Hasil untuk "Finnic. Baltic-Finnic"

Liisa-Maria Komissarov, Helena Lemendik, Eleriin Miilman et al.

Tänapäeva hariduses on kirjutamisel keskne roll ja seetõttu on oluline ka see, kuidas kirjutamist toetatakse ja juhendatakse. Artiklis anname ülevaate Eesti gümnaasiumide ja ülikoolide uurimis- ning lõputööde juhenditest. Kogusime uurimiseks 60 juhendit ja analüüsisime neid, et näha, mida juhendid tavapäraselt sisaldavad ning millist abi need (üli)õpilasele kirjutamisprotsessi eri etappides pakuvad. Analüüsist selgus, et juhendites moodustasid sisuteemad ((üli)õpilastööde liigid; teema valik; kavandamine; allikate valik ja käsitlemine; ülesehitus; keel ja stiil; eetilised põhimõtted) vaid 22% juhendite kogumahust, ülejäänud 78% oli pühendatud vormistusele jm formaalsetele aspektidele. Sisuteemadest käsitleti kõige sagedamini töö ülesehitust, vähim räägiti töö kavandamisest. Rõhuasetused juhendites viitavad kirjutamise mõtestamisele Eesti haridussüsteemis üldisemalt: tähelepanu pööratakse eelkõige lõpptulemusele ja selle nõuetekohasusele, samas tulemuseni jõudmise protsess jäetakse sageli tagaplaanile. *** "Academic writing guidelines: TNR, 12, 1.5 and done?" In the article, we introduce an analysis of guidelines for theses and other written assignments in Estonian high schools and universities. We have collected 60 guidelines and analyzed them quantitatively to see what topics they contain and in which proportions, and qualitatively to see how those topics are presented and explained. The goal of this study was to understand how guidelines assist students throughout the process of writing longer assignments. First of all, it is important to emphasize that written guidelines are only a part of the guidance students receive (in addition to writing courses, seminars etc), yet they are regulated and more centralized at the institutional level compared to other options (e.g selective courses or Bachelor’s/Master’s seminars which can vary by teacher). Our analysis of the guidelines shows that they mainly focus on formal aspects. Only 22% of the total volume of guidelines (in pages) is dedicated to aspects related to the actual writing process and the content of the paper (planning, structure, working with sources, use of language). The rest is concerned with requirements on formatting, citation styles, submitting and defending the thesis etc. Of the content and process-related topics, the most attention is paid to the structure of the paper, which is mentioned in all guidelines, whereas the planning and drafting stage is discussed only in 14 guidelines out of 60. It can thus be concluded from our analysis that the guidelines for writing in Estonian high schools and universities appear to be oriented more toward form than content. The students receive thorough and detailed instructions on what the final text must look like, but the process of creating the text itself is often neglected. Our suggestion is to keep that tendency towards form in mind while creating or updating guidelines in order to make them more content-rich and therefore encouraging and motivating – all that to support (university) students in creation of meaningful texts.

Hille Pajupuu, Rene Altrov, Jaan Pajupuu

This study sought to find out which style of radio advertisement performance listeners consider likable, and which acoustic features differentiate the likable from the unlikable. The same spokespersons presented a gender neutral pretend-advertisement in two styles: calm and energetic. Listeners had to rate the likability of the performances. The results showed that listener likability scores were consistent and did not depend on listener gender. The listeners overwhelmingly preferred advertisements presented in a calm style, regardless of the performer or their age or gender. For each advertisement, 88 parameters of the extended Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (eGeMAPS) were calculated. Most of these significantly differentiated likable and unlikable performances. Likable performances were characterised by lower pitch, faster articulation rate, a quieter voice with no abrupt changes in loudness, and a breathy voice. The study showed the importance of determining which performance style listeners prefer, as the voice of the performer is directly affected by the performance style. Listeners might like a voice in one style, but not the other. *** "Hääle ja esitusstiili eelistus raadioreklaamis" Uurimuse eesmärk oli teada saada, millist raadioreklaamide esitust peavad kuulajad meeldivaks ja millised akustilised tunnused eristavad meeldivat mittemeeldivast. Ühed ja samad reklaamiesitajad (30 naist ja 30 meest) esitasid sooneutraalset reklaami rahulikus ja energilises stiilis. Kuulajad hindasid reklaami esituste meeldivust. Hindajateks olid 18 naist (vanus 35–64 aastat, M = 46,4 aastat, SD = 8,4) ja 18 meest (vanus 34–65, M = 45,7 aastat, SD = 6,9). Tulemused näitasid, et kuulajate meeldivushinnangud olid sarnased ega sõltunud kuulaja soost. Kuulajad eelistasid ülekaalukalt rahulikus stiilis esitatud reklaame, sõltumata esitajast, tema vanusest ja soost. Reklaamiesituste akustiliseks analüüsiks kasutati vabavaralist tööriista openSMILE. Igale reklaamiesitusele arvutati Geneva minimaalse akustiliste parameetrite laiendatud kogumi (eGeMAPS) 88 parameetrit. Neist enamik eristas meeldinud ja mittemeeldinud esitusi oluliselt. Meeldinud esitusi iseloomustas muuhulgas madalam põhitoon, suurem artikulatsiooni kiirus, vaiksem hääl ilma järskude valjuse muutusteta ja kahisev hääl. Samuti oli iseloomulik pigem neutraalne kui emotsionaalne esitus. Analüüsist järeldus, et oluline on leida vastavasse kultuuri sobiv reklaami esitusstiil. Kuna esitaja häälekõla on otseselt seotud esitusstiiliga, siis see võib kuulajale ühes stiilis meeldida, teises aga mitte.

Kari Alenius

This article analyzes how ethnic minorities were taken into account in the Finnish and Estonian constitutions, and why account was taken precisely in a certain way. At the same time, it approaches what kinds of views were presented by different political parties and interest groups, what kind of debate was being held in Parliament and how the matter was dealt with in the leading media. The outcome of the process in both countries was that exceptionally broad linguistic and cultural rights were given to minorities if the situation was compared with the rest of Europe. There were several factors behind the process. One factor was the relationship between ethnic groups in Finland and Estonia in the historical perspective. Another factor was each country’s internal debate on what kind of social order in general was to be built. The third factor was how the politics in Finland and Estonia was influenced by international trends and theories about how ethnic minorities should have been treated.

Gerson Klumpp, Valentin Gusev

Eessõna

Kaarina Rein

"Latin names in re-independent Estonia: Example of the names of buildings at the University of Tartu and the Tallinn University" Although the knowledge and use of Latin have diminished during the last centuries in Estonia as well as elsewhere in the world, Latin names are still popular. In Estonia several enterprises, choirs, book series and periodicals have got a Latin name during the period since the country regained its independence or shortly before that. The present article deals mainly with the Latin names of buildings at the University of Tartu and Tallinn University. Most of these names originate from the 21st century and at both universities there are 6 buildings with Latin names. At the University of Tartu the example for Latin name forms of buildings are drawn from the 19th-century Theatrum anatomicum. Therefore these names are derived from neuter adjectives with the ending -um. The Latin names of the buildings at the University of Tartu accordingly are: Iuridicum, Biomeedikum (Biomedicum),Oeconomicum, Chemicum, Philosophicum and Physicum. The names are densely connected with the function of the buildings and the disciplines practised inside them. Latin names which did not reflect the buildings’ function very clearly, have been rejected. There have been several discussions at the University of Tartu in order to find a proper name for a new building of the university. At Tallinn University the Latin names of buildings are the following: Astra,Mare, Nova, Silva, Terra and Ursa. The interpretation of these names can be found on the website of the university. However, the meaning of the names does not correspond to the function of the buildings. In order to get an idea about the reception of the Latin names of buildings at Tallinn University, 39 master students of humanities at Tallinn University were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the meaning of these names. The results of the questionnaire revealed that the master students of humanities were very well aware of the meaning of the names Mare,Nova and Terra, whereas less than 50% of the students knew the meaning of the names Astra, Silva and Ursa. The conclusions of the article are that Latin names are often used in Estonia at the universities as well as elsewhere for prestige, international intelligibility, attractiveness, reliability, as well as in order to grant a name neutrality, when no modern language is preferred. But in the case of the universities one can also draw a conclusion that the use of Latin names probably sets a requirement for proper courses and knowledge of Latin as well.

Mati Erelt

1980. aastate algul käivitunud soome ja eesti keele kontrastiivse uurimise projekti “Soome ja eesti keele grammatiline võrdlus” üks põhiülesandeid oli kahe keele süntaktilise struktuuri võrdlus. Eesti poolelt vaadatuna andis projekti raames toimunud teadussuhtlus rohkesti infot ja ideid eesti keele süntaksi uurijatele ja eesti keele teadusliku grammatika koostajatele. Soome ja eesti süntaktilise struktuuri võrdluse seisukohalt oli siiski tegemist pigem ettevalmistava etapiga. Konkreetsete tulemusteni jõuti 1990. aastail, kui rahvusvahelises lingvistikas muutus üheks juhtivaks trendiks keeletüpoloogia. Turu ülikoolis algatatud jätkuprojekti “Läänemere piirkonna keelte grammatiline võrdlus” (SCLOMB) käigus loodi samanimeline korpus, mis kaasas soome ja eesti keele võrdlusesse ka nende kontaktkeeled. 1990. aastail ilmus hulk võrdlevaid artikleid, kusjuures eriti häid tulemusi saadi aspekti ja aja süsteemide võrdluses. Seni põhiliselt veaanalüüsi tulemusi käsitlev kogumik “Lähivertailuja” hakkas sisaldama ka struktuurivõrdlusi ning muutus teaduslikult kaalukamaks.

Nina Zaitseva

The paper is a brief account of the events of the past 20 years, which have been essential for the fate of the Veps, and brought the author, who found herself in the very heart of the processes of Vepsian language and culture revival, to the idea of creating the epic. Can one create an epic in the language of a people (Vepsians in our case) whose memory has preserved no epic-style pieces of literature, no large oral literary forms, whose folklore heritage is not so rich, the nation itself is a minority, and its language is already red-listed? Or should one? Writing the work was a chance to retrieve from the people’s memory many facts, real or imaginary events, rituals, customs and legends, melodious idioms and sayings, which might help revitalise the people, its language and culture. The paper demonstrates the folklore and mythological background of the epic, represents and substantiates the key aspects of the style poetics, its folk heritage roots.

Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė

The aim of the present study is to test the Strong Morphonotactic Hypothesis (SMH), according to which speakers use morphonotactic consonant clusters as morphological boundary signals (Korecky-Kröll et al. 2014). It is hypothesized that morphonotactic clusters will be better retained during production than phonotactic clusters due to the function fulfilled by a morpheme. The study is based on experimental data collected from 60 Lithuanian TD children and 11 Lithuanian SLI children. This study explores the impact of morphology on the acquisition of phonotactics. The findings suggest that TD children process morphonotactic clusters more accurately than phonotactic clusters because morphonotactic clusters have the function of co-signalling the existence of a morphological rule. In contrast to TD children, for SLI children prototypical morphonotactic clusters are the most difficult as SLI children are not sensitive to morphological information which is carried by morphonotactic clusters.

Maile Timm

Sõnasemantika ehk sõna tähenduse tundmine on oluline tervikteksti sisu mõistmisel. Kui sõnade tähendus ei kinnistu, võib teksti mõistmine kujuneda õpilastele probleemiks kõigis kooliastmetes. Käesoleva pikiuurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada, mil määral muutub sõnatähenduse tundmine ja teksti mõistmine põhikooli esimeses ja teises kooliastmes. Artiklis analüüsitakse 3.–5. klassi õpilaste sõnatähenduse ning kahe raskusastmega tekstimõistmise ülesannete sooritust. Uuringus osales 508 õpilast (267 tüdrukut ja 241 poissi) 30 Eesti üldhariduskoolist. Selgus, et teksti mõistmine oli parem õpilastel, kes tundsid paremini erinevate sõnade tähendust. Soolises võrdluses edestasid tüdrukud poisse kõigil kolmel aastal sõnatähenduse tundmises ja teksti mõistmise keerukamas ülesandes, mis eeldas head info integreerimise oskust. Tüdrukud tundsid poistest paremini ka nende sõnade tähendust, mida nad olid varem õppinud. Et toetada õpilaste semantilist pädevust ja teksti mõistmist, on oluline arvestada nende arengulist eripära ning pakkuda lugemiseks võimetele ja huvidele vastavaid tekste.

Aija Virtanen

Ulkomaalaisen terveydenhoitoalan henkilöstön ammatillinen kielitaito on herättänyt julkista keskustelua Suomessa, mutta alalle kouluttautuvat maahanmuuttajataustaiset opiskelijat kielitaitoineen ovat olleet vasta vain tieteellisen keskustelun kohteena. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen, mitä odotuksia Suomessa englanninkielisessä koulutusohjelmassa sairaanhoitajiksi opiskelevilla maahanmuuttajilla on kielitaidostaan ja tulevaisuudestaan ja kuinka odotukset näkyvät motivoituneisuutena työharjoitteluissa. Motivaatiota lähestytään kompleksisena, identiteettiin nivoutuvana ilmiönä, jonka ytimessä on toimijuus. Tutkimus sijoittuu sosiokognitiiviseen viitekehykseen, jossa kieli ja motivaatio nähdään jaettuina, dynaamisina ja tilanteittain varioivina ilmiöinä. Analyysin kohteena ovat neljän opiskelijan suulliset narratiivit ja kuuden työharjoitteluohjaajan haastattelut, joiden tarkastelussa sovelletaan narratiivista analyysia ja dialogista käsitysanalyysia. Tulokset osoittavat, että tulevaisuuden minuuksilla on vaikutus opiskelijan suomen kielen opiskeluun sitoutumiseen, mutta ympäristön oppimismahdollisuudet on myös havaittava ja niihin on päästävä osalliseksi. Työyhteisöltä ja muulta kieliympäristöltä saatu tuki on tärkeää: se lisää toimijuutta ja siten motivaatiota.

Silviu Miloiu

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons.

Veniamin Ciobanu

The outburst of the Polish insurrection and its evolution attracted the attention of the European Powers, due to the international political context in which it started, that of the liberal-bourgeois revolutions in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and of the implications that were expected to occur due to power balance on the continent and in the Eastern Question. Russia’s position in the political systems mentioned above depended on how the Polish Question would be solved. By subordinating all the Kingdom of Poland, whose political individuality, in the Russian political and institutional system, in which the decisions of the „Final Act” of the Peace Congress in Vienna (June 9th 1815) placed it, was about to be abolished by the Tsar, opened to the Russian Empire the path towards the consolidation of its positions in the Baltic region, strategically, political an economical, thus upsetting the other Powers in the European political system, on one hand. And secondly, because it would have relieved it of the necessity to divide its forces to oversee the evolution of the embarrassing Polish Question and would have been capable to focus its attention on a solution to the other problem, the Eastern one. This perspective was likely to happen, especially in the conditions of the peace Treaty that Russia had imposed to Turkey, at Adrianople, on September 14th 1829, which ensured the latter’s „passivity” towards the Oriental policy of its victor. These perspectives affected, in particular, Great Britain and France, the secular rivals of Russia in that area, so they tried, using only diplomatic means because of the very complicated international situation at the beginning of the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, to determine Russia to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Polish insurgents. The rivalries that aggravated the Franco-British relations, especially in Western Europe, prevented the two Powers to adopt a unitary position towards Russia, a fact that allowed the latter to dictate the law in the Kingdom of Poland. A position, in some way singular, towards the Polish Question was adopted by another state, with direct interests in the Baltic sea area and with more specific ones in the Eastern Question. It is the United Kingdom of Sweden and Norway, created in the letter and the spirit of the Swedish-Norwegian Convention from Moss, on August 14th 1814. Sweden’s internal and external political circumstances in which, in 1810, the famous marshal of Napoleon I, Jean Baptiste Sebastien Bernadotte, prince of Pontecorvo, was proclaimed crown prince under the name Karl Johan, King Karl XIV Johan, from 1818, as the creation of the Swedish-Norwegian personal Union, determined the Swedish-Norwegian diplomacy favor the Russian interests in the Polish Question as well as in the Eastern Question. In the Polish Question, the one under our analysis, this was also because the insurrection of November 1830 started in the international conditions mentioned above and due to the fact that the liberal internal opposition to the conservative and absolutist monarchical policy of King Karl XIV Johan was becoming more active and could have constituted a reason for the Norwegians to evade the personal Union, which they did not favor and against which they fought, first through arms then by institutional means. The forms in which Great Britain, France and Sweden took position in regard to the reprisal of the Polish insurrection of November 1830, very well documented by the diplomatic reports of the British diplomats in St. Petersburg and of the Swedish ones, accredited in Petersburg and in London, which we had the opportunity to consult in the funds of manuscripts of British Library, in London, and those of the National Archives of Sweden, in Stockholm, constitute, in our opinion, a contribution to the knowledge of the history of European diplomacy, on one hand, and to the research of the international relations in the first half of the nineteenth century, on another. This is the reason why we intend to approach them in this study. All the documents selected from Sveriges Riksarkivet, in Stockholm and cited in these pages are included in the volume X, part I, of the Collection “Europe and the Porte”, which is still in manuscript, for this reason we indicated the archive quotations.

Veniamin Ciobanu

The economic development of Sweden at the end of the second decade of the nineteenth century accentuated the interest of the Swedish ruling circles to valorize the new economic potential. A series of measures, as the dissolution of the terrestrial customs between Sweden and Norway in 1825, or the abolition of the protectionist policy in imports, opened the way for the conclusion of certain commercial treaties with other states, such as that with Great Britain in 1826 or with the Ottoman Empire in 1827. Consequently, the commercial fleet, especially the Norwegian one, registered a substantial development. In this context, the Swedish diplomacy continued to pay close attention to Eastern Europe where favorable conditions for the extension of the foreign trade of Sweden and Norway could be found. This space, where the Romanian Principalities were located, had a geostrategic position and economic potential that had to be valorized. In order to achieve this goal, Sweden appointed consuls and vice consuls in the Romanian Principalities. The attempt to appoint a vice consul to Bucharest between 1834 and 1835 circumscribes this effort. The information regarding these demarches came from Swedish diplomatic reports, held in the funds of the National Archives of Sweden (Sveriges Riksarkivet), from Stockholm and offers, among many other details which may serve to broaden the horizon of the research regarding the history of Romanian-Swedish relations in the first half of the nineteenth century, an image of the Lutheran community from the capital of Wallachia.

B. Wiemer, Aksana Erker

Kirsti Siitonen, Jenny Niemelä

In this article we will make a suggestion on how to longitudinally study the language proficiency of advanced Finnish learners’ writing. In such a study individuals’ actual development can be examined. The study is comparable to variation studies and real-time methods. At the beginning of a two years observation period, the language skills of the students are already quite good; therefore, their development is not rapid. Most likely their language will not be much better at the final stage compared to the initial phase, but it will probably be different. This article resembles a case study with only three informants. The observation period comprises 7 months for informants 1, 2 and 3. From informant 3 we also have material from the subsequent 7 months; thus this material comprises 14 months after the beginning of observation.

Johanna Ijäs

<p>In this article, some protomorphological ways of inflect verbs in the acquisition of Saami at age 1;8–3;0 are discussed. The main focus is the forms for first person singular present indicative. The child uses the adult-like forms during all the period since the emergence of first person singular at age 1;9–1;10 but in addition to the adult-like forms, there are three main ways to inflect verbs in the child’s language. Using the stem without the -<em>n</em>-suffix is a typical way of inflection at the age of 2;0–2;8. Almost at the same time, at 2;1–2;9, the forms for third person singular present indicative are used instead of the adult-like forms for first person singular. The third difference compared to adult language is the strong gradation of consonant centres in bisyllabic verbs.</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa6.06</p>

Veniamin Ciobanu

The documents selected by the editor from the National Archives of Sweden offer information reflecting the preoccupation of the Swedish diplomacy to be well informed with regard to the Eastern Question developments. In 1813 such information was necessary in order to guide the Swedish government’s policy in reaching its essential goal, the integration of Norway in the Swedish political system. In order to have a broader perspective on the international events and circumstances of the period marking the end of the Napoleonean Empire is necessary that these documents shall be corroborated with other documentary sources, such as, for instance, the ones included in the seventh volume of the foreign policy documents collection entitled “Europe and the Porte. New Documents on the Eastern Question”.

Madis Arukask

Vasile Ciobanu

The relationship between the Saxons and the German Balts has been already investigated, but the available archival material, however, allows me to deepen the problem of cultural relations between the two German minorities. This relationship has taken both an institutional and a personal form. The first form involved cooperation between clubs, societies and editors of publications, while the second consisted of direct contact between cultured people. The two kinds of cooperation have created in the 1920s a network of mental relations based on the solidarity of all Germans living abroad. A special contribution in the establishment of these relations was brought forth by the Cultural Office of the Germans in Greater Romania, founded in 1922 in Sibiu by Richard Csaki, and by the “Ostland” magazine, which was also published in Sibiu starting with 1926. Csaki and others worked in the field of cultural policy together with representatives of the German Balts such as Ewal Ammende, Werner Hasselblatt, Axel de Vries or Max von Ravick. This article investigates these bonds as part of the wider frame of German cultural networks operating in-between the Baltic and the Black sea.

B. Hansen, F. D. Haan