Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Marion Baques, Piero Poli, Michele Fondriest

In the last thirty years, the Northern and Central Apennines (Italy) have been affected by three main destructive seismic sequences: the 1997 Colfiorito (three events $M_L > 5.5$), the 2009 L'Aquila (one event $M_L > 5.5$), and the 2016--2017 Amatrice--Visso--Norcia (three events $M_L > 5.5$). Several studies have analysed the spatio-temporal evolution and processes driving each sequence, focusing mainly on the foreshock--mainshock--aftershock periods. Here, we focus on the 2018--2024 interseismic phase, aiming to unravel the long-term seismogenic behaviour of this region. We first relocated the earthquake catalogue and identified clusters through a declustering algorithm. During this phase, background seismicity and most clusters were arranged in a 2--3 km thick low-angle layer. We found that (i) most clusters were driven by aseismic processes, (ii) the depth of both clusters and the seismicity layer increased toward the southeast, (iii) the volume of clusters decreased toward the southeast, and (iv) the low-angle layer almost disappeared in the L'Aquila area. Comparing two interseismic phases (2011--2016 and 2018--2024), we found striking similarities, with events occurring at the same sites and characterized by both foreshock--mainshock--aftershock and swarm-like behaviour. In addition, the L'Aquila area was seismically more silent compared to the northern sites during both interseismic phases. We propose that these different long-term seismogenetic behaviours reflect variations in the structure and rheology of the upper crust from the Northern to the Central Apennines. This highlights the important role of structural inheritance in controlling how active deformation affects the interseismic period.

Erkan Osmanović

Eldar Høidal

Marco F. De Sanctis, Andrea Gilardi, Giacomo Milan et al.

We propose three spatial methods for estimating the full probability distribution of PM10 concentrations, with the ultimate goal of assessing air quality in Northern Italy. Moving beyond spatial averages and simple indicators, we adopt a distributional perspective to capture the complex variability of pollutant concentrations across space. The first proposed approach predicts class-based compositions via Fixed Rank Kriging; the second estimates multiple, non-crossing quantiles through a spatial regression with differential regularization; the third directly reconstructs full probability densities leveraging on both Fixed Rank Kriging and multiple quantiles spatial regression within a Simplicial Principal Component Analysis framework. These approaches are applied to daily PM10 measurements, collected from 2018 to 2022 in Northern Italy, to estimate spatially continuous distributions and to identify regions at risk of regulatory exceedance. The three approaches exhibit localized differences, revealing how modeling assumptions may influence the prediction of fine-scale pollutant concentration patterns. Nevertheless, they consistently agree on the broader spatial patterns of pollution. This general agreement supports the robustness of a distributional approach, which offers a comprehensive and policy-relevant framework for assessing air quality and regulatory exceedance risks.

Dag F. Simonsen

Denne artikkelen er del 1 av en undersøkelse av statens avhendelser av jord i deler av det som i 1864 var blitt Tana herred i Finnmark, sett i forhold til jordavhendelsesloven av 1863 med tilhørende reglementer og visse andre vedtak. Det dreier seg om grunn som nylig var definert som statlig eid, i de nederste fire mil av Tanadalen, et område som gradvis gikk fra å være samiskdominert til å bli mer etnisk blandet i løpet av perioden. Undersøkelsen gjelder faktiske avhendelser, statens mål og måloppnåelse og fordelingen av avhendelser på befolkningen i en tid da myndighetene gjennom en bred vifte av tiltak, også fornorskningspolitiske, grep inn i samfunnsdynamikken ved å fremme det man anså som nødvendig modernisering. Temaet er ikke rettigheter eller samenes situasjon spesielt. Denne første delen omfatter tiden 1865–1879, under reglementene av 1864 og 1876. Det ble da oppmålt og avhendet mye jord i området, enda reglene lot til å forby all avhendelse i distrikter med skog, som Tana. Staten la riktignok på ulike måter bånd på retten til å utnytte skogen. Med reglementet av 1876 kom det for første gang inn fornorskningspolitikk i regelverket. Artikkelen går inn på dette. Men forholdet mellom avhendelser og etniske grupper i Tana vil bli behandlet systematisk først i neste artikkel, som utgjør del 2 av undersøkelsen.

Abdulhady Abas Abdullah, Shima Tabibian, Hadi Veisi et al.

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for low-resource languages remains a challenging task due to limited training data. This paper introduces a comprehensive study exploring the effectiveness of Whisper, a pre-trained ASR model, for Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) an under-resourced language spoken in the Middle East. We investigate three fine-tuning strategies: vanilla, specific parameters, and additional modules. Using a Northern Kurdish fine-tuning speech corpus containing approximately 68 hours of validated transcribed data, our experiments demonstrate that the additional module fine-tuning strategy significantly improves ASR accuracy on a specialized test set, achieving a Word Error Rate (WER) of 10.5% and Character Error Rate (CER) of 5.7% with Whisper version 3. These results underscore the potential of sophisticated transformer models for low-resource ASR and emphasize the importance of tailored fine-tuning techniques for optimal performance.

Kristoffer Eliassen Grini

Sammendrag Etter andre verdenskrig lå det over 11 500 tyske krigsgraver på godt over 200 ulike gravsteder i Norge. Noen graver lå på alminnelige kirkegårder, men mange lå på egne krigskirkegårder utsmykket med den nazistiske okkupasjonsmaktens ikonografi. I Trondheim lå det to store æreskirkegårder på Havstein og Stavne. Etter okkupasjonen stakk disse stedene seg ut som påminnelser om en krigstid de fleste var glad for var over, og i mange tilfeller ønsket lokalsamfunn å fjerne, skjule eller flytte dem. På 1950-tallet igangsatte sentrale myndigheter en innsats for å flytte alle tyske krigsgraver i landet til fem sentrale gravplasser. I Trondheim ble Havstein utpekt som permanent krigskirkegård, noe som medførte flytting av nesten 2000 graver hit. Flyttingen foregikk i samarbeid med den tyske krigsgravtjenesten, som påtok seg finansiering og design av de nye gravlundene. Selv om beskyttelse og vedlikehold av krigsgraver var regulert av nasjonalt og internasjonalt lovverk, fikk markeringer og seremonier et betydelig mer dempet preg på tyske gravplasser enn på seierherrenes krigskirkegårder. Dette har ført til at kunnskapen om okkupantenes begravelsespraksis under krigen så vel som om flyttingen av graver etter 1945 til nå er lite utforsket.

Frederike Felcht

Sarah Künzler

Břetislav Horyna

The article Committing suicide. On the everydayness of (non-literary) suicide deals out criticism on the handling of suicides. It subjects sociological positions and also the statistical knowledge and develops a noetic perspective on suicide with the help of historical philosophical explanations and the current social developments, such as the emerging Euthanasia debate.

Goran Durakovic, Pedro Crespo del Granado, Asgeir Tomasgard

Hydrogen will be a central cross-sectoral energy carrier in the decarbonization of the European energy system. This paper investigates how a large-scale deployment of green hydrogen production affects the investments in transmission and generation towards 2060, analyzes the North Sea area with the main offshore wind projects, and assesses the development of an offshore energy hub. Results indicate that the hydrogen deployment has a tremendous impact on the grid development in Europe and in the North Sea. Findings indicate that total power generation capacity increases around 50%. The offshore energy hub acts mainly as a power transmission asset, leads to a reduction in total generation capacity, and is central to unlock the offshore wind potential in the North Sea. The effect of hydrogen deployment on power prices is multifaceted. In regions where power prices have typically been lower than elsewhere in Europe, it is observed that hydrogen increases the power price considerably. However, as hydrogen flexibility relieves stress in high-demand periods for the grid, power prices decrease in average for some countries. This suggests that while the deployment of green hydrogen will lead to a significant increase in power demand, power prices will not necessarily experience a large increase.

Pooja Surajbali

The Fermi bubbles are structures observed in gamma rays at GeV energies, emanating from the central region of our galaxy and extending up to 8.5 kpc above and below the galactic plane. While initial studies showed a flat brightness across the entire structure, more recent work found a brightening at the base. We perform a template-based search for TeV signals from the northern Fermi bubble and just from the base of it in data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory. We employ a profile likelihood approach to calculate the significance and flux from the search regions. With no significant signal from the northern Fermi bubble and its base, we report new upper limits on the integral flux at 95% confidence level. Our integral flux upper limits for the northern Fermi bubble are more constraining than the previous limits reported by HAWC. Moreover, we present, for the first time, TeV limits pertaining to the base of the bubble which constitutes a more fair comparison to Fermi Large Area Telescope data points close to this particular region.

Kari Lindbekk, Tomasz Opach

Sammendrag Denne artikkelen setter fokus på emigrasjon som del av befolkningsutviklingen i Trøndelag og i landsdelens kommuner, i tiden 1866–1914. Vi har utviklet kart som viser sammenliknbar informasjon fra befolkningsstatistikken om kommunene. De visualiserer en kompleks utvikling med store demografiske variasjoner mellom kommunene innenfor et regionalt mønster preget av stabilitet og regelmessighet. Vårt viktigste funn er at vi kan vise samspill mellom emigrasjon og intern migrasjon i en utvikling hvor den interne migrasjonen var den mest omfattende. Den demografiske bakgrunn for masseutvandringen fra Norge var en situasjon med avtakende dødelighet samtidig som fødselshyppigheten var stabil. Resultatet var store årskull med ungdom hvor bare noen hadde utsikt til tilstrekkelig levebrød på fødestedet. Noen av dem måtte flytte – til andre steder i Norge, eller til Amerika hvor det åpnet seg nye muligheter. Vi ser den mobile arbeidsstyrken av unge mennesker på jakt etter levebrød som en forutsetning for økonomisk omstilling i tidens moderniseringsprosess.

Julie K. Allen

Alessio Rocci

In June 1888, Oliver Heaviside received by mail an officially unpublished pamphlet, which was written and printed by the American author Willard J. Gibbs around 1881-1884. This original document is preserved in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Heaviside studied Gibbs's work very carefully and wrote some annotations in the margins of the booklet. He was a strong defender of Gibbs's work on vector analysis against quaternionists, even if he criticized Gibbs's notation system. The aim of our paper is to analyse Heaviside's annotations and to investigate the role played by the American physicist in the development of Heaviside's work.

Anna Sigridur Islind, María Óskarsdóttir, Harpa Steingrímsdóttir

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we act, interact and move around in the world. The pandemic triggered a worldwide health crisis that has been tackled using a variety of strategies across Europe. Whereas some countries have taken strict measures, others have avoided lock-downs altogether. In this paper, we report on findings obtained by combining data from different publicly available sources in order to shed light on the changes in mobility patterns in Europe during the pandemic. Using that data, we show that mobility patterns have changed in different counties depending on the strategies they adopted during the pandemic. Our data shows that the majority of European citizens walked less during the lock-downs, and that, even though flights were less frequent, driving increased drastically. In this paper, we focus on data for a number of countries, for which we have also developed a dashboard that can be used by other researchers for further analyses. Our work shows the importance of granularity in open source data and how such data can be used to shed light on the effects of the pandemic.

Andrew Hobbs, Stacey Svetlichnaya

This paper introduces the first dataset of satellite images labeled with forage quality by on-the-ground experts and provides proof of concept for applying computer vision methods to index-based drought insurance. We also present the results of a collaborative benchmark tool used to crowdsource an accurate machine learning model on the dataset. Our methods significantly outperform the existing technology for an insurance program in Northern Kenya, suggesting that a computer vision-based approach could substantially benefit pastoralists, whose exposure to droughts is severe and worsening with climate change.

Åsmund Forfang

Samandrag I 1814 innførte § 100 i Grunnlova trykkefridom i Norge. Men kva var lovgrunnlaget ved tiltale og dom i saker reiste for misbruk av trykkefridommen – § 100 sjølv eller den upopulære trykkefridomsforordninga av 27. september 1799 som hadde vore gjeldande straffelov under siste del av det dansk-norske eineveldet? Spørsmålet oppstår ved at lovverket frå eineveldets tid ifølgje § 94 i Grunnlova skulle fortsette å gjelde der det ikkje kom i konflikt med Grunnlova eller nye norske lover, inntil landet fekk sine eigne lover; den nye norske straffelova kom først i 1842. Vart forboda i 1799-forordninga straks og utan vidare sette ut av kraft i 1814? Eit utbreidd syn i dag er at det var dei ikkje, og at forordninga fortsette å vere heimel i skyldspørsmålet ved både tiltale og dom. Eit motsett syn er at dei gamle forboda var oppheva, og at § 100 fram til 1842 var einaste heimel for straffskyld. Ei sak frå 1815–17 antydar at domstolane dømte i tråd med dette siste synet, ikkje berre frå 1823, slik den som først og fremst har hevda dette synet, har meint, men alt frå denne aller første saka som nådde Høgsterett i 1817.

S. V. Shedko

To date, twelve complete genomes representing eleven species belonging to six genera have been sequenced in salmonids. For the genus Salvelinus, it was supposed to sequence the genome of Arctic char, one of the most variable species of vertebrate animals. Sequencing was carried out (Christensen et al., 2018) using the tissues of the female IW2-2015 obtained from the company engaged in industrial aquaculture of chars - Icy Waters Ltd. The company exploits two of its own broodstocks - NL and TR, originating from the chars from the Nauyuk Lake and the Tree River (Nunavut, Canada). Since the complete mitochondrial genome of the female IW2-2015 was absent in the published assembly ASM291031v2, we determined its type and complete sequence from the sequence read archives taken from Genbank. It was found that the female's mitogenome belongs to the BERING haplogroup, which is characteristic of Northern Dolly Varden S. malma malma. Analysis of other unlinked diagnostic loci encoded by nuclear DNA (ITS1, RAG1, SFO-12, SFO-18, SMM-21) also revealed distinctive characters of Northern Dolly Varden in female IW2-2015. It was concluded that the genomic assembly ASM291031v2 was obtained not from an individual of Arctic char S. alpinus, but from an individual of a related species - Northern Dolly Varden S. malma malma. The identical to the IW2-2015 female characteristics of diagnostic loci were found in other individuals from the broodstock TR. Apparently, the broodstock TR is entirely a strain derived from Northern Dolly Varden. Since assembly ASM291031v2 was obtained from a specimen originated from the marginal population of Northern Dolly Varden (Tree R.) isolated from the main range of the species and with some traces of introgressive hybridization, this assembly can hardly be considered as a description of a typical genome of S. malma malma.