Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

R. N. Musina

The article is devoted to the formation and development of ethnosociology in Tatarstan, which is closely associated with the name of one of its founders, Leokadia Mikhailovna Drobizheva. Ethnosociology, as a field that arose at the junction of ethnology and sociology, focuses on studying the development features of the peoples of Russia. Originated in the mid-1960s as a response to the changing political and socio-economic situation in the USSR, it has always expressed the demands of the times. The article reveals the areas and main issues of research in which ethnosociologists from the Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences were involved. The author reveals the professional and personal qualities of L.M. Drobizheva as the initiator and organizer of a number of ethnosocial projects in the country, which were aimed at studying the most relevant problems of our time. Those studies examined issues of state identity and ethnic identity, nationalism, problems of equality/inequality of social and ethnic groups, ethnic and social distances, interethnic relations. The results were presented in numerous publications, lectures, consultations, and helped in working out political decisions. L.M. Drobizheva made a significant contribution to the improvement of the federal foundations of the Russian state, which was rightlfully appreciated by the leadership of the Russian Federation and the academic community. 60 years of development resulted in the formation of a large School of ethnosociology, which includes fellow ethnosociologists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, the national republics of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union. It also unites large Russian university cities with ethnosociology centers, where research is conducted, lectures on ethnosociology are given to students of various disciplines, such as history, sociology, cultural and political studies, etc.

Sergei Rasskasov, Taissiya Marmontova, Kairat Abdrakhmanov

Introduction. This paper focuses on the publication and analysis of two little-known maps from the mid-18th century, preserved in the 192nd collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). These maps are directly related to the history of the Old Ishim and New Ishim (also known as Presnogorkovskaya) borderlines. These lines marked the frontier between territories administered by the military and civil authorities of the Siberian and Orenburg provinces of the Russian Empire and the lands of the Kazakh steppe. The study aims to demonstrate the significance of these cartographic documents for understanding imperial frontier planning and decision-making during the 18th century. Methods and materials. The primary materials are two manuscript maps held in RGADA’s 192nd collection. These documents include not only geographic representations but also narrative cartouches containing administrative and descriptive information. The study applies descriptive and historical-comparative methods, as well as spatial analysis and the method of “neighboring context.” The combination of cartographic and textual analysis allows for a comprehensive interpretation of these historical artifacts. Analysis. The paper provides a detailed description of the maps and a transcription of the texts within the cartouches. These texts offer insights into how border lines were projected and justified, shedding light on Russian imperial decision-making processes in frontier governance. The analysis of historiographical literature reveals that such cartographic sources have received insufficient scholarly attention. This neglect limits the potential to understand the full scope of spatial and administrative strategies employed in 18th-century Russian expansion. The study highlights the need to treat maps not merely as illustrations but as integral historical sources. Results. The expected outcomes include the integration of these newly published sources into ongoing research on the history of Siberia and Kazakhstan, the stimulation of academic interest in historical cartography, and the recognition of maps as valuable tools for reconstructing imperial spatial practices. By bringing these maps into scholarly discourse, the paper contributes to both the regional historiography of Central Eurasia and methodological advancements in the use of visual documents in historical research. Authors’ contribution. Sergei Rasskasov discovered the maps in the 192nd collection of RGADA, conducted their description, and prepared the transcriptions of the cartouches. Taissiya Marmontova and Kairat Abdrakhmanov contributed to the analysis of the historiographical context and the interpretation of the archival background. All authors participated in framing the theoretical approach and finalizing the analytical structure of the paper.

Evgeny Krinko

Героизму детей и подростков в годы Великой Отечественной войны посвящено значительное количество различных публикаций. Однако в советской историографии мотивы юных героев трактовались упрощенно, сводились исключительно к патриотизму. В современных публикациях порой встречаются другие крайности: некоторые подвиги вообще отрицаются вследствие отсутствия достоверных источников или объясняются психическими и социальными аномалиями. Цель статьи – выяснение мотивов подвигов, совершенных юными героями Юга РСФСР, а также особенностей их представления в нарративах и мемориальных практиках. В указанных географических рамках проблема прежде еще не рассматривалась. Источниковую базу исследования составили преимущественно воспоминания участников и очевидцев событий, в том числе записанные непосредственно автором статьи, а также опубликованные в специальных сборниках, архивные документы, материалы периодической печати и художественные произведения. Помимо применения традиционного источниковедческого анализа исторических документов, сравнительно-исторического и проблемно-хронологического методов, используется кейс-стади, позволивший проанализировать наиболее типичные нарративы и на их основе выделить основные мотивы поведения несовершеннолетних участников войны. Автор предлагает расширить рамки понятия подвига по отношению к детям и подросткам, считая таковым само участие несовершеннолетних в Великой Отечественной войне, даже если они и не были удостоены боевых наград. В нарративах, записанных в советское время, доминировали патриотические мотивы, это же было характерно для советской художественной литературы. Нарративы последних десятилетий предлагают более разнообразную палитру мотивов подвигов юных героев на Юге РСФСР (наряду с патриотизмом и ненавистью к врагам отмечаются сочувствие к раненым и пленным военнослужащим Красной армии, погибшим в период оккупации мирным жителям, интерес к приключениям, оружию и военному делу, другие психологические и социальные факторы, связанные с возрастными особенностями несовершеннолетних и развитием событий военного времени). Мемориальные практики увековечивают подвиги как действия, совершенные вследствие патриотических мотивов.

Nuriet K. Gubzhockova

This work is based on a linguacultural approach, which views culture as a hierarchically organized system of cultural codes that structure the extremely complex and multifaceted cultural world. Each cultural code is divided into a number of independent linguistic units. This article examines the semantic features of the natural-landscape code unit gogu "road," which is widely represented in Adyghe linguistic culture. The research material includes linguosemiotic formations with ethnic specificity and high semiotic content – sacred texts, proverbs, metaphors, phraseological units, metonymies, speech stereotypes, and allusions – that allow for the interpretation of a particular people's worldview. In this article, the primary source is the Adyghe Corpus – an annotated electronic collection of texts in the Adyghe language. The study revealed that the unit gogu "road" encompasses a range of cultural meanings, which can be divided into three associative clusters, the most important of which are "gogu as a path" and "gogu as fate." This study also successfully confirmed the applicability of the cultural coding method in studying Adyghe culture.

Edson Luiz Ursini, Paulo S. Martins

The evaluation of the probability of union of a large number of independent events requires several combinations involving the factorial and the use of high performance computers with several hours of processing. Bounds and simplifications on the probability of the union are useful in the analysis of stochastic problems across various areas including (but not limited to) systems reliability, biological systems, real-time fault-tolerant systems, probability theory, information theory and communications. We propose an approximation to evaluate the probability of the union of several independent events that uses the arithmetic mean of the probability of all of them. The approximate results are very close to, but larger than the exact values. The method allows a much smaller number of operations with a similar result and more simplicity.

Shengding Sun, Aljaž Zalar

The matrix Fejér-Riesz theorem characterizes positive semidefinite matrix polynomials on the real line. In the previous work of the second-named author this was extended to the characterization on arbitrary closed semialgebraic sets $K$ in $\mathbb{R}$ by using matrix quadratic modules from real algebraic geometry. In the compact case there is a denominator-free characterization, while in the non-compact case denominators are needed except when $K$ is the whole line, an unbounded interval, a union of two unbounded intervals, and it was conjectured also when $K$ is a union of an unbounded interval and a point or a union of two unbounded intervals and a point. In this paper, we confirm this conjecture by solving the truncated matrix-valued moment problem (TMMP) on a union of a bounded interval and a point. The presented technique for solving the corresponding TMMP can potentially be used to determine degree bounds in the positivity certificates for matrix polynomials on compact sets $K$.

Larisa Kh. Dzasezheva

The article is dedicated to the study of the metaphorical potential of the lexemes "ne" and "eyes" in the Kabardino-Circassian and English languages. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comparative study of visual metaphors in the Kabardino-Circassian and English languages, which will reveal the specific features of the national picture of the world of the studied languages. In the course of the work, the empirical material was studied using various linguistic methods and the most productive visual metaphorical models in Kabardino-Circassian and English were identified. The author comes to the conclusion that metaphorical images in the studied languages largely coincide, which can be explained by the universality of the biological functions of the eye as an organ. The paper notes a higher nominative density of the metaphorical model "Eyes are love" in the Kabardino-Circassian language and a higher metaphorical potential of the lexeme "ne".

Marina Ch. Kremshokalova, Ruslan Kh. Urusov

The article examines the peculiarity of the implementation of the procedural code in Kabardian proverbs and sayings. The subject code is the most explored in linguistic study, allowing us to reflect on numerous ideas that are important in people’s axiology. Due to the lack of research on the procedural codes of culture, the necessity of introducing these symbolic representations into the scientific field is justified. The aim of the study is to identify the semiotic elements of Kabardian paroemias that mark the value representations of native speakers. The scientific novelty consists in presenting the mechanisms of encoding the ethnomental paradigms of epistemology, in reflecting the deep structures of consciousness through words associated with the most important verbs of action. As a result of the study, the most frequent words projecting cultural dominants are identified and their semantic classification is presented.

Emily F. Kerrison, Ron D. Ekers, John Morgan et al.

Recent observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at radio frequencies have proved to be a powerful tool for probing the solar environment from the ground. But how far back does this tradition really extend? Our survey of the literature to date has revealed a long history of scintillating observations, beginning with the oral traditions of Indigenous peoples from around the globe, encompassing the works of the Ancient Greeks and Renaissance scholars, and continuing right through into modern optics, astronomy and space science. We outline here the major steps that humanity has taken along this journey, using scintillation as a tool for predicting first terrestrial, and then space weather without ever having to leave the ground.

Oleksander Alieksiejchenko

Despite the fact that after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States on its ruins, most of the former Soviet republics considered the CIS a means of achieving national independence and strengthening statehood, the Russian Federation, on the other hand, saw the Commonwealth as a transitional stage on the way to the reintegration of the post-Soviet space. However, despite Russian expectations, the CIS was unable to fulfill the function of a kind of bridge on the way to the creation of “USSR 2.0”. Therefore, the Kremlin resorted to the creation of the Eurasian Economic Community and other integration associations, which, according to its initiators, were to become a transitional model on the way to the implementation of a new imperial project under Russian supremacy. Methods. The main methodological approaches to studying the Russian Federation's policy in the post-Soviet space were historical, political science and geopolitical. It is the latter that considers the Russian Federation's policy in the post-Soviet space as an attempt to restore the geopolitical and geoeconomic influence of the Russian Federation through integration projects, the key instrument of which is Russian economic expansion. Results. The author of the article analyzed the Russian Federation's policy on the reintegration of post-Soviet countries through projects such as the EurAsEC, the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space, designed to promote the revival of a new version of the Russian empire. It was found that the EurAsEC became a kind of tool for Russian integration policy in preparing to ensure the expansion of influence on the countries of the post-Soviet space. With the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, it became obvious that it was the EurAsEC that played the role of a transitional integration institute for a decade and a half within the framework of the doctrine of "different-speed" integration of post-Soviet countries. Another supranational project was the Customs Union, which is designed to ensure the implementation of Russia's strategy to create a single economic space within the Russian Federation, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. It has been proven that the goal of all geopolitical and geoeconomic integration projects of the Russian Federation in the Eurasian space was Moscow's dominance, which aims to restore the Russian imperial project. The main obstacle to the restoration of the Russian empire was Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic policy. Conclusions. The author believes that all the projects proposed by the Russian authorities after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 have one goal - the reintegration of the former Soviet republics into the Russian Federation. Unable to convince the leaders of the post-Soviet countries of the ability of the CIS to fulfill the mission of restoring the Soviet Union, the Kremlin authorities resorted to proposing the implementation of projects such as the EurAsEC, the SES, the Customs and Eurasian Economic Unions. All of them were supposed to ensure the geopolitical and geoeconomic dominance of the Russian Federation on the way to the creation of a new Russian empire. However, the implementation of the Russian Federation's geostrategy was hindered by Ukraine's policy aimed at integration into the EU and NATO, and, accordingly, at distancing itself from the Russian Federation and leaving its field of influence. This inevitably led to an attempt by Moscow to forcefully convert Ukraine to an imperial project, as was clearly demonstrated by the armed aggression unleashed by Russian President Putin against Ukraine in 2014, which continues to this day. After all, the Russian dictator is firmly convinced that a new Russian empire is impossible without the absorption of Ukraine.

Klavdiia Panasiuk

The review analyses two books published in 2023. They are united by one of the most strategic issues of Ukrainian society: language. The first book is an essay by Yevheniia Kuznetsova “Language is a Sword. As the soviet empire used to say”. This is a collection of essays on the USSR language policy. In the introduction, the author notes that they can be read separately and in any order. In total, the book includes 101 brief (two to three pages) chapters, each covering an aspect of the language issue in the Soviet empire. The researcher identifies such areas of state language policy as: latinization, cyrillization, russification, and the role of northern boarding schools in the indigenization of the indigenous peoples of the North; the influence of ideology on linguistic research; russification of names and surnames etc. In the book, from chapter to chapter, the author describes the steps taken by the Soviet authorities in relation to the languages of the former Soviet Union nations, how some of them were threatened with extinction, and how some have already disappeared. From chapter to chapter, the author tells how the soviet authorities treated the languages of the former soviet union republics, how some of them were endangered and some have already disappeared. Looking for answers to the questions: why are there Ukrainians in Ukraine who do not know their native language? Or why some people are ashamed of their native dialects? How did it happen that the russian language became an offensive weapon. Yevheniia Kuznetsova claims that language has always been a political argument. At the same time, she leads readers to the conclusion that the Ukrainian language should become a shield in the fight against empires. This idea is developed by Feodosiia Kolesnyk in her book “Stories of the Armed Forces of Ukraine about our life-giving language”. These are essays narrated from the first person. Real people: men and women. Different people of different ages, military ranks, and life experiences discuss modern military routines, their comrades, their hatred of the enemy, what their native language means to them, and emphasize the problems they believe the functioning and establishment of the Ukrainian language in society. We have the war where there is no Ukrainian language and where Ukrainian history has not been taught - this is the central idea of F. Kolesnyk. And both books inspire faith that Ukraine will exist, the Ukrainian language will become our real shield, and after the war ends Ukrainian language will be at the international level. Key words: language and war, extermination of languages, russification, nationalization, language situation, language as a shield and a sword, national minorities, bilingualism.

A. Sokolov

The article examines the contacts between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia in the economic sphere in the 1930s. In the context of accelerated industrialization, the Soviet leadership faced the task of obtaining targeted loans. The article analyzes the experience of the USSR issuing a bond loan guaranteed by the government of the Czechoslovak Republic. The source base was documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics. These documents are devoted to the history of issuing government loan bonds intended to pay for orders from the trade mission of the USSR to Czechoslovak firms. Conclusions. The bond loan of 1935 played an important role in the development of trade between the two countries. The loan agreement marked the beginning of a new stage in the history of Soviet-Czechoslovak relations during the interwar period.

Dinara Z. Mardanova

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Michael Levin

Let (X,Z) be a dynamical system on a compact metric X and let X be the countable union of closed invariant subsets X_i, i in N. We prove that mdim X =sup {mdim X_i : i in N}.

András Mészáros

We prove that for any large enough constant $k$, the union of $k$ independent $d$-dimensional determinantal hypertrees is a coboundary expander with high probability.

M. Shailieva, K. Sergeeva

The article examines the dynamics of machine tool production in the countries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and post-Soviet states from the standpoint of statistical science. In the course of the work a data was obtained, the tabular and graphical presentation of which made it possible to identify certain periods of time in the machine tool industry of the USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States (including the Baltic states), characterized by different dynamics and production structure in individual states. The initial stage of development fell on the territory of modern Russia, but during the years of the existence of the USSR, a number of machine-tool industries were opened in the Union Republics. This gave impetus to industrial development on the periphery of the Soviet state, and by the time the domestic machine tool industry flourished in the late 1970s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic accounted for less than half of the all-Union output. However, after 1978 there was a significant decline in the dynamics of production in the industry. And after the collapse of the country there is almost complete destruction of the machine-tool industry on the territory of the countries of the former USSR. The results obtained in the course of the study can be useful in scientific and practical activities in assessing the current situation, as well as prospects for the production and consumption of machine tools in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Ukraine and the Baltic states.

G. Alpyspaeva, G. Zhuman

The article considers the social and political aspects of the Soviet state policy towards the Muslims of Kazakhstan in the 20- the 30s of the XX century. Documentary materials from the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan represent the source study base of the research. Based on the analysis of archival sources, the transformation of state-Muslim relations is shown as the Soviet power strengthened: from a tolerant attitude towards Islam in the first years of the victory of the Bolsheviks to the complete secularization of the rights and freedoms of Muslims in the following decades. The author gives a characteristic of the forms and methods of the anti-religious struggle of the Soviet state, substantiates the thesis about its harmful influence on the spiritual life of Muslims that, under conditions of the most severe administrative pressure and total restriction, took the form of a semi-legal existence. The policy of the Soviet state in relation to Islam was built considering the political situation in the country. The loyalty of politics in the early years of Soviet power to a certain extent contributed to the temporary revival of the religious movement. It was due to the desire of the latter to receive political support from a huge number of Muslims of the former Russian Empire, including Kazakhstan. At the same time, loyalty did not exclude the conduct of anti-religious propaganda aimed at limiting Islam. As the Soviet power strengthened, the anti-Islamic doctrine became tougher, acquiring the character of an uncompromising struggle aimed at closing the objects of a religious cult and spiritual education, limiting, and then eliminating the Muslim clergy, etching the religious worldview from the minds of the masses, and imposing communist ideology. The declared “class struggle against the enemies of socialism,” which included the Muslim clergy, became the political underpinnings of the tightening of confessional policy. Public organizations made their contribution to whipping up the atmosphere of intolerance towards religion, to the destruction of the spiritual foundations of society: the Union of Militant Atheists of Kazakhstan, Anti-religious, the Union «Koshchi».

Ping Li

The {\em planar Turán number} of $H$, denoted by $ex_{\mathcal{P}}(n,H)$, is the maximum number of edges in an $H$-free planar graph. The planar Turán number of $k\geq 3$ vertex-disjoint union of cycles is a trivial value $3n-6$. Lan, Shi and Song determine the exact value of $ex_{\mathcal{P}}(n,2C_3)$. We continue to study planar Turán number of vertex-disjoint union of cycles and obtain the exact value of $ex_{\mathcal{P}}(n,H)$, where $H$ is vertex-disjoint union of $C_3$ and $C_4$. The extremal graphs are also characterized. We also improve the lower bound of $ex_{\mathcal{P}}(n,2C_k)$ when $k$ is sufficiently large.

Tomasz Nakoneczny

A characteristic feature of Polish-Russian mutual perception is binarity, manifesting itself in various discursive spaces, from colloquial stereotypes, through popular literature, to sophisticated forms of meta-historical discourse. Asian-Europeanness, Latin-Byzantism/Orthodoxy, collectivism-individualism, and authenticity-falsehood, are just some of the oppositions that organise the social imagination of Poles and Russians in the sphere of their mutual assessments and opinions. The article draws attention to the partial manifestations of such oppositions (literary discourse, postcolonial studies, etc.) in order to show their hidden, dialectical dimension. To achieve this goal, the author refers to the category of ratio and emotum, which refers to a specific current of the European philosophical tradition. Both of these binary categories are the foundation for creating an image of the Other. They also fit into self-defining strategies important for understanding Polish and Russian identity.

Ekaterina Vasilieva, Tamara Rostovskaya, Ebulfez Süleymanlý

Introduction. Population growth in the world is uneven: while in some countries the population has been growing for a long time (China, India), in Russia and in many EU and BRIC countries, the birth rate has been declining in recent years; and if this does not affect the population, then only by increasing life expectancy and migration. Abrupt changes – both growth and decline – in the population are a threat to the national security of the state. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of political management (strategies and tools) aimed at solving demographic problems and increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation, as well as to identify the stages of the formation of demographic policy in the Russian Federation in 1992–2019. Methods and materials. Based on the qualitative analysis of normative documents, the frame analysis of speeches of political leaders the main factors that influenced the coverage of demographic problems are revealed (the authors used official electronic versions of the following publications: “Sobranie Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation) and “Byulleten normativnykh aktov federalnykh organov ispolnitelnoy vlasti” (Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Authorities). Analysis. The proposed research strategy allowed identifying demographic threats to national security articulated by political actors and presented in official documents, statements of officials, as well as to compare the political decisions taken in the Russian Federation with the decisions taken in some European countries. Strategic documents that ensure national security of the Russian Federation by including the demographic agenda in political discourse are considered as a tool of political management. Results. The article assesses the effectiveness of political management in solving demographic problems and increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation, identifies the stages of the formation of demographic policy in the Russian Federation in 1992–2019, as well as the features of the articulation of demographic problems in the political discourse of Russia, and describes demographic threats. The analysis of the regulatory framework as a tool for political management, demographic threats prevention, as well as the basis of the state strategy for increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation allowed identifying policy decisions that can be used to develop new measures within the framework of programs to increase the birth rate in the Russian Federation.