<i>Terminalia arjuna</i> (Arjun) is a tropical deciduous tree species significantly valued for its pharmaceutical properties for various heart diseases, as well as its economic role in the sericulture industry. However, the growth performance and physiological responses of <i>T. arjuna</i> under water stress conditions remain largely unexplored, particularly in the context of increasing climate variability and the growing challenges posed by climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the morpho-physio-biochemical alterations, nutrient uptake changes, and adaptive strategies under different degrees of water stress with respect to field capacity (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), maintained at 100% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (control), 75% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (mild), 50% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (moderate), and 25% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (severe). Key growth parameters, including shoot and root length, leaf traits and shoot dry biomass, were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduced under the given water stresses. Root dry biomass showed a distinct response, increasing under mild to moderate water stress but failing to sustain its levels under severe stress. Increasing drought severity resulted in a substantial reduction in stomatal density (15–37%), while stomatal size increased (18–49%) under mild to moderate stress but decreased under severe stress. These responses were associated with significant reductions in gas exchange traits (45–75%), whereas water use efficiency increased by 59–99%, reflecting a survival-focused adaptive mechanism. Moderate water stress triggered the stress responses in <i>T. arjuna</i> through high proline accumulation and increased oxidative stress markers. The most critical impact was found under the severe stress with a substantial reduction in leaf relative water content and membrane stability index (MSI), although MSI was sustained above the critical threshold, reflecting cellular protection. Increased stress intensity also altered mineral uptake, decreased major nutrients, and increased potassium and calcium content, indicating an adaptive strategy. These findings suggest a threshold effect, where <i>T. arjuna</i> tolerates mild stress well and activates adaptive morpho-physiological mechanisms under moderate stress but shifts to survival-focused strategies under severe stress. The demonstrated tolerance of <i>Terminalia arjuna</i> to mild–moderate drought suggests that climate-resilient forestry policies and conservation programs should prioritize its cultivation and restoration in drought-prone landscapes while ensuring adequate water management to prevent severe stress and sustain its medicinal and economic benefits.
The non-uniform (or inhomogeneous) electron gas has received much attention in many-body quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry in the early days of density functional theory, mainly as a theoretical device to construct gradient approximations via linear response theory. In this article, motivated by the recent works of Lewin, Lieb and Seiringer, we propose a definition of the quantum (resp. classical) non-uniform electron gas through the use of the grand-canonical Levy-Lieb functional (resp. the grand-canonical strictly correlated electrons functional), establish these systems as rigorous thermodynamic limits and analyze their basic properties. The non-uniformity of the gas comes from an arbitrary lattice-periodic background density.
Nonequilibrium equations of state can provide an effective thermodynamic-like description of far-from-equilibrium systems. We experimentally construct such an equation for a direct energy cascade in a turbulent two-dimensional Bose gas. Our homogeneous gas is continuously driven on a large length scale and, with matching dissipation on a small length scale, exhibits a nonthermal but stationary power-law momentum distribution. Our equation of state links the cascade amplitude with the underlying scale-invariant energy flux, and can, for different drive strengths, gas densities, and interaction strengths, be recast into a universal power-law form using scalings consistent with the Gross-Pitaevskii model.
This study evaluates the environmental impacts of using Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative fuel in the cement industry during natural gas shortages in Tehran, Iran. Given the increasing municipal solid waste production and the cement industry's significant carbon emissions, this research takes an innovative approach to assess RDF's potential to mitigate these issues through a life cycle approach. The analysis employs OpenLCA software to compare the environmental effects of RDF against traditional fossil fuels fuel oil and coal during colder months when natural gas is scarce. The study examines two RDF compositions, including organic waste and one excluding it, to determine their impacts on sustainability and fuel efficiency. Key findings indicate that RDF, mainly when produced with organic waste, offers substantial reductions in global warming potential (GWP) and other environmental impacts compared to conventional fuels. Specifically, the results demonstrate that RDF can significantly lower CO₂ emissions associated with cement production, positioning it as a viable option for enhancing energy sustainability within the industry. This research underscores the importance of integrating waste management strategies with energy recovery solutions, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to address both waste disposal and energy needs sustainably.
GUO Xusheng, LI Wangpeng, SHEN Baojian, HU Zongquan, ZHAO Peirong, LI Maowen, GAO Bo, FENG Dongjun, LIU Yali, WU Xiaoling, SU Jianzheng
Oil shale in the Sinopec exploration areas is abundant and serves as an important strategic reserve and supplementary energy source for the country. Accelerating the exploration and development of oil shale is crucial for improving China’s energy structure and ensuring national energy security. To achieve large-scale exploration and cost-effective development of oil shale, the technologies of in-situ exploitation field tests successfully conducted both domestically and internationally were reviewed and summarized. Based on this review, the characteristics of test areas, geological and engineering adaptability, and selection layer requirements were analyzed. It was concluded that field pilot tests of Shell’s electric heating method, Jilin Zhongcheng Company’s in-situ fracturing chemical retorting technology, and Jilin University’s local chemical reaction-based in-situ pyrolysis technology have been successfully carried out. However, the maturity and feasibility of two technologies in China need to be further studied and validated, and the adaptability of existing in-situ exploitation technologies to deep oil shale remains unverified. The technical characteristics, geological resource conditions, and exploitation engineering conditions of in-situ oil shale exploitation were reviewed and analyzed. Based on the key factors restricting in-situ exploitation of oil shale in China and the heating method, four geological parameters, six engineering parameters, and classification evaluation limits were determined. Additionally, the weights of each parameter were assigned according to the degree of constraints on in-situ exploitation and utilization of oil shale. A two-factor evaluation model of geological and engineering for identifying favorable areas for in-situ oil shale exploitation was then established, leading to the selection of 15 Class Ⅰ favorable areas in Sinopec exploration areas and adjacent areas. The effects of key factors, including roof and floor, fractures, and movable water, on the selected favorable areas were further analyzed. Through comprehensive evaluation, four target areas were selected: the Xunyi mining area on the southern margin of the Ordos Basin, the Shanghuangshan Street mining area on the southern edge of the northern piedmont of the Bogda Mountains, the Dianbai mining area in the Maoming Basin, and the Fushun mining area in the Fushun Basin.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
This review addresses the diverse applications of multiphase flows, focusing on drilling, completions, and injection activities in the oil and gas industry. Identifying contemporary challenges and suggesting future research directions, it comprehensively reviews evolving applications in these multidisciplinary topics. In drilling, challenges such as gas kicks, cutting transport, and hole cleaning are explored. The application of immersion cooling technology in surface facilities for gas fields utilized in integrated bitcoin mining is also discussed. Nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles and nanofluids, shows promise in mitigating particulate flow issues and controlling macroscopic fluid behavior. Nanofluids find applications in drilling for formation strengthening and mitigating formation damage in completions as highlighted in this work, as well as in subsurface injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), waterflooding, reservoir mapping, and sequestration tracking. The review emphasizes the need for techno-economic analyses using multiphase flow models, particularly in scenarios involving fluid injection for energy storage. Addressing these multiphase flow challenges is crucial for the future of energy diversity and transition initiatives, offering benefits such as financial stability, resilience, sustainability, and reliable supply chains. The first part of this review presents the application of multiphase (typical gas, liquid, solid) flow models and technology for drilling, completion, and injection operations. While the second part reviews the applications of multiphase particulate (nanofluid) flow technology, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), machine learning (ML), and system modeling for multiphase flow models in drilling, completions, and injection operations.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction
Liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing（LCPTF） technology is a novel water-free fracturing technique that can enhance coalbed methane recovery. To study the changes in coal adsorption characteristics before and after CO2 phase transition fracturing, the No. 3 coal seam from the Yuwu coal mine was selected for experimentation. High-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments, and CH4 isothermal adsorption tests were conducted to analyze the impact of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing on coal adsorption. The results showed that after liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the pore volume and specific surface area of adsorption pores in coal decreased; the specific surface area of seepage pores decreased while the pore volume of seepage pores increased. The liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technique could influence the change in the Langmuir adsorption constant of coal by altering the pore structure. After liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the Langmuir adsorption constant “a” value decreased and the “b” value increased, indicating that the fracturing process reduced the coal’s adsorption capacity and enhanced the desorption rate. This study provides theoretical guidance for the improvement and optimization of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technology for field applications.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
The consequences of accidents, fires and explosions in the oil and gas industry in the world have been analyzed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the lack of timely maintenance, inadequate knowledge of employees or their intentional misconduct, in-depth study to prevent such cases and the proper organization of fire protection of production facilities. we introduce early warning systems (EWS) in the context of disaster risk reduction, including the main components of an EWS, the roles of the main actors and the need for robust evaluation. Management of disaster risks requires that the nature and distribution of risk are understood, including the hazards, and the exposure, vulnerability and capacity of communities at risk.
Abdulilah M. Mayet, Salman A. Mohammed, Shamimul Qamar
et al.
Metering fluids is critical in various industries, and researchers have extensively explored factors affecting measurement accuracy. As a result, numerous sensors and methods are developed to precisely measure volume fractions in multi-phase fluids. A significant challenge in multi-phase fluid pipelines is the formation of scale within the pipes. This issue is particularly problematic in the petroleum industry, leading to narrowed internal diameters, corrosion, increased energy consumption, reduced equipment lifespan, and, most crucially, compromised flow measurement accuracy. This paper proposes a non-destructive metering system incorporating an artificial neural network with capacitive and photon attenuation sensors to address this challenge. The system simulates scale thicknesses from 0 mm to 10 mm using COMSOL multiphysics software and calculates counted rays through Beer Lambert equations. The simulation considers a 10% interval of volume variation in each phase, generating 726 data points. The proposed network, with two inputs—measured capacity and counted rays-and three outputs—volume fractions of gas, water, and oil—achieves mean absolute errors of 0.318, 1.531, and 1.614, respectively. These results demonstrate the system’s ability to accurately gauge volume proportions of a three-phase gas-water-oil fluid, regardless of pipeline scale thickness.
Róbert Dzurňák, Gustáv Jablonský, Katarína Pauerová
et al.
This paper presents the results of increasing the hydrogen concentration in natural gas distributed within the territory of the Slovak Republic. The range of hydrogen concentrations in the mathematical model is considered to be from 0 to 100 vol.% for the resulting combustion products, temperature, and heating value, and for the scientific assessment of the environmental and economic implications. From a technical perspective, it is feasible to consider enriching natural gas with hydrogen up to a level of 20% within the Slovak Republic. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are estimated to be reduced by 3.76 tons for every 1 TJ of energy at an operational cost of EUR 10,000 at current hydrogen prices.
The realization of FDI and DDI from January to December 2022 reached Rp1,207.2 trillion. The largest FDI investment realization by sector was led by the Basic Metal, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery, and Equipment Industry sector, followed by the Mining sector and the Electricity, Gas, and Water sector. The uneven amount of FDI investment realization in each industry and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia are the main issues addressed in this study. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the entry of FDI into industries in Indonesia and measure the extent of these factors' influence on the entry of FDI. In this study, classical assumption tests and hypothesis tests are conducted to investigate whether the research model is robust enough to provide strategic options nationally. Moreover, this study uses the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results show that the electricity factor does not influence FDI inflows in the three industries. The Human Development Index (HDI) factor has a significant negative effect on FDI in the Mining Industry and a significant positive effect on FDI in the Basic Metal, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery, and Equipment Industries. However, HDI does not influence FDI in the Electricity, Gas, and Water Industries in Indonesia.
Abstract This review discusses the recent developments of flexible chemiresistive gas sensors, focusing on the main materials and fabrication techniques. This article provides a detailed description of the substrates used in the flexible gas sensing industry. It also highlights the main challenges faced when integrating a sensing layer on paper, textile or polymeric substrates. A detailed study of the sensing materials in terms of structural properties and sensing mechanisms is presented. This study uses examples of gas sensors to explain the sensing mechanisms and to emphasize the functionalization effect on the sensing performance of a material. It also highlights the exceptions in polymers sensing behavior. Since flexible substrates can’t sustain high temperatures, the main techniques used to fabricate flexible gas sensors are explained such as coating, printing, physical vapor deposition, in situ-growth, in situ-polymerization and chemical vapor deposition. The last technique, which requires high temperatures, is mostly used prior to transferring a sensing layer to a flexible substrate. At the end, the main challenges facing the flexible gas sensing technology are pointed out.
Hwi Jun Son, Young Cheol Jeong, Bo Wook Seo
et al.
As improving fuel economy and performance through weight reduction in vehicles are recognized as important tasks, the defense industry is researching ways to reduce the weight of armor plates for combat vehicles and increase bulletproof performance and durability. Most armor plates in combat vehicles are manufactured using weld joints. High-hardness armor (HHA) is used to make armor plates; however, its mechanical properties deteriorate because of hydrogen embrittlement and high-temperature softening during welding. Welding defects, such as pores and cracks, occur frequently. In this study, HHA steel was subjected to single-pulse gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and the welding performance of the shielding gas and heat input was analyzed by the United States army tank-automotive and armaments command (TACOM) standard. The specimen cross-section was visually examined, and hardness, tensile, and impact tests were used to identify the mechanical properties based on the welding conditions. Additionally, flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and GMAW were used and compared, and spatter image analyses were used to assess the integrity of the welding process of the HHA plate applied to a combat vehicle. As a result of the experiment, as the CO<sub>2</sub> content and heat input increased, the mechanical strength of the welded zone and the integrity of the welding process deteriorated.
The digital transformation of pharmaceutical industry is a challenging task due to the high complexity of involved elements and the strict regulatory compliance. Maintenance activities in the pharmaceutical industry play an essential role in ensuring product quality and integral functioning of equipment and premises. This paper first identifies the key challenges of digitalization in pharmaceutical industry and creates the corresponding problem space for key involved elements. A literature review is conducted to investigate the mainstream maintenance strategies, digitalization models, tools and official guidance from authorities in pharmaceutical industry. Based on the review result, a semantic-driven digitalization framework is proposed aiming to improve the digital continuity and cohesion of digital resources and technologies for maintenance activities in the pharmaceutical industry. A case study is conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed framework based on the water sampling activities in Merck Serono facility in Switzerland. A tool-chain is presented to enable the functional modules of the framework. Some of the key functional modules within the framework are implemented and have demonstrated satisfactory performance. As one of the outcomes, a digital sampling assistant with web-based services is created to support the automated workflow of water sampling activities. The implementation result proves the potential of the proposed framework to solve the identified problems of maintenance digitalization in the pharmaceutical industry.