisions concerning selected factors affecting consumers when buying food products in chain stores. The research was conducted in V4 countries, and data were obtained from a questionnaire. Essential research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction and deduction, were used in the presented research. Selected basic methods of descriptive statistics, normality tests and correlation coefficients were also applied. After evaluating the results of the questionnaire and verifying the research hypotheses, the expected conclusion regarding the apparent impact of COVID-19 on consumer purchasing and decision-making was confirmed. The hypothesis focused on buying behaviour in relation to gender (p = 0.03665), and economic status (p = 0.0407) was confirmed, manifesting a statistically significant relationship between these factors. A statistically significant relationship between age and buying behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic was not confirmed (p > 0.05). The research's benefit is identifying changes in buying behaviour and consumer decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is crucial information, especially for entrepreneurs who can thus adjust their business activities to the current customer needs.

Hugo Sant'Anna, Samyam Shrestha

We use administrative panel data on the universe of Brazilian formal workers to investigate the labor market effects of the Venezuelan crisis in Brazil, focusing on the border state of Roraima. The results using difference-in-differences show that the monthly wages of Brazilians in Roraima increased by around 2 percent, which was mostly driven by those working in sectors and occupations with no refugee involvement. The study finds negligible job displacement for Brazilians but finds evidence of native workers moving to occupations without immigrants. We also find that immigrants in the informal market offset the substitution effects in the formal market.

Hanlin Li, Nicholas Vincent, Stevie Chancellor et al.

Many recent technological advances (e.g. ChatGPT and search engines) are possible only because of massive amounts of user-generated data produced through user interactions with computing systems or scraped from the web (e.g. behavior logs, user-generated content, and artwork). However, data producers have little say in what data is captured, how it is used, or who it benefits. Organizations with the ability to access and process this data, e.g. OpenAI and Google, possess immense power in shaping the technology landscape. By synthesizing related literature that reconceptualizes the production of data for computing as ``data labor'', we outline opportunities for researchers, policymakers, and activists to empower data producers in their relationship with tech companies, e.g advocating for transparency about data reuse, creating feedback channels between data producers and companies, and potentially developing mechanisms to share data's revenue more broadly. In doing so, we characterize data labor with six important dimensions - legibility, end-use awareness, collaboration requirement, openness, replaceability, and livelihood overlap - based on the parallels between data labor and various other types of labor in the computing literature.

Arnaud Dupuy, Alfred Galichon

This paper introduces a maximum likelihood estimator of the value of job amenities and labor productivity in a single matching market based on the observation of equilibrium matches and wages. The estimation procedure simultaneously fits both the matching patterns and the wage curve. While our estimator is suited for a wide range of assignment problems, we provide an application to the estimation of the Value of a Statistical Life using compensating wage differentials for the risk of fatal injury on the job. Using US data for 2017, we estimate the Value of Statistical Life at \$ 6.3 million (\$2017).

Gabriel da Silva Medina

By understanding the economics of agribusiness, an important economic sector for developing countries, this article explores possibilities for a new development paradigm based on areas of opportunities created for local entrepreneurs. Based on a detailed study of the soybean market chain in Brazil, this paper illustrates that the current neoliberal economic approach has resulted in a business which is dependent on foreign multinationals. While foreign companies hold 60% of the soybean market share, Brazilian groups hold only 40% of the entire business, with the domestic market share concentrated in land (13.3%) and labor (14.3%). But the expansion of foreign investments in agribusiness in the country offers opportunities occupied by Brazilian companies, characterizing a situation of associated dependent development. Currently, 12.4% of the share held by Brazilian companies belongs to capital and technology intensive segments such as seed production (2.4%), fertilizers (4.8%), agrochemicals (0.6%), machinery (0.3%), and agro-industry trade (4.3%). The increase in the participation of Brazilian groups in agribusiness requires agricultural policies that can be inspired by a new development paradigm. Opportunities created by foreign investments can be used by domestic groups to increase their share in agro-industrial sectors. Lessons from the Brazilian case can help other developing countries to explore areas of opportunities for domestic investments in dynamic economic sectors such as agribusiness.

Eka Miftakhul Jannah, A. A. Rachmadhan, Meidaliyantisyah Meidaliyantisyah et al.

The decrease of the smallholder sugarcane area is the major problem for the Indonesian plantation white sugar industry. This study aims to analyze factors that affecting the decrease of the smallholder sugarcane area. This study uses a panel data econometric model; using cross-sectional data from five provinces of smallholder sugarcane base area (East Java, Central Java, Lampung, West Java, and Yogyakarta) with monthly time series from 2014 to 2018. Estimates use the generalized least square (GLS) method. The results showed that the decrease of the smallholder sugarcane area was significantly affected by: (1) the decrease of sugar factories that were actively operating, (2) the increase of labor wages in the estate crops sector, (3) land competition with corn commodities, and (4) the increase of residential areas due to growth of population. The opening of new sugar factories out of Java Island is an alternative to encourages land clearing for smallholder sugarcane areas.