Kai M. Gensitz, Shawan Mohammed, Daniela Ströckl
et al.
Over half of the global population resides in urban areas and a vast majority of adults worldwide own smartphones, which increasingly become pervasive sensing and intervention platforms, positioning human–computer interaction at the center of everyday behavior change (Harari & Gosling, 2023; Pawar, 2025; Ritchie et al., 2025). Building on this opportunity (An et al., 2023; Gao et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2023), we propose a scoping review that maps how digital health via smartphone (i.e., mobile health) uses artificial intelligence (AI) systems to assess and promote physical activity (PA) in urban areas (see Figure 1). The review will pay explicit attention to psychosocial theory integration, inclusivity and ethical considerations as well as sustainability aspects of AI systems. We will synthesize literature that spans mobile sensing, machine learning assessment, and AI-enabled interventions, while emphasizing design considerations for responsible, human-centered real-world deployment. The aims are to (1) chart the landscape of AI-enabled systems on smartphones as mobile health assessment (e.g., passive sensing, computer vision, natural language processing) and intervention (e.g., just-in-time adaptive interventions, on-device/in-cloud causal reasoning); (2) identify how psychosocial theory (e.g., Integrated Behavior-Change Model, Social-Cognitive Theory, Behavior Change Techniques) is operationalized in algorithms, interfaces, and user journeys; (3) reflect on surface equity, ethical considerations, accessibility practices (e.g., language, ability, context constraints), and existing gaps; and (4) articulate sustainability levers (e.g., energy-aware modelling, on-device vs. in-cloud computing). Following the PRISMA-ScR framework, we will implement a transparent, reproducible protocol with the following eligibility choices (Peters et al., 2022; Tricco et al., 2018): (a) Population: adults (18+), Concept: smartphone-based AI systems for PA - assessment and intervention - plus system development processes - psychosocial theory, inclusivity, ethics, and sustainability -, Context: urban areas globally; (b) Source databases spanning health and technology research (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library) plus targeted citation searching on seed references (Hirt et al., 2024); (c) Timeframe includes studies from the first AI deployed on smartphones onward (i.e., Siri in 2011; Bosch, 2018) in English and German; (d) Data charting extracts methodological variables (e.g., design, sample, context) and outcome domains aligned with our conceptual framework: Technology (i.e., AI-type; on-device vs. cloud; sensing modalities), PA outcomes (e.g., exercise, daily activity, sedentary behavior disruption, active transport), psychosocial theory factors (e.g., intention, habit), inclusivity and ethics (e.g., accessibility, subgroup tailoring), sustainability (e.g., energy/climate considerations, nature-linked activity design), and system idea/development process (e.g., assessment or intervention, research vs. business, co-creation). Analysis will be descriptive (e.g., frequencies, evidence maps) with a conceptual synthesis of AI system designs and disseminations as mobile health via smartphones in urban areas. This review thus covers mobile health in applied contexts (i.e., PA promotion and behavior maintenance through AI via smartphones as everyday technology) and provides a rigorous map of current mobile health research, populations which are targeted, and conditions under which mobile health is implemented. A forward-looking agenda for informed, inclusive, ethical, and sustainable human–computer interaction in mobile health research and practice for the AI era concludes the review.
References
An, R., Shen, J., Wang, J., & Yang, Y. (2023). A scoping review of methodologies for applying artificial intelligence to physical activity interventions. Journal of Sport and Health Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.09.010
Bosch. (2018, January 30). Die Geschichte der Künstlichen Intelligenz: Von Turing bis Watson: Die Entwicklung der denkenden Systeme. Künstliche Intelligenz. https://www.bosch.com/de/stories/geschichte-der-kuenstlichen-intelligenz/
Gao, N., Yu, Z., Xu, Y., Yu, C., Wang, Y., Salim, F. D., & Shi, Y. (2024). Leveraging Large Language Models for Generating Mobile Sensing Strategies in Human Behavior Modeling. Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1145/3675094.3678423
Harari, G. M., & Gosling, S. D. (2023). Understanding behaviours in context using mobile sensing. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(12), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00235-3
Hirt, J., Nordhausen, T., Fuerst, T., Ewald, H., & Appenzeller-Herzog, C. (2024). Guidance on terminology, application, and reporting of citation searching: The TARCiS statement. BMJ, 385, e078384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078384
Pawar, P. (2025, January 2). Smartphone Statistics By Country, Demographics, Usage and Time Spent. Coolest Gadgets. https://coolest-gadgets.com/smartphone-statistics/
Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Khalil, H., Larsen, P., Marnie, C., Pollock, D., Tricco, A. C., & Munn, Z. (2022). Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00242
Ritchie, H., Samborska, V., & Roser, M. (2025, March). Urbanization—The world population is moving to cities. Why is urbanization happening and what are the consequences? [Our World in Data]. Urbanization. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Wang, T., Du, Y., Gong, Y., Choo, K.-K. R., & Guo, Y. (2023). Applications of Federated Learning in Mobile Health: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e43006. https://doi.org/10.2196/43006
Chronicles were a popular genre of urban literature of the late Middle Ages in the German-speaking area. Being a syncretic genre, they combined the canons of chancellery writing and stylistic patterns of traditional «world» chronicles and influenced the language of not only historiographical, but also a vast layer of informative texts. Some of the (urban) chronicles represent significant linguistic and historical-cultural monuments of the respective period. Such are, in particular, the Bernese Chronicle by D. Schilling (XV century) and the work of the same name by V. Anshelm (XVI century), dedicated to the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477). We consider Schilling’s chronicle to be a representative of a mainly militaristic type of discourse, Anshelm’s chronicle to be a polydiscursive type combining informational, political and, to a lesser extent, militaristic discourses. The purpose of the article is to analyze in comparison the military vocabulary used as the most important marker of military discourse, as well as the linguistic representation and interpretation of the war protagonists in both chronicles. In the article, methods of descriptive, contextual, and cognitive-semantic analysis are used for this purpose. This study is relevant both for historical genre studies and for clarifying the parameters of military discourse in diachrony. Although military vocabulary plays a significant role in Schilling’s chronicle due to the plentitude of battle scenes, however, it has not any evaluative character, but objective in nature and is not associated with any side of the conflict. Charles the Bold is portrayed by chroniclers as an arrogant and tyrannical ruler, but Schilling describes him in darker tones than Anshelm. Anshelm’s main puppeteer is Louis XI, who skillfully manipulated the Swiss. Both chroniclers gloss over Bern’s expansionist aspirations. The difference in the interpretation of events and their participants is due to both the biography of the authors and their individual intention – legitimization by Schilling and information by Anshelm
This paper analyses the Middle Low German version of the chivalric romance Valentin und Namelos as a translated text, adopting the basic theoretical framework advocated by ‘Translation Studies’, which foster a descriptive and interdisciplinary approach to translation. After a brief overview of the manuscript tradition, followed by a plot summary, and after having ascertained the impossibility to relate the text to its possible Middle Dutch model, special attention is paid to the target context for which the translation was made, with reference to ‘Polysystem Theory’. According to this theory, developed by the Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar, every literary work and the literature to which it belongs should be considered not in isolation, but as part of a system.
Abstract Background Delphi studies are primarily used in the health sciences to find consensus. They inform clinical practice and influence structures, processes, and framework conditions of healthcare. The practical research—how Delphi studies are conducted—has seldom been discussed methodologically or documented systematically. The aim of this scoping review is to fill this research gap and to identify shortcomings in the methodological presentation in the literature. On the basis of the analysis, we derive recommendations for the quality-assured implementation of Delphi studies. Methods Forming the basis of this scoping review are publications on consensus Delphi studies in the health sciences between January 1, 2018, and April 21, 2021, in the databases Scopus, MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, and Epistemonikos. Included were publications in German and English containing the words “Delphi” in the title and “health” and “consensus” in the title or abstract. The practical research was analyzed for the qualitative content of the publications according to three deductive main categories, to which an influence on the result of Delphi studies can be imputed (expert panel, questionnaire design, process and feedback design). Results A total of 287 consensus Delphi studies were included in the review, whereby 43% reported having carried out a modified Delphi. In most cases, heterogeneous expert groups from research, clinical practice, health economics, and health policy were surveyed. In about a quarter of the Delphi studies, affected parties, such as patients, were part of the expert panel. In the Delphi questionnaires it was most common for standardized Likert scales to be combined with open-ended questions. Which method was used to analyze the open-ended responses was not reported in 62% of the Delphi studies. Consensus is largely (81%) defined as percentage agreement. Conclusions The results show considerable differences in how Delphi studies are carried out, making assessments and comparisons between them difficult. Sometimes an approach points to unintended effects, or biases in the individual judgments of the respondents and, thus, in the overall results of Delphi studies. For this reason, we extrapolate suggestions for how certain comparability and quality assurance can be achieved for Delphi studies.
Khalid Majjouti, Vanessa Priester, Michaela Tapp-Herrenbrueck
et al.
Abstract Background Differentiating between stage 1 or 2 pressure ulcer/pressure injury (PU/PI) and incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) poses a significant challenge for healthcare professionals, due to their visual similarity. Incorrect assessments may trigger inappropriate interventions, potentially resulting in delayed treatment. KIADEKU is a multi-center research project aimed at supporting the assessment and documentation of PU/PI and IAD, as well as the implementation of evidence-based care through an AI-based application in nursing care. This paper investigates how to integrate evidence from nursing science and clinical practice into the development of the proposed AI system. Methods We conducted a literature review of nursing criteria for wound assessment. Nursing experts iteratively evaluated the findings, leading to the definition of a Minimum Data Set (MDS) that the research team used to annotate wound images for AI training. We collected a data set of wound images from the medical records of two university hospitals. To ensure high data quality, we implemented a validation process involving up to four independent expert assessments of each wound image. We calculated Krippendorff’s alpha to assess the internal consistency of the annotation process for reliability analysis. This study adhered to the TRIPOD-AI guidelines. Results The differentiation between PU/PI and IAD primarily relies on clinical observation and visual inspection, with key factors including aetiology, anatomical location, and wound morphology. The validated MDS encompasses 18 wound-related and four aetiological categories, including visual and contextual patient data. The AI system consequently integrates wound images with categorical patient information. The reliability analysis of 1,521 annotated wound images indicates substantial agreement for wound type classification (α = 0.64, 95% CI 0.62–0.68) and fair to moderate agreement for PU/PI (α = 0.57, 95% CI 0.55–0.63) and IAD categorization (α = 0.27, 95% CI 0.20–0.36). Conclusions The integration of evidence from nursing science and practice into the AI development process using a mixed-methods approach, established a robust, evidence-based foundation. This approach yielded an innovative implementation of routine care data for AI training, advancing the field of AI-driven wound care solutions. Trial registration Registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) on 2023–09-05. DRKS-ID: DRKS00029961.
This article discusses the problem of translating into German the elements of bird speech that appear in Julian Tuwim’s poems for children. The analysis will therefore focus on onomatopoeias, or longer passages of a sound-mimetic nature, which by their sound are meant to imitate the sounds made by birds. The main purpose of the article is to classify the difficulties involved in translating this type of text passages and to show what solutions the translator proposed in each problematic case. At the same time, the analysis is intended to illustrate the extent to which the characteristic sound effect used in the original was preserved in the translation of individual onomatopoeias. The basis for the analysis are two poems by Julian Tuwim that both at the level of content and language describe and vividly depict bird speech – they are “Ptasie Radio” (“Vogelradio”) and “Mowa Ptaków” (“Die Sprache der Vögel”). At the same time, it should be emphasized that the sound plane – above all, the onomatopoeia - comes to the fore in the case of the aforementioned poems and significantly affects the entire organization of the text. Onomatopoeic elements not only enrich the stylistic layer and poetic expression of these texts, but also imitate through linguistic means the sounds made by birds, thus attracting the attention of (especially the youngest) readers and stimulating their imagination. It is because of this fact that an in-depth translational analysis of the aforementioned phenomenon appears to be an extremely necessary task.
Irony is a complex linguistic phenomenon that plays an important role in children’s literature. The use of irony in a children’s literary text opens up new possibilities for interpreting the text and also brings about an important change in the level of reception of the work, as it awakens not only the curiosity of the children but also the interest of the adults. The aim of this paper is to examine the forms of irony based on Erich Kästner’s fairy tale “Puss in Boots” and to discuss the role of morphology and syntax in generating irony. A detailed analysis of the morpho-syntactic elements of irony should show that Kästner’s text can be classified in the category of crosswriting. The paper also deals with the writing style of Kästner. Typical of the German author is that he has often made adaptations of famous works of children’s and young people’s literature. “Till Eulenspiegel”, “Münchhausen” and “Die Schildbürger” are adaptations that show that Kästner is interested in works that have the potential to be humorous. Earlier versions of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” are also briefly mentioned in this paper to illustrate the popularity of the pre-text. Because Kästner’s text is an adaptation of the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm, the following important terms are also to be explained: irony, humour and intertextuality. However, the article focuses mainly on the morpho-syntactic peculiarities of Kästner’s adaptation. Different grammatical categories such as modal particles, modal verbs, attributes and punctuation are examined in the paper and this analysis tries to determine to what extent they play a role in the manifestation of irony. Such an analysis opens up new perspectives and possibilities of interpretation of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” by Kästner.
This article examines—and rejects—the idea that, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europeans who sought to obtain copies of the Vedas were repeatedly duped by having other works (purporting to be Vedas) passed off on them. The focus is on a text entitled “The Essence of the Yajur Veda,” produced by a Pietist missionary, Christoph Theodosius Walther (1699–1741), and a Brahmin identified only as Krishna, published in a German missionary periodical in 1740. This text is examined in the context of a series of similar works produced by Indian intellectuals with, or at the behest of, European missionaries and colonial officials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Rather than seeing these works as fakes, it is argued here that they are better understood as the outcome of distinctive modes of composition, transmission, and translation of Indian religious literature emerging from the early modern encounter of Indian and European scholars.
Julius L. Katzmann, Paulina E. Stürzebecher, Silvia Kruppert
et al.
Abstract The inability to tolerate sufficient doses of statins, statin intolerance (SI), contributes to the non-achievement of guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment targets. Patients with SI require alternative lipid-lowering therapies (LLT). We conducted a simulation study on LDL-C target achievement with oral LLT (ezetimibe, bempedoic acid) in patients with SI, using representative data of 2.06 million German outpatients. SI was defined using literature-informed definitions based on electronic medical records (EMR). Among n = 130,778 patients with hypercholesterolaemia, available LDL-C measurement, and high or very-high cardiovascular risk, 8.6% met the definition of SI. Among patients with SI, 7.7% achieved the LDL-C target at baseline. After simulation of the stepwise addition of treatment with ezetimibe and bempedoic acid, 22.6 and 52.0% achieved the LDL-C target, respectively. The median achieved LDL-C was 80 and 62 mg/dL, the corresponding reductions from baseline were 20.0 and 38.0%, respectively. A higher proportion of patients classified as high risk achieved the target compared to those at very-high risk (58.1 vs. 49.9%). In conclusion, in patients with increased cardiovascular risk meeting the definition of SI based on EMR, combination LLT with ezetimibe and bempedoic acid has the potential to substantially increase the proportion of patients achieving clinically relevant LDL-C reductions.
This article proposes to discuss the voluminous literary correspondence of the Estonian poets Marie Under (1883–1980) and Ivar Ivask (1927–1992), with a focus on its first year, 1957–1958. The whole correspondence comprises 550 letters, with an average length of 4000 (later 3000) words; it is held in the Cultural History Archive of the Estonian Literary Museum in Tartu. Both Under and Ivask had been war refugees, with Under and her husband, poet Artur Adson, finding an exile home near Stockholm, Sweden; Ivask and his wife Astrīde, a well-known Latvian poet emigrated to America after some years spent in DP camps in Germany. Marie Under was already a renowned poet during the Siuru movement in the Estonian Republic, and became a symbol during the Second World War, continuing to publish and hold a large reading audience in exile. In addition to her own poetry, she was a versatile translator of poetry from several languages into Estonian. Ivask, two generations younger than Under, had begun writing in Germany, but continued to search for his linguistic and cultural identity for some time: his mother tongue was Latvian, and the language of his father was Estonian; German was spoken at home. At length and around the time of the beginning of his correspondence with Under, he decided that Estonian would be his poetic language. Since coming to the United States, Ivask completed a PhD in comparative literature and established himself as a scholar and critic in Germanic Studies. He became associated with the publication Books Abroad, later renamed under his editorship as World Literature Today. Under’s and Ivask’s letters are rife with exchanges about core values in poetry, art and worldview, stylistics and poetics, as well as practicalities of publication.
After a brief introduction to theoretical approaches to the analysis of letters and correspondences, the article turns to a topical close reading of the letters from Under and Ivask’s first year: main foci included translations of the poetry of Karl Čaks, translation priorities, discussion of the aims and planned trajectory of a new cultural journal in Estonian named Mana (to which both contributed), perspectives on Ivask’s debut as a young poet, the future of Baltic literatures abroad, and the cultural politics in the exile communities over what attitude to take toward literary production from the homeland.
The second part of the article applies methods of digital humanities toward an extensive study of the Under-Ivask correspondence as a linguistic dataset, aiming to arrive at a thematic analysis of the text as a whole. The methods enable the identification of key words, word frequencies and thematic clusters, while making the whole corpus digitally accessible to the scholarly reader. The article concludes with proposals for a further study of the Under-Ivask correspondence, using the methods of digital humanities.
Jari Dahmen BSc,BSc(Med), Sjoerd A. Stufkens MD, PhD, John G. Kennedy MD, FRCS(Orth)
et al.
Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: To determine the incidence of osteochondral lesions of the ankle (as well as their location and size) incidence after isolated syndesmotic injuries. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify studies published using PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CDSR, DARE, and CENTRAL. Two authors separately and independently screened the search results and conducted the quality assessment using the MINORS criteria. Available full-text studies published in English, Dutch and German were eligible for inclusion. OCL incidence as well as location after isolated syndesmotic injuries were extracted from the original articles and subsequently pooled. Whenever possible, OCL incidence per syndesmotic timing (Acute/subacute/chronic) was calculated, pooled and compared with a random effects model. Results: Nine articles were included with 694 syndesmotic injuries. Overall (O)CL incidence was 21.6% (95% CI 18.7 - 24.8%). This rate was 15.9% (95% CI 12.2 - 20.4), 11.4% (95% CI 5.9 - 21.0), and 54.2% (95% CI 44.2-63.8) for the acute, sub-acute, and chronic isolated syndesmotic group, respectively, thereby showing a significant difference in incidence rate between the acute and chronic syndesmotic injuries group (p<0.05). Concerning overall (O)CL incidence, 74.6% (95% CI 65.9 - 81.2) of the lesions were located on the talar dome and 16.7% (95% CI 10.9 - 24.6%) of the lesions were located on the distal tibia (p<0.05). (O)CL size was not reported in any of the studies. Concerning location difference between the acute and chronic group, the incidence of talar (O)CLs was higher in the acute group than in the chronic group (100% 95% CI 93.9 - 100% vs. 46.8% 95% CI 33.3 - 60.8%.) (p<0.05). Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that (osteo)chondral lesions of the ankle are frequently associated with isolated syndesmotic injuries. (O)CL incidence was significantly higher in the chronic isolated syndesmotic injuries group compared to the acute group (54% versus 16%). The vast majority of (O)CLs were located on the talar dome.
M. Robinius, Alexander Otto, Konstantinos Syranidis
et al.
“Linking the power and transport sectors—Part 1” describes the general principle of “sector coupling” (SC), develops a working definition intended of the concept to be of utility to the international scientific community, contains a literature review that provides an overview of relevant scientific papers on this topic and conducts a rudimentary analysis of the linking of the power and transport sectors on a worldwide, EU and German level. The aim of this follow-on paper is to outline an approach to the modelling of SC. Therefore, a study of Germany as a case study was conducted. This study assumes a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) contributing to the grid and significant proportion of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) in the year 2050, along with a dedicated hydrogen pipeline grid to meet hydrogen demand. To construct a model of this nature, the model environment “METIS” (models for energy transformation and integration systems) we developed will be described in more detail in this paper. Within this framework, a detailed model of the power and transport sector in Germany will be presented in this paper and the rationale behind its assumptions described. Furthermore, an intensive result analysis for the power surplus, utilization of electrolysis, hydrogen pipeline and economic considerations has been conducted to show the potential outcomes of modelling SC. It is hoped that this will serve as a basis for researchers to apply this framework in future to models and analysis with an international focus.
Investigating the syntactic structure of utterances with multiple predicates in sign languages requires a clear understanding of how many finite and infinitival clauses they contain and which syntactic dependencies exist between them. Since the sign language literature currently lacks a standardized methodology for identifying clause boundaries, this paper discusses syntactico-semantic diagnostics of clausehood and clause size and analyzes their applicability to American Sign Language (ASL) and German Sign Language (DGS). First, I discuss tests that distinguish coordinated clauses from dependent clause structures; specifically negation, A’-movement, and subject pronoun copy. Limitations of wh- and topic fronting as clausehood diagnostics are identified and a modified subject pronoun copy test is proposed. Determining whether a given utterance contains coordinated or dependent clauses is only half the battle, however; we also want to know the approximate “size” of the constituent an embedded predicate projects. The present study takes a first pass at filling this gap by introducing rightward wh-movement and confirming center-embedding as diagnostics that can discriminate between finite and infinitival clauses in signed languages. Based on acceptability judgments from 13 native signers of DGS and ASL, I show that wh-subjects can move across infinitival control complements and the secondary predicates of resultative constructions, but they cannot cross a finite complement clause. The diagnostic thus provides empirical evidence for the existence of various types of embedded clauses in signed languages that differ in their functional structure.
Im vorliegenden Aufsatz versucht der Verfaaser die Frage, inwieweit wir es im Falle der Novelle Tod in Venedig mit einer Entgrenzung zu tun haben, zu beantworten, wobei er sehr genau Aschenbachs Versuche verfolgt, mit Tadzio in einen näheren Kontakt zu treten, was jedes Mal misslingt.