Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Aleksandr Priluckij, Sergey Firsov

The publication is devoted to the chronology of the service of St. John of Kronstadt, given in accord-ance with the data of his Service List, which contains data current as of November 4, 1889. The Service List, commented on by the authors, contains various biographical data, such as origin, infor-mation about relatives, property status (ownership of real estate), an assessment of behavior, data on ordination, etc. Awards, both church-hierarchical and awards of state orders, are specifically stipulated and listed. The information contained in the Service List often refers to the sociocultural realities of the late 19th century and reproduces the stable clichés of office work that existed at that time. In this regard, the publication of the list is accompanied by factual commentary. It seems that the published Service List of St. John of Kronstadt is an important biographical source, reflecting the main stages of his ministry, deserving introduction into scientific circulation. As an addition, the Award List of Fr. John of Kronstadt and a reference relating to our time, prepared by Metropolitan John (Snychev) of St. Petersburg and Ladoga, are provided.

Agrima Seth, Monojit Choudhary, Sunayana Sitaram et al.

Representational bias in large language models (LLMs) has predominantly been measured through single-response interactions and has focused on Global North-centric identities like race and gender. We expand on that research by conducting a systematic audit of GPT-4 Turbo to reveal how deeply encoded representational biases are and how they extend to less-explored dimensions of identity. We prompt GPT-4 Turbo to generate over 7,200 stories about significant life events (such as weddings) in India, using prompts designed to encourage diversity to varying extents. Comparing the diversity of religious and caste representation in the outputs against the actual population distribution in India as recorded in census data, we quantify the presence and "stickiness" of representational bias in the LLM for religion and caste. We find that GPT-4 responses consistently overrepresent culturally dominant groups far beyond their statistical representation, despite prompts intended to encourage representational diversity. Our findings also suggest that representational bias in LLMs has a winner-take-all quality that is more biased than the likely distribution bias in their training data, and repeated prompt-based nudges have limited and inconsistent efficacy in dislodging these biases. These results suggest that diversifying training data alone may not be sufficient to correct LLM bias, highlighting the need for more fundamental changes in model development. Dataset and Codebook: https://github.com/agrimaseth/How-Deep-Is-Representational-Bias-in-LLMs

Antonis Antoniou

In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.

Jeffrey A. Barrett, Eddy Keming Chen

We introduce a framework uniting algorithmic randomness with exchangeable credences to address foundational questions in philosophy of probability and philosophy of science. To demonstrate its power, we show how one might use the framework to derive the Principal Principle -- the norm that rational credence should match known objective chance -- without circularity. The derivation brings together de Finetti's exchangeability, Martin-Löf randomness, Lewis's and Skyrms's chance-credence norms, and statistical constraining laws (arXiv:2303.01411). Laws that constrain histories to algorithmically random sequences naturally pair with exchangeable credences encoding inductive symmetries. Using the de Finetti representation theorem, we show that this pairing directly entails the Principal Principle of this framework. We extend the proof to partial exchangeability and provide finite-history bounds that vanish in the infinite limit. The Principal Principle thus emerges as a mathematical consequence of the alignment between nomological constraints and inductive learning. This reveals how algorithmic randomness and exchangeability can illuminate foundational questions about chance, frequency, and rational belief.

Xurui Zhou, Gongwei Chen, Yuquan Xie et al.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents require effective use of historical context to perform sequential navigation tasks. While incorporating past actions and observations can improve decision making, naive use of full history leads to excessive computational overhead and distraction from irrelevant information. To address this, we introduce HiconAgent, a GUI agent trained with History Context-aware Policy Optimization (HCPO) for efficient and effective utilization of historical information. HCPO optimizes history usage in both sampling and policy updates through two complementary components: (1) Dynamic Context Sampling (DCS) presents the agent with variable length histories during sampling, enabling adaptive use of the most relevant context; (2) Anchor-guided History Compression (AHC) refines the policy update phase with a dual branch strategy where the compressed branch removes history observations while keeping history actions as information flow anchors. The compressed and uncompressed branches are coupled through a history-enhanced alignment loss to enforce consistent history usage while maintaining efficiency. Experiments on mainstream GUI navigation benchmarks demonstrate strong performance. Despite being smaller, HiconAgent-3B outperforms GUI-R1-7B by +8.46 percent grounding accuracy and +11.32 percent step success rate on GUI-Odyssey, while achieving comparable results on AndroidControl and AITW with up to 2.47x computational speedup and 60 percent FLOPs reduction.

Radin Dardashti, Enno Fischer, Robert Harlander

Scientific principles can undergo various developments. While philosophers of science have acknowledged that such changes occur, there is no systematic account of the development of scientific principles. Here we propose a template for analyzing the development of scientific principles called the 'life cycle' of principles. It includes a series of processes that principles can go through: prehistory, elevation, formalization, generalization, and challenge. The life cycle, we argue, is a useful heuristic for the analysis of the development of scientific principles. We illustrate this by discussing examples from foundational physics including Lorentz invariance, Mach's principle, the naturalness principle, and the perfect cosmological principle. We also explore two applications of the template. First, we propose that the template can be employed to diagnose the quality of scientific principles. Second, we discuss the ramifications of the life cycle's processes for the empirical testability of principles.

Ruth Bartholomä, Zaur Gasimov

The journal Türk Amacı, published in Istanbul between 1942 and 1943, was – according toits subtitle – intended as a ‘propagator of Turkic cultural unity.’ As such, it is an outstandingexample of the discourse of the time and offers interesting insights into how the editor andthe authors constructed and negotiated the borders of the ‘Turkic world’ they had in mind. Ina close qualitative discourse analysis, which also considers the political and social conditionsof that time, this article will show how debates about the history, language, literature, and cultureof the Turkic people(s) and neighbouring communities – as well as the existing ideologiesof Pan-Turkism – influenced the journal. To this end, it focusses on how Turkic culture andgeographical aspects are combined, how the various (sub)groups are represented in the contributions and how the authors deal with issues of language(s). Through their selection of topics and the wording used, the articles in the journal constructed a more or less unified cultural and linguistic space, a ‘Turkic world,’ that largely ignored the question of real existing borders.

Valentina V. Borisova

The article applies the principles of microanalysis to a literary text using Crime and Punishment as an example. Through this lens, Raskolnikov’s “mistake” is revealed, specifically his historical “look back” at the great “founders and legislators of mankind.” Understanding Dostoevsky’s work also requires consideration of the context of Sacred History, which is equally important. The historical and value hierarchies of these contexts are shaped by the differing positions of the author and the protagonist in relation to the figure of Mohammed. Mohammed’s image, which simultaneously enters the perspectives of both the author and the protagonist, takes on different axiological meanings, particularly when compared with Christ: it is elevated in the author’s view and diminished in the protagonist’s. Raskolnikov’s “mistake” is intentionally “corrected” by the author, as evidenced by shifts in the stylistic register, changes in modality, and the distinctive use of quotations, keywords, and details, along with “plot criticism” of the protagonist. A microanalysis (including graphic and punctuation considerations) of the “strange” statement made by a Russian Orthodox student about Allah and his prophet reveals two levels of intertextual citation in the passage, aligning with both the author’s and the protagonist’s perspectives. Within the novel, the series of lawmakers and founders of humanity identified by Raskolnikov (Lycurgus, Solon, Mohammed, Napoleon) is replaced by another sequence (Abraham, Christ, Mohammed). This shift highlights Dostoevsky’s vivid exploration of the genealogical and spiritual connections among the Abrahamic religions and their prophets within the context of Sacred History. Without considering this religious genealogy, an adequate interpretation of Raskolnikov’s final vision of the “bosom of Abraham” is impossible. As he contemplates the “paradise valley,” the novel’s protagonist, like the prudent thief, finds himself alongside the forefather.

Huatse Gyal

Tibetan pastoralists often say that many know how to graze animals (ཟོག་ལུག་འཚོ་བ), but few know how to nurture them (ཟོག་ལུག་སྐྱོང་བ). Skyong (སྐྱོང) means nurturing or attending to something or someone with tenderness. While conducting fieldwork research among Tibetan pastoralists in eastern Tibet, I learned that animals were dying from eating discarded plastic khata (ceremonial scarves) and prayer flags. Even those who nurture animals through winter, when grass was scarce and snowstorms were constant, were not sure what to do to prevent this. This ethnographic experience inspired me to make a documentary film and to experiment with flash ethnography on this topic of the sacred status of khata in relation to its poisonous contemporary materiality. This flash ethnography takes creative license, allowing khata to speak.

Wang Bill Zhu, Deqing Fu, Kai Sun et al.

Existing recommendation systems either rely on user interaction logs, such as online shopping history for shopping recommendations, or focus on text signals. However, item-based histories are not always accessible, and are not generalizable for multimodal recommendation. We hypothesize that a user's visual history -- comprising images from daily life -- can offer rich, task-agnostic insights into their interests and preferences, and thus be leveraged for effective personalization. To this end, we propose VisualLens, a novel framework that leverages multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enable personalization using task-agnostic visual history. VisualLens extracts, filters, and refines a spectrum user profile from the visual history to support personalized recommendation. We created two new benchmarks, Google-Review-V and Yelp-V, with task-agnostic visual histories, and show that VisualLens improves over state-of-the-art item-based multimodal recommendations by 5-10% on Hit@3, and outperforms GPT-4o by 2-5%. Further analysis shows that VisualLens is robust across varying history lengths and excels at adapting to both longer histories and unseen content categories.

Upayan Chatterjee

The trail to Kuari Pass passes through the heart of Garhwal in the Western Himalayan region of India. The way up to the pass is known for some of the most jaw dropping vistas of high Himalayas. While peaks like Mt. Dronagiri, Bhramal, Hathi and Gauri are constant companions on the route, a vantage point at Jhandi Dhar brings one face to face with many other prominent snow peaks like Kedarnath, Kedar Dome, Mana Mandir, Neelkantha, Kamet, Chaukhamba and the magnificent Nanda Devi, behind her rocky sentinels of the Bugyal Koti range. Beyond snow peaks, the trail offers serene forest patches of ancient oaks and walnuts together with the experience of traversing expansive Himalayan meadows at multiple occassions along the way. This journey to Kuari Pass is the first of many that I plan to undertake, with a central focus on trekking in and around Mt.Nanda Devi’s sphere of influence. Trails to Rudranath, Bagini Glacier, Nanda Devi East Base Camp and Shipton’s Dibrughetta across Dharansi Pass await and I earnestly hope that the Goddess allows us into her courtyard each time like the way she welcomed us on the Kuari Pass trail. All images have been taken by the author, except for the last (page no. tba). It has been taken by Abhilasha Rawat.

Nikolai Andreev

The immigration policy of contemporary China began to take shape soon after the creation of the state itself in 1949. Today, there are works by Chinese researchers that examine the stages of formation of this policy, the features of each of these stages in accordance with their political and ideological content, and the ranking of groups arriving in the country immigrants, ways of adaptation to the PRC of highly qualified newcomers in demand in the country with unique experience or world fame, opposition to illegal immigration and other, more specific issues. Some of the analyzed works were published in Russia. However, they are of a review nature and it is impossible to trace the dynamics of studying the history of the immigration policy of the PRC. Therefore, the study of contemporary Chinese historiography, moreover, published specifically in China itself, seems to be an urgent and scientifically in demand task. The significance of such a study is also due to the fact that Chinese authors’ interpretations of the problems of immigration policy are determined by the ideological attitudes that exist in this regard. Therefore, by studying the immigration policy of China, one can trace the evolution of the socio-political ideas of this country from the era of Mao Zedong and further – through the time of the “policy of reform and opening up” that began in 1978 until Xi Jinping came to power and declared at the XVIII Congress of the CPC the aim of transforming the planet’s population into a “community of a common destiny for mankind.” Such a look at the Chinese historiography of immigration policy, in addition to systematizing information about the content of researches on this topic by PRC scientists and the evolution of the views expressed in them, will allow us to monitor changes in Chinese ideology over the past several decades on issues that are currently significant for the PRC, as well as assess the degree of ideologization purely practical issues related to ensuring national security. To do this, the judgments of Chinese researchers of past and present immigration policy will be compared with the opinion of a Chinese scientist, but working in the West and therefore free from the need to set the correct accents from the point of view of the PRC leadership.

Andrej Saje

The article addresses the main factors in contracting a Christian marriage. It shows the origins of the different valuation of marital consent and priestly blessing, based on the conditionality of the Western and Eastern Christian traditions. In the Latin Church, the prevailing doctrine has always been that marriage is contracted by the consent of the betrothed and that the two confer the sacrament on each other. In the Eastern tradition, the minister of the marriage is the priest who performs the sacred rite. Proceeding from the traditional doctrine of the indissolubility of contract and sacrament and from the terminological distinction between the essential nuptial act, which is the consent to marriage, and the essential liturgical rite with the priestly blessing, it is concluded that the priestly blessing in the Eastern Churches only has the character of an essential rite. When positive human law conflicts with natural law due to unforeseen circumstances, natural law prevails. In this case, the marriage would be valid even without the priestly blessing as an essential rite. The ministers of the sacrament of matrimony are the spouses themselves in both the ordinary and extraordinary forms of marriage. The priest who blesses the newlyweds in the Eastern Churches, where a sacred rite is required for validity, can thus be considered a minister of the sacrament in the liturgical sense.

Paola Tine

What makes a family? On the one hand, tangible aspects such as a shared household, eating practices, and marriage alliances come to mind. On the other hand, that ineffable dominium of feelings of attachment that is difficult to articulate also must have its role. I define the former a ‘substantial’ dimension, and the latter an ‘ontological’ dimension of kinship. Substantial and ontological dimensions are often profoundly intertwined in familial groups in most societies, yet in differing ways. Also, while substantial elements are not necessary for a group to identify as a family, as demonstrated by transnational family arrangements that do not share a household or eating practices, at the same time the expected exchange of substances might also follow obligations that do not correspond to one’ s personal sense of belonging. The present essay visualizes the intersubjective processes through which middle-class people conceive of the family in the Newar city of Bhaktapur (Nepal), through the negotiation of domestic spaces and practices. Drawing upon fifteen months of ethnographic research in 2018-2019, I show how ontological and substantial dimensions come together to shape modern ideas of family.

F. Lomoc, A. P. Boette, N. Canosa et al.

We analyze the application of the history state formalism to quantum walks. The formalism allows one to describe the whole walk through a pure quantum history state, which can be derived from a timeless eigenvalue equation. It naturally leads to the notion of system-time entanglement of the walk, which can be considered as a measure of the number of orthogonal states visited in the walk. We then focus on one-dimensional discrete quantum walks, where it is shown that such entanglement is independent of the initial spin orientation for real Hadamard-type coin operators and real initial states (in the standard basis) with definite site parity. Moreover, in the case of an initially localized particle it can be identified with the entanglement of the unitary global operator that generates the whole history state, which is related to its entangling power and can be analytically evaluated. Besides, it is shown that the evolution of the spin subsystem can also be described through a spin history state with an extended clock. A connection between its average entanglement (over all initial states) and that of the operator generating this state is also derived. A quantum circuit for generating the quantum walk history state is provided as well.

Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman

With the widespread availability of high-speed networks, it becomes feasible to outsource computing to remote providers and to federate resources from many locations. Such observations motivated the development, from the mid-1990s onwards, of a range of innovative Grid technologies, applications, and infrastructures. We review the history, current status, and future prospects for Grid computing.

Lauren Greenspan

Based on string theory's framework, the gauge/gravity duality, also known as holography, has the ability to solve practical problems in low energy physical systems like metals and fluids. Holographic applications open a path for conversation and collaboration between the theory-driven, high energy culture of string theory and fields like nuclear and condensed matter physics, which in contrast place great emphasis on the empirical evidence that experiment provides. This paper takes a look at holography's history, from its roots in string theory to its present-day applications that are challenging the cultural identity of the field. I will focus on two of these applications: holographic QCD and holographic superconductivity, highlighting some of the (often incompatible) historical influences, motives, and epistemic values at play, as well as the subcultural shifts that help the collaborations work. The extent to which holographic research -- arguably string theory's most successful and prolific area -- must change its subcultural identity in order to function in fields outside of string theory reflects its changing nature and the field's uncertain future. Does string theory lose its identity in the low-energy applications that holography provides? Does holography still belong under string theory's umbrella, or is it destined to form new subcultures with each of its fields of application? I find that the answers to these questions are dynamic, interconnected, and highly dependent on string theory's relationship with its field of application. In some cases, holography can maintain the goals and values it inherited from string theory. In others, it instead adopts the goals and values of the field in which it is applied. These examples highlight a need for the STS community to expand its treatment of string theory beyond its relationship with empiricism and role as a theory of quantum gravity.

Andrei Andreev

A native German, Georg Friedrich Parrot (1767–1852) moved to the Russian Empire in 1795, became a professor at Dorpat University in 1801 and corresponded with Emperor Alexander I for a quarter of a century, during which period both correspondents discussed the political transformations of the Russian state in the spirit of the ideas of liberalism. Drafts of Parrot’s letters and copies of the letters of Alexander I in French were preserved in the archive and were newly transcribed in full by the author of this article. The purpose of the article is to review the content of this correspondence in the context of the development of the relationship between both actors. An important role for achieving this goal is played by approaches from the fi eld of the history of emotions, thanks to which it is necessary to record not only events and ideas, but the personal experiences of people interpreted as a part of the emotional culture of a given historical period. An analysis of the correspondence not only allows one to determine Parrot’s place in the circle of friends of Emperor Alexander I and assess the degree of his infl uence on reforms, but to take a fresh look at the personality of the Emperor himself, which in turn helps to fi nd new interpretations for the character and results of the reign of Alexander I.

Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of

While an integration by parts formula for the bilinear form of the hypersingular boundary integral operator for the transient heat equation in three spatial dimensions is available in the literature, a proof of this formula seems to be missing. Moreover, the available formula contains an integral term including the time derivative of the fundamental solution of the heat equation, whose interpretation is difficult at second glance. To fill these gaps we provide a rigorous proof of a general version of the integration by parts formula and an alternative representation of the mentioned integral term, which is valid for a certain class of functions including the typical tensor-product discretization spaces.

Halil Öztürk

İbnü’l-Hümâm Hanefî-Mâtürîdî kelâm düşüncesinin müteahhirîn dönemi âlimleri içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. İslâmî disiplinler içerisinde özellikle fıkıh ve kelâm ilminde ön plana çıkmıştır. Kelâm alanında yazdığı el-Müsâyerefi’l-akâidi’l-münciyefi’l-âhire adlı eserinde İslâm’ın inanç esaslarını müteahhirîn döneminde kullanılan kelâmî metodolojiye uygun bir şekilde oluşturmuştur. İbnü’l-Hümâm, meseleleri ele alışı ve izahında Mu‘tezile, Eş‘arîyye gibi mezheplerin görüşlerini de ele almış, kendi görüşlerini/tercihlerini de açıkça zikretmiştir. Ayrıca Hanefî-Mâtürîdî kelâmî çizginin kendi içerisindeki ihtilaflara da değinmiştir. İhtilafları ortaya koyarken ‘‘Hanefîlerin Semerkant ve Buhara ulemasının bu konuda ihtilafları vardır’’ diyerek onların hangi konularda farklı düşündüklerini delilleriyle ortaya koymuştur. Semerkantlıların imamı olarak Mâtürîdî’yi belirtirken, Buharlılar için böyle bir kayıtta bulunmamakla birlikte bazen isim de vermiştir. Semerkant ve Buharalı Hanefî âlimler arasındaki kelâmî ihtilafların tekvîn sıfatının ezelî olup olmadığı, kâfirin duasının kabul edilip-edilmeyeceği, fiillerin zatında güzel ve çirkin olup olmadığı ve bunun akılla bilinebilirliği, kendisine davet ulaşmayan kimsenin dinî konumu ve imanın yaratılmışlığı konularında olduğunu belirtmiştir.