Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Horea ȘTEFĂNESCU, Cosmin PRODEA

This study provides a comparative analysis of the teaching workload of physical education and sport (PES) teachers in 17 countries across Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe: Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Greece, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research highlights significant differences between countries with sustainable educational policies (Estonia, Slovenia, Greece, Czechia, Croatia) and those where teachers are overburdened and poorly supported (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The results show that teaching workload varies between 16 and 21 hours per week, directly impacting teaching quality, teacher health, and the social prestige of the discipline. Positive models are characterized by reduced workloads (16–17 hours), official recognition of extracurricular activities, and investments in modern infrastructure. In contrast, high workloads (19–21 hours), combined with the lack of recognition of invisible work, lead to professional fatigue, demotivation, and lower quality of education. Article history: Received 2025 November 10; Revised 2025 December 30; Accepted 2026 January 05; Available online 2026 January 30; Available print 2025 January 30

Marcin Śniadecki, Anna Malitowska, Oliwia Musielak et al.

Agnieszka Gawlas-Zajączkowska

This article examines the migration policy of the Polish government toward the Jewish minority during the interwar period (1918–1939). Drawing on historical sources and scholarly literature, the study explores how emigration was promoted as a central strategy for addressing what was perceived as the “Jewish question.” The analysis reveals three dominant tendencies: efforts to encourage or force Jewish emigration from Poland; attempts to identify and negotiate with foreign governments for potential resettlement destinations, including Palestine and Madagascar; and measures aimed at preventing the return of Polish Jewish citizens from abroad. Despite early attempts at cooperation and integration, the government’s approach increasingly reflected the influence of nationalist and antisemitic ideologies, particularly in the 1930s. These policies, often unrealistic and legally questionable, ultimately failed and contributed to the worsening plight of Polish Jews on the eve of World War II. The article argues that the state’s reliance on emigration as a solution, combined with administrative inefficiency and growing antisemitism, exemplifies the broader failure of minority policy in interwar Poland.

Małgorzata Wisłowska, Piotr Szczęsny, Jakub Wroński et al.

Introduction This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of anifrolumab (ANF) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with severe manifestations such as neuropsychiatric SLE (neuro-SLE), lupus nephritis, and antiphospholipid syndrome-associated SLE (APS-SLE), based on real-world clinical practice at a single center in Poland. This study is a retrospective analysis of patients with severe SLE who failed to achieve remission following previous immunosuppressive treatment and were subsequently started on ANF therapy. Material and methods Ten patients with SLE were treated at the Rheumatology Clinic of the National Institute of Geriatric, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation (Warsaw, Poland) between 15 March 2024 and 20 April 2025. Data collected included medical history, clinical and demographic information, imaging results, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) score, and treatment details. All patients had severe forms of SLE, with some presenting active neuropsy­chiatric symptoms and others with active lupus nephritis. All were unresponsive to prior high-dose immunosuppressive therapy and glucocorticosteroids. Results All 10 patients with severe manifestations, including neuro-SLE, lupus nephritis and APS-SLE, showed significant clinical improvement following ANF therapy, as evidence by reduced SLEDAI-2K scores. Conclusions Anifrolumab appears to be a promising and safe therapeutic option for patients with severe SLE based on real-world data.

Adrian Jarosz

Artykuł opisuje nowe możliwości badań z zastosowaniem analizy DNA. Opisano kilka przykładów wykorzystania nowej technologii w badaniach archiwalnych (historycznych) i genealogicznych, a także przedstawiono potencjał DNA jako nośnika informacji. Przywołane przykłady pokazują, że analiza genetyczna może potwierdzić albo obalić wcześniejsze przypuszczenia.

A Roshini Suha Cath, V Revavathi, S Jagadeeswari et al.

Sprengel shoulder is a rare congenital anomaly caused by disrupted scapular descent during development. It is associated with hypoplastic or absent muscles such as the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and serratus anterior, leading to scapular winging. Cavendish grading classifies the severity as very mild, mild, moderate, or severe. Mild cases may appear normal under clothing, while severe cases feature significant elevation, neck webbing, and brevicollis. One-third of cases have an omovertebral bone. Diagnosis is made through chest and shoulder radiography. Treatment is non-operative for mild cases, while moderate to severe cases require early surgical correction to prevent movement restriction. Sprengel shoulder is linked to conditions such as Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS), Poland syndrome, and VATER association, necessitating multidisciplinary evaluation. In this case report, a three-year-old girl presented with left shoulder elevation and restricted movement. Prenatal history revealed left renal agenesis. Examination showed an elevated left shoulder, restricted abduction, and apparent limb shortening. A typical Sprengel deformity with an omovertebral bone was diagnosed with the help of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The Modified Excision and Reconstruction of Scapula (MEARS) procedure was planned, to improve mobility and quality of life for this patient. Additional evaluation was planned due to associated features such as a low hairline, vertebral fusion anomalies, and spina bifida, suggesting a possible genetic syndrome, most likely KFS. The rarity of Sprengel shoulder with an omovertebral bone and unilateral renal agenesis prompted this report.

Xiyue Zhu, Peng Tang, Haofu Liao et al.

Language models have led to a leap forward in web automation. The current web automation approaches take the current web state, history actions, and language instruction as inputs to predict the next action, overlooking the importance of history states. However, the highly verbose nature of web page states can result in long input sequences and sparse information, hampering the effective utilization of history states. In this paper, we propose a novel web history compressor approach to turbocharge web automation using history states. Our approach employs a history compressor module that distills the most task-relevant information from each history state into a fixed-length short representation, mitigating the challenges posed by the highly verbose history states. Experiments are conducted on the Mind2Web and WebLINX datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Results show that our approach obtains 1.2-5.4% absolute accuracy improvements compared to the baseline approach without history inputs.

Viviana Nosilia

Professors from Poland have always been relatively numerous at Italian universities. The time-span 1990–2020 has seen some significant changes owing not only to a natural generational turnover, but also to processes that affect the reasons and ways that lead them to the Peninsula. The article deals primarily with researchers who managed to become faculty members at Italian universities. These scholars have created a wide range of      materials for teaching and popularising Polish language and literature, thus continuing the trend initiated in the previous years. Most of them were active as specialists in Polish studies (mainly in the field of literature), but this is by far not a general rule. Some of the fields which were frequently investigated by these scholars are the following ones: the relations between Poland and Italy, the circulation of texts, writers, and motifs, Polish diaspora in Italy, and the history of translations and translation studies.

Wanda Krystyna Roman

The main role of the press, published at any time, is to deliver information and form public opinion. The expectations are even higher regarding the underground press. The history of Poland has numerous references to the theory and methodology of the underground press. It starts from Polish uprisings at the end of the 18th century, goes through the occupation of Polish territories during World War I, includes illegal publications printed between the two World Wars, the underground press circulated during World War II, and ends with the underground press published in the People's Republic of Poland (PRL). Because of the amount of underground press, comprising around 70% of total published press, one can try to look for generalizations regarding the role of the underground press, its place, and the aims it had on Polish soil over the last 200 years. The underground press was always published in parallel with the official press. The latter, however, was normally under a variety of pressures from the invaders or occupying authorities. This was either through repression during the II Republic of Poland or through preventative censorship during the People's Republic of Poland. The underground press in Poland was always a fighting one. It came into existence under specific socio-political conditions and had to fulfill specific aims. The freedom of expression it offered was a counterbalance to the official newspapers. In the whole world's press history, Polish secret and underground press, before and during the January Uprising of 1863, was a phenomenon never seen on such a scale before. Another example of such a phenomenon was the underground press published in occupied Polish territories during World War II. The underground press played a very important role in the Polish resistance movement. It was a source of information and also influenced the formation of public opinion, strengthening the will to live and fight. The press was, in that fight, like a sword and one of the main ways of communication through which the public learned about the requirements set for them in times of war. Every newspaper and magazine published during the occupation had very strong patriotic meaning too. They helped the public to survive with dignity by offering information, advice, warnings, and information on underground activities. As such, it should be critically verified. Questions about the underground press's authenticity and credibility should be asked. The research of the press as a source of archived information requires the recreation of the history of a particular title and the establishment of the ways it was financed. Also important are the organizational links it had, availability of technical support, analysis of the editorial team and those who cooperated with it, the level of censorship, and the reconstruction of methods used for content selection and coverage.

Magdalena Dąbrowska

The paper presents the materials related to Poland and the translations of the works of the Polish authors (polonica) in the periodical “Ukrainsky Vestnik”, published in Russian in Kharkiv in the years 1816–1819. A polonicum shall be interpreted in accordance with the National Library’s definition. The paper represents comparative research in the field of the Polish-Russian-Ukrainian literary connections in the early 19th century (role of P. Hułak-Artemowski as a translator of the Polish literature and the first Polish language teacher at the Kharkiv University). The publications in the periodical “Ukrainsky Vestnik” are grouped into: 1. original publications and translations, 2. historical studies about the Polish and East-Slavic connections (e.g. during the Uprising of Chmielnicki), outlines of history of the Polish literature and culture and the translations of the Polish poetry and journalism in the Enlightenment (e.g. F. K. Dmochowski’s speech about I. Krasicki), translations of the Krasicki’s essays, the poetry by A. Naruszewicz and F. Karpiński. In the paper were used the quantitative and qualitative research methods.

Arno Simons

This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

Constraints on the Higgs boson self-coupling are set by combining double-Higgs boson analyses in the bb¯bb¯, bb¯τ+τ− and bb¯γγ decay channels with single-Higgs boson analyses targeting the γγ, ZZ⁎, WW⁎, τ+τ− and bb¯ decay channels. The data used in these analyses were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 126–139 fb−1. The combination of the double-Higgs analyses sets an upper limit of μHH<2.4 at 95% confidence level on the double-Higgs production cross-section normalised to its Standard Model prediction. Combining the single-Higgs and double-Higgs analyses, with the assumption that new physics affects only the Higgs boson self-coupling (λHHH), values outside the interval −0.4<κλ=(λHHH/λHHHSM)<6.3 are excluded at 95% confidence level. The combined single-Higgs and double-Higgs analyses provide results with fewer assumptions, by adding in the fit more coupling modifiers introduced to account for the Higgs boson interactions with the other Standard Model particles. In this relaxed scenario, the constraint becomes −1.4<κλ<6.1 at 95% CL.

Anita Adamczyk

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza polskiej polityki migracyjnej. Nie dotyczy ona jednak rozważań na temat treści w niej zawartych, ale luk, paradoksów i etapów jej konstytuowania. W artykule postawiono tezę głoszącą, że polska polityka migracyjna tworzona „od góry” jest pełna paradoksów, co czyni ją wewnętrznie niespójną. Z jednej strony, ekonomiczna logika rynku nakazuje otwartość polityki na cudzoziemców, podczas gdy logika polityki skłania ku zamknięciu. W zaproponowanych w artykule fazach cyklu tworzenia polityki migracyjnej nie możemy wyjść poza drugi etap. „Polityka na papierze” jest naszą domeną. Z uwagi na ciągłe jej zmiany nie możemy przejść do fazy wdrażania i oceny. Niniejszy tekst powstał na podstawie metod charakterystycznych dla nauk o polityce i administracji (instytucjonalnej, systemowej, decyzyjnej) i nauk prawnych (prawno-dogmatyczna).

Leonardo Impett, Fabian Offert

In this paper, we revisit Johanna Drucker's question, "Is there a digital art history?" -- posed exactly a decade ago -- in the light of the emergence of large-scale, transformer-based vision models. While more traditional types of neural networks have long been part of digital art history, and digital humanities projects have recently begun to use transformer models, their epistemic implications and methodological affordances have not yet been systematically analyzed. We focus our analysis on two main aspects that, together, seem to suggest a coming paradigm shift towards a "digital" art history in Drucker's sense. On the one hand, the visual-cultural repertoire newly encoded in large-scale vision models has an outsized effect on digital art history. The inclusion of significant numbers of non-photographic images allows for the extraction and automation of different forms of visual logics. Large-scale vision models have "seen" large parts of the Western visual canon mediated by Net visual culture, and they continuously solidify and concretize this canon through their already widespread application in all aspects of digital life. On the other hand, based on two technical case studies of utilizing a contemporary large-scale visual model to investigate basic questions from the fields of art history and urbanism, we suggest that such systems require a new critical methodology that takes into account the epistemic entanglement of a model and its applications. This new methodology reads its corpora through a neural model's training data, and vice versa: the visual ideologies of research datasets and training datasets become entangled.

Ulyana Piterbarg, Lerrel Pinto, Rob Fergus

Neural Language Models (LMs) offer an exciting solution for general-purpose embodied control. However, a key technical issue arises when using an LM-based controller: environment observations must be converted to text, which coupled with history, results in long and verbose textual prompts. As a result, prior work in LM agents is limited to restricted domains with small observation size as well as minimal needs for interaction history or instruction tuning. In this paper, we introduce diff history, a simple and highly effective solution to these issues. By applying the Unix diff command on consecutive text observations in the interaction histories used to prompt LM policies, we can both abstract away redundant information and focus the content of textual inputs on the salient changes in the environment. On NetHack, an unsolved video game that requires long-horizon reasoning for decision-making, LMs tuned with diff history match state-of-the-art performance for neural agents while needing 1800x fewer training examples compared to prior work. Even on the simpler BabyAI-Text environment with concise text observations, we find that although diff history increases the length of prompts, the representation it provides offers a 25% improvement in the efficiency of low-sample instruction tuning. Further, we show that diff history scales favorably across different tuning dataset sizes. We open-source our code and data to https://diffhistory.github.io.

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a continuous evolution and perfection of what we today call the standard cosmological model has been produced, although some authors like to distinguish separate periods within this evolution. A possible historical division of the development of cosmology into six periods is: (1) the initial period (1917-1927); (2) the period of development (1927-1945); (3) the period of consolidation (1945-1965); (4) the period of acceptance (1965-1980); (5) the period of enlargement (1980-1998); and (6) the period of high-precision experimental cosmology (1998-now). The last period started with a epistemological optimism that has declined with time, and the expression "crisis in cosmology" is now stubbornly reverberating in the media. The initial expectation of removing the pending minor problems arising from the increased accuracy of measurements has backfired: the higher the precision with which the standard model tries to fit the data, the greater the number of tensions that arise, the problems proliferating rather than diminishing.

Katariina E M Vuorinen, Gunnar Austrheim, Jean-Pierre Tremblay et al.

Global warming has pronounced effects on tundra vegetation, and rising mean temperatures increase plant growth potential across the Arctic biome. Herbivores may counteract the warming impacts by reducing plant growth, but the strength of this effect may depend on prevailing regional climatic conditions. To study how ungulates interact with temperature to influence growth of tundra shrubs across the Arctic tundra biome, we assembled dendroecological data from 20 sites, comprising 1153 individual shrubs and 223 63 annual growth rings. Evidence for ungulates suppressing shrub radial growth was only observed at intermediate summer temperatures (6.5 °C–9 °C), and even at these temperatures the effect was not strong. Multiple factors, including forage preferences and landscape use by the ungulates, and favourable climatic conditions enabling effective compensatory growth of shrubs, may weaken the effects of ungulates on shrubs, possibly explaining the weakness of observed ungulate effects. Earlier local studies have shown that ungulates may counteract the impacts of warming on tundra shrub growth, but we demonstrate that ungulates’ potential to suppress shrub radial growth is not always evident, and may be limited to certain climatic conditions.

Mirocha, Piotr

Dejan Ajdacic’s ‘Polish-Serbian Literary Relations’ and the Reception History of Serbian Literature in Poland and Polish Literature in Serbia: A review of: Ajdačić, Dejan. Polish-Serbian Literary Relations. Translations and Reception (In Serbian: Poljsko-srpske književne veze. Prevodi i recepcija). University of Gdansk Press, 2021, 124 pp. ISBN 978-83-8206-249-6. Particular attention is paid to the perspective of reception history of Polish-Serbian literary contacts throughout history.

Aneta A. Ptaszyńska, Przemyslaw Latoch, Paul J. Hurd et al.

European <i>Apis mellifera</i> and Asian <i>Apis cerana</i> honeybees are essential crop pollinators. Microbiome studies can provide complex information on health and fitness of these insects in relation to environmental changes, and plant availability. Amplicon sequencing of variable regions of the 16S rRNA from bacteria and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from fungi and plants allow identification of the metabiome. These methods provide a tool for monitoring otherwise uncultured microbes isolated from the gut of the honeybees. They also help monitor the composition of the gut fungi and, intriguingly, pollen collected by the insect. Here, we present data from amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA from bacteria and ITS2 regions from fungi and plants derived from honeybees collected at various time points from anthropogenic landscapes such as urban areas in Poland, UK, Spain, Greece, and Thailand. We have analysed microbial content of honeybee intestine as well as fungi and pollens. Furthermore, isolated DNA was used as the template for screening pathogens: <i>Nosema apis</i>, <i>N. ceranae</i>, <i>N. bombi</i>, tracheal mite (<i>Acarapis woodi</i>), any organism in the parasitic order Trypanosomatida, including Crithidia spp. (i.e., <i>Crithidia mellificae</i>), neogregarines including <i>Mattesia</i> and <i>Apicystis</i> spp. (i.e., <i>Apicistis bombi</i>). We conclude that differences between samples were mainly influenced by the bacteria, plant pollen and fungi, respectively. Moreover, honeybees feeding on a sugar based diet were more prone to fungal pathogens (<i>Nosema ceranae</i>) and neogregarines. In most samples <i>Nosema</i> sp. and neogregarines parasitized the host bee at the same time. A higher load of fungi, and bacteria groups such as Firmicutes (<i>Lactobacillus</i>); <b><i>γ</i></b>-proteobacteria, Neisseriaceae, and other unidentified bacteria was observed for <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and neogregarine infected honeybees. Healthy honeybees had a higher load of plant pollen, and bacteria groups such as: <i>Orbales</i>, <i>Gilliamella</i>, <i>Snodgrassella</i>, and Enterobacteriaceae. Finally, the period when honeybees switch to the winter generation (longer-lived forager honeybees) is the most sensitive to diet perturbations, and hence pathogen attack, for the whole beekeeping season. It is possible that evolutionary adaptation of bees fails to benefit them in the modern anthropomorphised environment.